Solange Karsenty, James A. Landay, and Chris Weikart. Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit. Human Computer Interaction: Proceedings of HCI'92, York, United Kingdom, Sept, 1992.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....drop implements transfer operations , as described in [4] Dragging an item and dropping it into a given area transfers data from one place to another. The application and utility of interactive 212 In Drobs the goal is to provide maximum degrees of movement within layout constraints. See [9][10][11] for examples of work undertaken on the application of constraints to user interface implementation. 2.1 TYPES OF MOVEMENT WHEN DRAGGING Dragging is implemented by creating an instance of a draggable object that, from the outset can be dragged anywhere in the interface. The types of ....

Karsenty,S. , Landay,J. A.,Weikart,C. (1992). "Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit" Graphics --- Design and Techniques Proceedings of the HCI'92 Conference on People and Computers VII p.137-153

....consult [Kramer, 1994] 16 [Bouma et al. 1995] reports on geometrical constraint solving, too. Solano and Brunet, 1994] comments on parametric design. Chung, 1994] promotes constraint based variational design. Pabon et al. 1992] integrates parametric geometry and variational modelling. [Karsenty et al. 1992] tries to identify infer the constraints. Kass, 1992] uses interval arithmetic see also [Navinchandra and Rinderle, 1989] Guan and Friedrich, 1992] proposes a reasonable inconsistency handling in its object oriented design and differentiates between pre defined parameters and changeable ones; ....

Solange Karsenty, James A. Landay, and Chris Weikart. Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit. Technical Report 17, DEC, Paris Research Laboratory, France, March 1992. HCI'92, University of York, U.K., 15--18 September.

....to define the dynamic behavior of objects, but does not provide a pictorial programming mechanism for creating constraints. Instead, it tries to provide the most commonly used constraints in iconic constraint menus, and allows arbitrary constraints to be created in a spreadsheet editor. Rockit [14], Chimera [16] and Penguims [12] provide capabilities for inferencing constraints that can be utilized by interface builders. Lapidary performs some constraint inferencing in its before and after demonstrations, but primarily requires explicit application of constraints. 3 Overview of ....

Solange Karsenty, James A. Landay, and Chris Weikart. Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit. Human Computer Interaction: Proceedings of HCI'92, York, United Kingdom, Sept, 1992.

....with each other; they act on their own; they learn. The first characteristic is achieved by embedding the semantics in the VO using constraints, as described above. The second means that they can act independently from user manipulation; an application of this characteristic is presented in [Karsenty92] where the concept of gravity field is introduced. The third characteristic is important both in the phase of the system construction and also when the system is being used. In the first case it allows the designer to specify the semantics interactively using Programming by Demonstration (PBD) ....

Karsenty, Solange, Landay, James A., and Weikart, Chris, "Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit", in Proceedings of the HCI 92, 1992.

....consistency among the views. 7. 2 Possible Research Directions Rules (or constraints) are increasingly being used in graphical SW tools to specify the layout and functionality of many applications [Zanden91] Constraints have already been used successfully in a variety of languages and systems [Karsenty92], Horn92] Leler88] etc. According to [Freeman Benson92] constraints provide an intuitive declarative style of programming. An interesting research direction would be to use the same constraint notation to specify both graphical and semantic constraints in a modelling system. Some work in this ....

Karsenty, Solange, Landay, James A., and Weikart, Chris, "Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit", in Proceedings of the HCI 92, 1992.

....order logic based language. In our case Prolog will be used. The constraints to be included in the constraint base must be obtained from this semantics specification. Moreover, it is also necessary to specify the way the dynamic behaviour of the graphical objects is determined by their semantics [Karsenty92]. Conclusion A new approach to conceptual modelling aiming to include domain semantic information in the modelling constructs was proposed. My hope is that this work will contribute to bring people that are expert in a given application domain, but not in computing, closer to the conceptual ....

Karsenty, Solange, Landay, James A., and Weikart, Chris, "Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit", in Proceedings of the HCI 92, 1992.

....[ Kramer, 1994 ] 16 [ Bouma et al. 1995 ] reports on geometrical constraint solving, too. Solano and Brunet, 1994 ] comments on parametric design. Chung, 1994 ] promotes constraint based variational design. Pabon et al. 1992 ] integrates parametric geometry and variational modelling. Karsenty et al. 1992 ] tries to identify infer the constraints. Kass, 1992 ] uses interval arithmetic see also [ Navinchandra and Rinderle, 1989 ] Guan and Friedrich, 1992 ] proposes a reasonable inconsistency handling in its object oriented design and differentiates between pre defined parameters and ....

Solange Karsenty, James A. Landay, and Chris Weikart. Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit. Technical Report 17, DEC, Paris Research Laboratory, France, March 1992. HCI'92, University of York, U.K., 15--18 September.

....near them. We are currently working on the following extensions of Mocha: ffl Development of new animation services beyond computational geometry, e.g. graph algorithms, sorting, searching, and parallel computation. ffl Improvement of the user interface, e.g. the introduction of sound, as in [5]. ffl Support for 3D animations, specifically for 3D graph drawing (e.g. 3] ffl Extension of the Mocha model to the more general domain of software demonstrations over the WWW. ....

S. Karsenty, J. A. Landay, and C. Weikart. Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit. Technical Report 17, Digital, Paris Research Laboratory, March 1992.

....or which particular constraints conflict. If MatchTool 2 cannot solve the system, it prints a message and the user can either undo the replacement or manually remove the unwanted constraints. Recent research has dealt with merging rule based techniques into direct manipulation systems [Hudson91] Karsenty92] Constraint based search and replace is a direct manipulation technique for defining rules that govern the geometry and placement of graphical objects. Since direct manipulation interfaces represent data in terms of such objects, dynamic constraint based search and replace might be useful for ....

Karsenty, Solange, Landay, James A., and Weikart, Chris. Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit. In HCI `92 Conference on People and Computers VII (September 1992). British Computer Society. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. 137-153.

....aircraft position. The system could not provide this as it requires displaying a function of the position history for each aircraft; there was no way to specify that the position of graphical components on the screen should be based on functions, as in graphical constraint systems such as Rockit [18]. Instead it was decided to try and modify the radar blips to show only the dynamic information required by ATCOs. This revealed more system limitations; an early design decision meant that in order to modify the radar blips a shutdown and restart process was required. This process took about a ....

Karsenty, S., Landay, J. & Weikart, C., Inferring graphical constraints with Rockit, in Proceedings of HCI'92, A. Monk et al. (eds), York, 1992, pp. 137153.

....to help specify constraints. It infers the relationships of the users actions to user interface elements during a demonstration sequence, and generates code to handle this action in a real situation. Briar [Gleicher92] augments snap dragging [Bier86] by making the relationships persistent. Rockit [Karsenty92] also uses augmented snap dragging and maintains a database of relationships and a static inference rule base it allows the user to dynamically change the conditions that determine which rules to execute. The last approach has a limitation: it is difficult to extend and customize. We propose ....

C Weikart S. Karsenty, J Landay. Inferring graphical constraints with Rockit. PRL Research report 17, Digital Corporation, March 1992.

....to improver based, and finally, to fully automatic. On this scale of automaticity, our work would be characterized as an improver based system. Some constraint based systems make an effort to empower the user by giving them direct feedback and control of the inferencing process. Rockit [8], a system to apply graphic constraints in building an interface, provides not only visual but audio feedback to help the user in deciding the correct constraint application. Hudson and Yeatts [6] explore a similar approach. In both of these systems, the interaction and feedback is direct and ....

. Karsenty, S., J. Landay, and C. Weikart. Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit. in Human Computer Interaction: Proceedings of HCI'92. 1992. University of York, U.K.:

....be seamlessly integrated with ICS by treating the algorithms as a preprocessing step to the client s call to the service stub routine. Many real time applications can benefit from using ICS by taking advantage of the services that it offers. For example, in constraint based graphics such as Rockit [8], GITS [16] and Oak [20] the constraint solver must be fast enough to produce interactive response. Specifically, it must be fast enough for constrained visual objects (e.g. two lines constrained to be perpendicular to one another) to follow the motion of the mouse cursor in real time. When ....

S. Karsenty, J. Landay, and C. Weikart. Inferring graphical constraints with Rockit. Technical report, Digital Equipement Corporation, Paris Research Laboratory, March 1992.

....two vertices (start and end) simultaneously, many existing drawing systems assist the placement of a vertex by controlling the movement of the mouse cursor. Snap Dragging systems[3] 9] extends gravity active grids by letting users specify various geometric relations, and some systems such as Rockit[15] and Aldus Intellidrawautomatically infer possible gridding constraints. Compared to these techniques, the ad Perpendicularity Connection y coordinate alignment Freestroke input Inferred constraints Beautified segment Multiple candidates a) b) c) d) Figure 2: Basic operation of interactive ....

Karsenty,S., Landay,J.A., Weikart,C., "Inferring graphical constraints with Rockit", Proc. of HCI'92, pp. 137-153, 1992.

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Karsenty, S., Landay, J.A., and Weikart, C. Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit. In HCI'92 Conference on People and Computers VII, BritishComputer Society, Sep 1992, pp. 137--153.

....Pursuit [13] and Chimera [11] systems. We are especially interested in using a visual notation that is made directly on the interface whose behavior is being described. Marks or symbols layered on top of the interface are used for feedback indicating graphical constraints in Briar [5] and Rockit [10]. In Rockit, the marks kept the user informed of the current inference of the system. Using a notation of marks that are made directly on the sketch is beneficial for several reasons. One of the most important reasons is we can now use the same visual language for both the specification of the ....

Karsenty, S., Landay, J.A., and Weikart, C. Inferring graphical constraints with Rockit. In HCI '92 Conference on People and Computers VII, BritishComputer Society, September 1992, pp. 137-- 153.

....of graphical editors and user interface builders. Yet this increase in functionality has also brought the users of these tools the difficult task of specifying the constraints generally by writing mathematical equations that define the relations which must hold. The purpose of Rockit [2] is to identify the possible graphical constraints between objects in a scene and allow the user to quickly and easily choose and apply the desired constraints. Rockit is embedded in a graphical editor that allows the creation of application objects by direct manipulation. The user creates ....

Solange Karsenty, James A. Landay, and Chris Weikart. Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit. In People and Computers VII, pages 137--153, September 1992, Proceedings of the HCI '92 Conference.

....results. Trying to infer all possible relationships in a scene at once is much harder than trying to infer only the relationships between one object and the rest of the scene. In order to make this problem more tractable, more recent work has tried to make inferences as the sketch was drawn [Karsenty 1992]. SILK takes the same approach: by getting user assistance as each object is drawn, SILK further improves the speed and accuracy at which it can infer the correct widgets. There has been a considerable amount of sketch recognition work done in the field of computer graphics. Like Negroponte s ....

....by both enabling a radio button that indicates the type in the SILK Controls window and by allowing the widget to behave when the designer manipulates it. Marks or symbols layered on top of the interface were used for feedback indicating graphical constraints in Briar [Gleicher 1994] and Rockit [Karsenty 1992]. In Rockit, the marks kept the user informed of the current inference of the system. This approach may be worth trying with SILK. 7.9 Summary This chapter reviewed the large body of research related to electronic sketching and storyboarding. This body of work was focussed in areas relevant to ....

Solange Karsenty, James A. Landay and Chris Weikart. "Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit". Proceedings of People and Computers VII, British Computer Society HCI '92, York, England, September, 1992. pp. 137-153.

....on our transition scheme. Unlike HyperCard, SILK s transitions are visible and several can be viewed at once. Thus, our storyboards may be easier to understand and edit. Marks or symbols layered on top of the interface are used for feedback indicating graphical constraints in Briar [6] and Rockit [9]. In Rockit, the marks kept the user informed of the current inference of the system. SILK differs in that the designer makes the marks, rather than the system. Our storyboarding mechanism is based on specifying screen shots from before and after an enduser action. Chimera [11] and Pursuit [13] ....

Karsenty, S., Landay, J.A., and Weikart, C. Inferring graphical constraints with Rockit. In HCI '92 Conference on People and Computers VII, BritishComputer Society, September 1992, pp. 137--153.

....the icon and the map. In addition, our application objects have not only a visual appearance, but they can also produce sound. In this case, the feature allows us to play vocal on line help. FunBuild can also be used to build arbitrary widgets such as a slider, as demonstrated in a videotape [8]. Finally, the last example is an iconic shell. FunBuild was used to build different types of icons (files, directories, executables) Each icon contains a drawing, a bitmap, and a text label for the file or directory name. Operations such as selecting (see Figure 4) moving and copying files are ....

....towards the most likely constraint scenario. Rockit makes it easy to try other likely scenarios by simply clicking a mouse button, causing the system to cycle through the other possibilities. The Rockit system has been presented in detail in [7] and the use of auditory feedback within FunBuild in [6, 8]. Geometrical constraints are solved in real time while the user manipulates objects in the scene. Therefore, the user cannot create over constrained situations where the system would have no solution: Rockit only proposes constraints that are compatible with the current constraint system. Since ....

Solange Karsenty, James A. Landay, and Chris Weikart. Inferring Graphical Constraints With Rockit. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, Proceedings of InterCHI'93 (Formal Video Program), page 531, Amsterdam (April 1993). ACM Press, Addison Wesley.

....the user manipulates the object, the object gravitates towards the most likely constraint scenario. Rockit makes it easy to try other likely scenarios by simply clicking a mouse button, causing the system to cycle through the other possibilities. The Rockit system has been presented in detail in [7] and the use of auditory feedback within FunBuild in [6, 8] Geometrical constraints are solved in real time while the user manipulates objects in the scene. Therefore, the user cannot create over constrained situations where the system would have no solution: Rockit only proposes constraints that ....

Solange Karsenty, James A. Landay, and Chris Weikart. Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit. In People and Computers VII: Proceedings of HCI'92, University of York, U.K. (September 1992). Cambridge University Press. Also as Research Report 17, Digital Equipment Corporation, Paris Research Laboratory.

....document, we present our experience in designing and using audio, as a complement to graphical feedback, for this purpose. KEYWORDS Sonic feedback, Audio, Geometric Constraints, Graphical Editors, Inferencing, Interaction Techniques, Direct Manipulation, User Interfaces INTRODUCTION Rockit [2] stands for Rapid graphical Object Constraint identifier using Knowledge Inferencing Techniques. Rockit s purpose is to automatically identify the possible graphical constraint scenarios between objects within a scene and then allow the application designer to easily apply their choices. Rockit is ....

Solange Karsenty, James Landay, and Chris Weikart. Inferring graphical constraints with Rockit. Research Report 17, Digital Equipment Corporation, Paris Research Laboratory, March 1992.

....the icon and the map. In addition, our application objects have not only a visual appearance, but they can also produce sound. In this case, the feature allows us to play vocal on line help. FunBuild can also be used to build arbitrary widgets such as a slider, as demonstrated in a videotape [Karsenty93]. Finally, the last example is an iconic shell. FunBuild was used to build different types of icons (files, directories, executables) Each icon contains a drawing, a bitmap, and a text label for the file or directory name. Operations such as selection (see Figure 4) moving and copying of files ....

....most likely constraint scenario. Rockit makes it easy to try other likely scenarios by simply clicking a mouse button, causing the system to cycle through the other possibilities. The Rockit system has been presented in detail in [Karsenty92b] and the use of auditory feedback within FunBuild in [Karsenty92a, Karsenty93]. Geometrical constraints are solved in real time while the user manipulates objects in the scene. Therefore, FunBuild (C ) application object classes App.Framework Rollit Application interpreted or compiled Figure 7: Rollit s development process: FunBuild is used to generate application object ....

Solange Karsenty, James A. Landay, and Chris Weikart. Inferring Graphical Constraints With Rockit. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, Proceedings of InterCHI'93 (Formal Video Program), page 531, Amsterdam, April 1993. ACM Press, Addison Wesley.

....the user manipulates the object, the object gravitates towards the most likely constraint scenario. Rockit makes it easy to try other likely scenarios by simply clicking a mouse button, causing the system to cycle through the other possibilities. The Rockit system has been presented in detail in [Karsenty92b] and the use of auditory feedback within FunBuild in [Karsenty92a, Karsenty93] Geometrical constraints are solved in real time while the user manipulates objects in the scene. Therefore, FunBuild (C ) application object classes App.Framework Rollit Application interpreted or compiled Figure 7: ....

Solange Karsenty, James A. Landay, and Chris Weikart. Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit. In People and Computers VII: Proceedings of HCI'92, University of York, U.K., September 1992. Cambridge University Press. Also as Research Report 17, Digital Equipment Corporation, Paris Research Laboratory.

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Solange Karsenty, James A. Landay, and Chris Weikart. Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit. Human Computer Interaction: Proceedings of HCI'92, York, United Kingdom, Sept, 1992.

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