Alexander, C. (1965), `A city is not a tree', DESIGN pp. 46--55.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....It was assumed that the world would start life relatively empty and would then gradually expand, as providers offered information and other services. In this sense, it is rather like a plan for a city. But it is not clear to what extent development will match the original planning. As Alexander [15] has pointed out, A city is not a tree not a simple hierarchy that grows according to predictable rules. As providers offer services, and users gravitate to the things they are interested in (i.e. willing to spend time and or money on) the original plans are likely to be heavily modified by ....

Alexander, C. (1982). A City is not a Tree. In Kaplan, S. and Kaplan, R. (eds.) Humanscape - Environments for People. Ann Arbor, USA: Ulrich's Books, pages 377402. 26

....the function to alter ringing volume: should it be in Phone Settings or Tones 2 What if we placed that option in both locations By doing that, we start to move away from the 1 tomany relationship of hierarchical menus to a many to many graph. So are graphs better than menus In his paper[11], Alexander argues that humans cannot work with imposed hierarchies. Certainly, the error rates from the menu classification experiments[5] would confirm this argument. Furthermore, it is the attempt to break free from this type of hierarchical thinking which motivated Tim Berners Lee to develop ....

Alexander, C. A city is not a tree. DESIGN, 206, pp. 46-55 1965

....information structures sometimes are learnt easier than more advanced 3D visualizations. A good example for complex spatial relationships is the structure of a city as overlapping neighborhoods or districts. City areas do not form a strict hierarchy, but rather, a structure of partial containment [1]. At the same time, the city structure shows hierarchical properties which promote further understanding. The major shortcoming of spatial metaphors is that they scale up badly. The desktop metaphor is an example of this. Many users choose to view their files as a list rather than as a spatial ....

Alexander, C. A City is Not a Tree, in Kaplan, S. and Kaplan, R. (Eds.). Humanscape - Environments for People. Ulrich's Books Inc., Ann Arbor, 1982, pp. 377-402.

.... and as traditional maps do, space syntax may provide a multi dimensional representation of an urban space, i.e. the representation of an urban system at complementary abstraction levels (Claramunt and Jiang 1998) This property encompasses the accepted vision of a city as a hierarchical structure (Alexander 1982). The distinction between open and closed spaces relates to the way movements are possible within these structures: an open space allows (potentially) a human being to have free movement from any point to any other point in the open space, while a displacement within a close space is, by ....

Alexander, C. (1982), A City is not a Tree, in: S. Kaplan and R. Kaplan (eds.), Humanscape - Environments for People, Ulrich's Books Inc., Ann Arbor, pp. 377-402.

....theHP 17BII sfunctionsareorganised.Treesareinfacta verycommon structuring method,becausetheyare soobvious andeasytodraw,aswementionedabove.Infact,aswenow argue,an easyway toslideintoimpermissivenessistousea treetostructuretheuserinterface. ChrisAlexander,inhisclassicdiscussionofthedesignofcities[2],arguesthatdesignerstoo easilylay outa city asa tree.Ina tree structureddesign,theworkareaisoverhere,thehousingis overhere,andtheshopping isoverhere.A tree structureddesignmakesitconceptuallyveryeasy forthedesigners,butharderfortheuserswho havetolive inthecity.Incontrast,a welldesigned town ....

C.Alexander,\A City isNot a Tree," DESIGN ,206,pp46-55,1965.

....objects in a visual representation as showing implicit relationships. A good example for how complex spatial relationships can be is the perceived structure of a city as overlapping neighborhoods or districts. City areas do not form a strict hierarchy but rather a structure of partial containment [1]. Similarly information objects can be arranged in space as a visual expression of complex document relationships. Spatial arrangements based on a spatial metaphor thus are a useful tool to visually express complex relationships between objects. Spatial metaphors further provide source domains ....

Alexander, C. A City is Not a Tree, in Kaplan, S. and Kaplan, R. (Eds.). Humanscape - Environments for People. Ulrich's Books Inc., Ann Arbor, 1982, pp. 377-402.

....of Wright is more appropriate. There is nothing to stop us allocating spatial resources to individuals and businesses and watching the city grow organically. Other theories from city planning also make important contributions to this argument. The first comes from the noted architect Christopher Alexander. In his 1965 paper A City Is Not a Tree (Alexander, 1965) he argues that modern cities which have been designed from scratch along highly structured lines, having well defined and nested areas for particular uses (the tree of the title, are in many cases seen by their inhabitants as being sterile and ....

....stop us allocating spatial resources to individuals and businesses and watching the city grow organically. Other theories from city planning also make important contributions to this argument. The first comes from the noted architect Christopher Alexander. In his 1965 paper A City Is Not a Tree (Alexander, 1965) he argues that modern cities which have been designed from scratch along highly structured lines, having well defined and nested areas for particular uses (the tree of the title, are in many cases seen by their inhabitants as being sterile and uninteresting places to live. However, older ....

Alexander, C., A City is Not a Tree, Architectural Forum, 122, (1), 58-62 and (2), 58-61, 1965.

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Alexander, C. (1965), `A city is not a tree', DESIGN pp. 46--55.

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Alexander, Christopher, "A City is not a Tree," Architectural Forum, vol. 122, pp. 58-62, April-May, 1965.

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Alexander, C.: A city is not a tree. ARCHITECTURAL FORUM 122 (1965) 58--62

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C.Alexander, \A City isNot a Tree," DESIGN ,206,pp46-55,1965. REFERENCES 15

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