Kay, A. "Computer Software", Scientific American, 251,3 Sept 1984 53-59  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....paradigm, from commercial spreadsheet systems to more sophisticated research languages following the spreadsheet paradigm. The essence of this paradigm is expressed well by Alan Kay s value rule, which states that a cell s value is defined solely by the formula explicitly given it by the user [27]. There are similarities with the dataflow paradigm, but several features of the spreadsheet paradigm distinguish it from the way the dataflow paradigm is conventionally realized. These differences are in the language design and in the implementation strategies, and arise from the need to simplify ....

A. Kay, "Computer Software," Scientific American, pp. 53-59, September 1984.

....2 articles to find ones of intertest. With the use of electronic media, some of this filtering can be automated by the retrieval system. Over ten years ago agents were seen as anthropomorphic entities which could assist the user by tracking down information it knew its user was interested in [Kay 1984]. This description still holds true and agent technology is growing. Agents are now emerging as personal assistants which can assist in automating information filtering as well as information retrieval. An agent, however, must be able to fulfill certain criteria if it is to perform successfully ....

....is continually growing, along with the need to handle this now overwhelming flood of data. Visionaries, such as Denning and Kay, foresaw the need for mechanisms to aid the user in filtering out unwanted information delivered to the user [Denning 1982] or in searching out information of interest [Kay 1984]. These two distinct research areas of Information Retrieval Filtering and Software Agents are now beginning to recombine in the development of interface agents. An interface agent can act as a personal assistant which can collaborate with the user to assist in filtering out unwanted information ....

A.Kay; Computer Software. In Scientific American, Sep 1984, Vol 251, 41-47

....art forms, such as storytelling and theatre. Stories can be mapped onto model structures, and serve to entertain as well as to educate and remind us about the target system. Our implementation on models for aesthetic computing is directly inline with Alan Kay s definition of computer literacy [19]: Computer literacy is a contact with the activity of computing deep enough to make the computational equivalent of reading and writing fluent and enjoyable. As in all the arts, a romance with the material must be well under way. If we value the lifelong learning of arts and letters as a ....

Alan Kay. Computer Software, September 1984.

....to all systems that follow the spreadsheet paradigm, in which computations are defined by cells and their formulas. The essence of the spreadsheet paradigm is expressed well by Alan Kay s value rule, which states that a cell s value is defined solely by the formula explicitly given it by the user [Kay 1984]. The value rule disallows devices such as multi way constraints, state modification, or other nonapplicative mechanisms that have sometimes been used to extend spreadsheet languages. When we say a language feature is consistent with the spreadsheet paradigm, we mean that it upholds Kay s value ....

A. Kay, "Computer Software," Scientific American 251(3), September 1984, 52-59.

....there is some natural way to lay all the data on one or more twodimensional sheets. Spreadsheet calculation is the most widely used end user programming language. The success of spreadsheet calculation systems has been attributed to their ease of use, users can see what is to be done and do it (Kay 1984) and to the metaphorical and visual nature of the user interface (Norman 1986) Despite this ease of use (for more balanced view, see (Lewis Olson 1987) spreadsheet applications tend to have a lot of faults (Panko 1997) Even experienced users made errors in 44 of the cases reported by Brown ....

Kay, A. (1984). Computer Software. Scientific American, 251(3), 41-47.

....languages to refer to a variety of systems that follow the spreadsheet paradigm, from commercial spreadsheets to more sophisticated research systems that follow the declarative, one way constraint evaluation model. The essence of the paradigm is summarized by Alan Kay s value rule for spreadsheets [Kay 1984], which states that a cell s value is defined solely by the declarative formula explicitly given it by the user. In this paper we present a new approach to inheritance suitable for spreadsheet languages, and an instantiation of the approach in the research spreadsheet language Forms 3 [Burnett ....

Kay, A., "Computer Software," Scientific American, 53-59, 1984.

....and results, and ends with a retrospective on our use of Wizard of Oz. Intelligent agents When given a goal, an intelligent agent] could carry out the details of the appropriate computer operations and could ask for and receive advice, offered in human terms, when it was stuck. Alan Kay (1984) Intelligent interface agents have been touted as a significant new direction in user interface design. Videos from Apple and Hewlett Packard show futuristic interfaces in which agents play a dominant role, serving as computerized office clerks, database guides and writing advisors. Reality is a ....

....1989) learns drawing tasks from demonstrations; it applies rules to find significant graphical constraints. Yet today s agents are intelligent in the narrowest sense of the word. They understand only specialized or highly structured task domains, and lack flexibility in conversing with users. Kay (1984) suggests that agents should be illusions that mirror the user s intelligence while restricting the user s agenda. Unfortunately, because most work on agents stems from the field of Artificial Intelligence, users needs are second to algorithm development. While the systems prove that particular ....

A. Kay (1984) "Computer software." Scientific American, 251(3), pp. 53-59, September.

....the agents now being contemplated differ in important ways from earlier concepts. Significantly, for the moment, the momentum seems to have shifted from hardware to software, from the atoms that comprise a mechanical robot to the bits that make up a digital agent (Negroponte 1997) 2 Alan Kay, a longtime proponent of agent technology, provides a thumbnail sketch tracing the more recent roots of software agents: The idea of an agent originated with John McCarthy in the mid 1950 s, and the term was coined by Oliver G. Selfridge a few years later, when they were both at the ....

....They had in view a system that, when given a goal, could carry out the details of the appropriate computer operations and could ask for and receive advice, offered in human terms, when it was stuck. An agent would be a soft robot living and doing its business within the computer s world. (Kay 1984). Nwana (1996) splits agent research into two main strands: the first beginning about 1977, and the second around 1990. Strand 1, whose roots are mainly in distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) has concentrated mainly on deliberativetype agents with symbolic internal models. Such work has ....

Kay, A. 1984. Computer Software. Scientific American 251(3): 53--59.

....in this context. Submitted to Applied Artificial Intelligence Journal. October 26, 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 Introduction Agents were once seen as anthropomorphic entities which would assist users with daily tasks. They could be used, for example, to locate information of interest to their user (Kay 1984). Ten years later, many definitions of agents have been proposed. The basic concept of a software agent is a system which can aid and assist a user with some common task. The agent may employ some degree of learning or adaptation to improve the quality of its assistance over time. It may be ....

Kay, A. (1984). Computer Software. Scientific American 251, 41--47.

....in comparing computers and theatre: Context is the key, of course. The user illusion is theatre, the ultimate mirror. It is the audience (the user) that is intelligent and can be directed into a particular context. Giving the audience the appropriate cues is the essence of user interface design (Kay 1984). In her theory, Laurel compares users of interactive software to the audience of a play (figure 5) users, the argument goes are like audience members who are able to have a greater 9 influence on the unfolding action than simply the fine tuning 3 provided by conventional audience response. ....

....were all in the I or Neutral groups. Both of the subjects that moved toward easyto use were in the You group. Performance measures on the tasks were not significantly different, but anecdotal evidence and the positive shift for You group members warrant further study (Shneiderman 1993a) Kay (1984) feels that agents are inescapably anthropomorphic but he does concede the limitations: Agents are not human and will not be competent for some time. They violate many of the principles of user interface design; importantly that of maintaining the user 4 Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) ....

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Kay, Alan. "Computer Software." Scientific American , Volume 251, Number 3, September 1984: 41-47.

....future meetings, or offer to negotiate specific meetings on behalf of the user) We refer to this kind of interactive learning assistant as a Learning Apprentice [11] that is, an interactive assistant that acquires knowledge through routine use by observing users actions. Negroponte [13] and Kay [8] were among the first to recognize the potential value of personal learning assistants. An early example of a learning apprentice is the LEAP system [11] which dealt with the domain of VLSI digital logic design. Earlier descriptions of the calendar apprentice described in the current paper can be ....

Kay, A. "Computer Software". Scientific American 251, 3 (1984), 53-59.

.... within the spreadsheet paradigm, we mean that the approach follows the declarative, one way constraint paradigm of spreadsheets, emphasizing that it should follow the value rule for spreadsheets, which states that a cell s value is defined solely by the formula explicitly given it by the user [9]. The characteristic of seamlessness within the spreadsheet paradigm was one of our two primary design goals. Our other primary design goal was directness, a term we will use to mean following the principles advocated by Shneiderman; by Hutchins, Hollan, and Norman; and by Nardi. The term direct ....

Kay, A., "Computer Software," Scientific American, Sept. 1984, 53-59.

....virtual world. They will be used for many things from simple mediation of your interaction with a particular application by providing a more intuitive interface, to complex collaboration in the completion of a task by supporting your knowledge and expertise with their own. People such as Alan Kay [Kay 84 90] Nicholas Negroponte [Negroponte 90] and Brenda Laurel [Laurel 90a 91] have been pushing these concepts for a long while. User Agents In the practical domain, it is interesting to see how these visions are being realised. Early work concentrated on the task of building user agents ....

<F1.136e+04> Alan Kay. Computer Software.<F1.158e+04> Scientific<F1.136e+04> American, 251(3):41-47, September 1984.<F1.081e+04>

....the suitability of each of these topics in preparation for my thesis proposal. Agents 4 2. Agent Literature Review Having undertaken a final year project on the topic of Desktop Agents [Wood, 1993] I am already familiar with much of the early speculative work on agents. People such as Alan Kay [Kay, 1984 1990, Frenkel, 1994] Nicholas Negroponte [Negroponte, 1990, Inman, 1994, Germain, 1994] and Brenda Laurel [Laurel, 1990 1991] have been pushing the concept of interface agents for a long while. I have therefore concentrated my review on systems that are, or could be, described as being or ....

<F1.136e+04> A. Kay, 'Computer Software', in:<F1.158e+04> Scientific American<F1.136e+04> 251 (3), pp 41-47, September 1984<F1.093e+04>

....VPLs to refer to a variety of systems that follow the spreadsheet paradigm, from commercial spreadsheets to more sophisticated research VPLs that follow the declarative, one way constraint evaluation model. The essence of the paradigm is summarized by Alan Kay s value rule for spreadsheets [9], which states that a cell s value is defined solely by the declarative formula explicitly given it by the user. In this paper we present a new approach to inheritance suitable for spreadsheet VPLs, and an instantiation of the approach in the research spreadsheet VPL Forms 3 [1, 4] The approach, ....

Kay, A., "Computer software," Scientific American, 5359, Sept. 1984.

....alfredo cca.pue.udlap.mx 1. Introduction Designing software agents to be perceived directly by the end users as performing tasks on their behalf represents an innovative approach to human computer interaction. The potential of agent based user interfaces has been discussed extensively [Kay 1984, 1990; Laurel 1990, 1991; Negroponte 1990] However, among agentry researchers there has been a tendency to consider interface issues as peripheral and to refer to user agents (or interface agents) as merely an application of the notion of agent used in the construction of software systems ....

Kay, A. 1984. Computer software. Scientific American 251, 3 (Sept.), 52-59.

....Agent(VSA) 1. Introduction As the opportunity of using computer systems spreads into everyday life, the importance of friendly human interfaces is increasing. As a form of nextgeneration human interfaces, an anthropomorphic interface agent which mimics a face to face communication holds a promise [8, 9], and some early developments have been started[1, 2, 3, 11, 6] Its multimodality including facial expression and speech dialog ts to human perception and can enhance the friendliness of the interface. Figure 1 shows our anthropomorphic interface agent called VSA (Visual Software Agent) which ....

A. Kay. Computer Software. Scientic American, Vol. 251(No. 3):52-59, 1984.

....act asynchronously or can even train and teach the user. The set of tasks an agent can assist in is virtually unlimited: local information retrieval and filtering, local mail management, meeting scheduling, etc. 1] The idea of employing agents in the user interface was introduced many years ago [3][4] Even though a great amount of research has gone into the construction of interface agents, currently available techniques are far from being able to produce high level, human like interactions [5] 3.2. Networked Agents In contrast to local agents, networked agents can access not only local ....

A. Kay: "Computer Software", Scientific American, Vol.251, No.3, pp.191-207, 1984

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Kay, A. "Computer Software", Scientific American, 251,3 Sept 1984 53-59

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