Kumar, V. (1996). MBone: Interactive Multimedia on the Internet. Indianapolis, IN: New Riders Publishing.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....data to the receiver node before the user accesses the data, but if the user does not access the data, network bandwidth has been lost. Several standard techniques may be used to implement a broadcasting strategy. Multicast. Push systems can exploit existing multicast infrastructures (e.g. MBone [87]) and protocols (e.g. RTP [150] NSTP [30] This greatly simplifies the architecture and implementation of push systems and has several efficiency benefits. However, these resources are accessible by only a limited number of end users. Client pull. At regular, user definable intervals, the ....

....Many multicast protocols include real time facilities that can be exploited to guarantee timeliness of data and allow for streaming multi media contents of channels. At present, however, only a limited number of users have access to such resources. 3.1. 1 MBone The multicast backbone (MBone) [40, 87, 99] is a world wide virtual network that implements multicasting. Multicasting means that one host sends to a group of hosts. The following description is based mainly on [40] and includes some excerpts that are not explicitly marked. Multicast groups are modeled by special IP addresses: On the ....

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V. Kumar. MBone: Interactive Multimedia On The Internet. Macmillan Publishing, November 1995.

....for routing decissions and how the router learns that information. During the last years, a lot of work has been done in the IP Multicast routing area. In fact, IP Multicast routing protocols have evolved a lot since the old IP in IP tunnels[3] building a virtual IP Multicast Backbone called MBone[1]. New intradomain multicast routing protocols have come up and nowadays IP Multicast works very well within the same Autonomous System (AS) The problems arising now are related with the deployment of IP Multicast natively in the whole Internet. New protocols for interdomain multicast routing ....

....that had no specific use according to the IGMPv3 draft. At the end, we decided to use the Auxiliary Data Field. So, no changes to the IGMPv3 draft needed to be proposed. Fig. 3, shows the format of the new IGMPv3 messages. 0x11 MRT Checksum Group Address Reserved # of sources Source Address [1] Source Address [2] Source Address [n] # of Group Rec. 0x22 Reserv Checksum Reserved Group Record [1] Group Record [2] Group Record [n] Rec Type AuxDataLen # of sources Multicast Address Source Address [1] Source Address [n] Auxiliary Data Figure 3: IGMPv3 packets ....

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Vinay Kumar. "MBone: Interactive Multimedia on the Internet". New Riders, 1996. ISBN 1-56205-397-3.

....available which provide some of these functionalities to a certain degree. What remains to be done, however, is to combine all of these functionalities into a single integrated system which is easy to use by ordinary people, who want to perform a range of non specific tasks and activities [7]. It is this particular challenge which the Magic Lounge project is attempting to address. This paper describes a system architecture which was designed to utilise a set of existing technologies for integrating some of the available human to human communication and interaction tools to create the ....

....years an emerging technology called MBone (virtual Multicast Backbone On the interNEt) which is built on top of the existing Internet infrastructure, has been used for developing conferencing tools which can interact with one another regardless of the type of platform on which they operate. MBone [7] is a technology which allows isochronous media, such as real time audio and video, which require delivery from source to destination within a certain bounded time, to be transferred in a large scale manner over the Internet. One of the main reasons for choosing to use MBone technology, besides ....

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V. Kumar, MBone: Interactive Multimedia on the Internet, New Riders, 1996.

....simply ignore MI routers (i.e. as if they do not exist) when constructing a multicast tree (as in MOSPF [12] resulting in possible failures to deliver multicast traffic to all intended destinations. The other is to use IP in IP encapsulation or unicast tunneling to bypass MI routers as in MBone [10] (which implements DVMRP [14] However, encapsulation in WDM networks implies that data needs to be processed (at the MC switches) and thus is not suitable for WDM multicast (based on wavelength routing) In addition, although wavelength routed paths may be established between MC switches to ....

.... the locally attached router is not a destination and there is a downstream member) or drop and continue (when the locally attached router is a destination and there is a downstream member) This assumption is different from the assumption made in MBone where tunneling is used to span MI routers [10]. The rationale behind the drop and continue assumption is that, even at an MI switch, it is not difficult to tap a small amount of optical power from a wavelength channel for use by the local router while forwarding the data on that channel to an output. Alternately, one may use a wavelength ....

V. Kumar, MBone: Interactive Multimedia on the Internet, IN: New Riders, 1996.

....configured over the IPv4 Internet. The use of the 6bone has greatly facilitated the task of designing and testing IPv6 aware software and protocols [16] 2.2. 3 The X Bone The X Bone [48] is an infrastructure project designed to speed the deployment of IP based overlay networks like the MBone [24]. It provides a graphical user interface for automated configuration of endpoint IP addresses and DNS names, simple overlay routing configurations like rings, and 1 Overlay networks were used long before the MBone, however. One early use as an explicit overlay network was RFC 1070, which proposed ....

V. Kumar. MBone: Interactive Multimedia on the Internet. New Riders Publishing, Indianapolis, IN, 1996. 83

....around. In order to support distributed multimedia applications it is necessary for these networks to provide some form of QoS support. However the nature of this support may vary. Not all networks would provide guaranteed class of service. In fact the popularity of the Multicast Backbone (MBONE) [14] has proved what is possible even with the current best effort networks. Thus the user is faced with a choice of multiple networks some of them supporting multiple classes of services. QoS aware applications have been developed which are capable of adapting to their environment. Multimedia ....

V. Kumar. MBone: Interactive Multimedia On The Internet. Macmillan Publishing (Simon & Schuster), 1995.

....node v can have, then M v 1 if node v is not multicast capable, and M v is equal to the number of outgoing channels otherwise 2 . Note that the drop and continue assumption is different from the assumption made in MBone where tunneling is used to span non multicast capable nodes [9]. The rationale behind our assumption is that it is not difficult to tap a small amount of optical power from a wavelength channel for use by the local (member) node while forwarding the data on that channel. Alternately, one may use a wavelength add drop multiplexer (WADM) which enables the local ....

V. Kumar. MBone: Interactive Multimedia on the Internet. IN: New Riders, 1996.

.... The Multicast Backbone (MBONE) infrastructure developed for audio video conferencing over the internet provides different tools for participating in on going multicast video audio sessions, encoding local video and multicasting it in a conference, and recording an active session locally [60, 73]. However, no tools exist to record and playback an MBONE session from a remote server. Also, MBONE was designed to be used in the internet at large where bandwidth is scarce and majority of the hosts are PCs with minimal computing power. 28 ffl Guaranteed CPU access in the server OS: Several ....

Kumar, Vinay, "MBONE: Interactive Multimedia on the Internet," New Riders Publishing, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1996.

....The basic idea behind the development of JAM was to provide facilities to on line monitoring IP over ATM traffic. Hence, we were concerned with gathering information from different protocol levels from the application to the transmission level. As an application platform, we used MBone toolkit [2], vic and vat. The MBone is a transmission standard for multimedia applications (audio, video, text boards) across IP networks. The MBone uses multicasting for data transmission. Anyone connected to the MBone can create a conference, which can be joined by any other user at any time. The MBone ....

V. Kumar. MBone: Interactive Multimedia On The Internet. Macmillan Publishing, 1995. ISBN: 1-56205-397-3.

....results are discussed below. 12 MBONE ISI DPS UTS DPS Reflector Proxylet Reflector Proxylet Reflector Proxylet Reflector Proxylet Tool Session Audio Tool Fig. 4. Tunnelling from the Mbone 5. 3 Multicast Reflector At the time of writing Australia is not connected to the global Mbone [9]. We required a mechanism to join multicast sessions. In order to demonstrate the simplicity of our proxylet infrastructure we first developed a simple Java Session Tool which could receive and process Session Description Protocol (SDP [7] packets. These SDP packets describe current multicast ....

V. Kumar. MBone: Interactive Multimedia On The Internet. Macmillan Publishing (Simon & Schuster), 1995.

....MBone uses, is a simple and elegant multicast protocol proposed by Steve Deering in his Ph.D. thesis at Stanford University[13] Provision of real time transport in Internet, which does not guarantee realtime transport, is the other core technology of MBone. The RTP(Real time Transport Protocol)[14] by the Audio Video Transport Working Group of the IETF was implemented into MBone applications, such as NetVideo and VAT,to support timing, sequencing and quality of service reporting of real time packet streams transmitted either point to point or point to multipoint. 2.1 The architecture of ....

....and participation on the MBone. NV(NetVideo) performs real time video delivery for the MBone. VAT(Visual Audio Tool) supports real time audio delivery. WB(WhiteBoard) allows one or more sites to share a document. Figure 2 depicts SD, NV, and VAT. Figure 2. 2. 4 Real time transport protocol[14] RTP is designed to run on top of the UDP(User Datagram Protocol) and the IP(Internet Protocol) and to deliver data with real time 9 characteristics. In addition, it provides support for loosely controlled sessions by RTCP, which is carried as an option within RTP packets. The packet ....

Vinay Kumar, "MBone: Interactive Multimedia on the Internet," New Riders Publishing, 1995, p48.

....system CORAL : a multi server distant cooperative learning system is described in section 4 and 5. Section 4 shows the design and implementation of this system, and section 5 identifies the implementation issues of the system. Finally conclusion is given in section 6. 2. Overview of MBone[8,9,10] MBone, short for Multicast Backbone[11] is a virtual network over the Internet. It has been in existence since early 1992 and was named by Steve Casner of the Information Science Institute, University of Southern California. The first story of MBone was begun from two IETF(Internet Engineering ....

Vinay Kumar, "MBone: Interactive Multimedia on the Internet," New Riders Publishing, 1995.

....hosts that have explicitly expressed an interest in receiving the data for that multicast group. This vision of point to multipoint communication relies on the network to forward packets to the relevant networks that wish to receive them, and to stop any others from receiving the data. The MBone [18] (multicast backbone) is the multicast experimental infrastructure that has been developed to support network level multicast. The forwarding of multicast data in the Mbone is implemented with hosts using a group membership protocol known as the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) 4] ....

V.Kumar, "MBone: Interactive Multimedia On The Internet.", Macmillan Publishing 1995.

....into the delivery of time sensitive data streams over IP based networks. Technologies such as RealAudio [1] attempt to provide robust presentation of multimedia documents, while the MBone and multicast IP enable multimedia conferences where live audio and video are shared amongst the participants [2]. Tools that support conferencing are typically designed to deliver only live media. This works well for discussion sessions but is problematic for applications such as distance education. A lecturer may wish to use supplementary material, such as audio or video clips, to enhance his or her ....

....considerations have led to our choice of the vic and vat MBone tools as our core conferencing software. They are widely available, exist for many platforms (including many flavours of Unix and Win32) are portable, have source available, and are commonly used for current Internet based conferences [2]. After making this decision, the task becomes one of integrating the conferencing tools into our presentational technology. 3 Media Streams Continuous media objects, whether live conferences or stored documents, can be thought of as being made up of streams. Each stream represents a logical ....

V. Kumar, MBone: Interactive Multimedia on the Internet, New Riders, 1996.

....of senders and recipients have to be connected to the MBone. MBone itself consists of a subset of Internet routers that understand the Internet class D (multicast group) addressed packets and their routing. Such Mbone routers have been deployed in the core Internet communication infrastructure [2]. The topic of IP multicast was addressed and developed by Steven Deering of Stanford University in his Ph.D. disseration in the 1980 s. He invented the multicast address concept for group communication. Deering also created an RFC, which defined the standards for multicast routing. 3. THE ....

V. Kumar, "Mbone: Interactive Multimedia on the Internet", New Riders Publishing, (Indianapolis, Indiana, 1996).

....deal with MI routers. One is to simply ignore MI routers when constructing a multicast tree (as in MOSPF [12] resulting in possible failures to delivery multicast traffic to all intended destinations. The other is to use IP in IP encapsulation or unicast tunneling to span MI routers as in MBone [9] (which implements DVMRP [13] However, note that in WDM networks, encapsulation tunneling cannot be applied to optical switching. In addition, although a similar approach whereby wavelength routed paths are established between MC switches to form a backbone may be applied, such an approach will ....

.... router is not a destination and there is a downstream member) or drop and continue (when the locally attached router is a destination and there is a downstream member) This assumption is different from the assumption made in MBone where tunneling is used to span multicast incapable routers [9]. The rationale behind the drop and continue assumption is that, even at an MI switch, it is not difficult to tap a small amount of optical power from a wavelength channel for use by the local router while forwarding the data on that channel to an output. Alternately, one may use a wavelength ....

V. Kumar. MBone: Interactive Multimedia on the Internet. IN: New Riders, 1996.

....will be needed in unicasting. The above assumption that node 3 can receive a copy from node 2 which is also a destination and has no splitting capability is different from the assumption made in MBone, where a node can only receive a copy from a router capable of multicasting through tunneling [32]. The rationale behind our assumption is that it is not difficult to tap a small amount of optical power at node 2 for use by the local host from a wavelength channel (e.g. 1 ) while forwarding the data on that channel. Alternately, one may use a wavelength add drop multiplexer (WADM) which can ....

V. Kumar, MBone: Interactive Multimedia on the Internet, IN: New Riders, 1996.

....A testbed broadband network connecting research organizations in Sweden has been used for testing these tools in real life collaboration between researchers. While computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) in low bandwidth environments, such as the Internet, has been rather well studied[9, 10, 11, 12], much remains to be done in the high bandwidth situation. Lots of audio video conferencing software is available on the market and in the public domain, but few of these tools scale well in respect to audio and video quality when the available network bandwidth increases. This is because they ....

Kumar, Vinay, "Mbone: Interactive Multimedia On the Internet", MacMillan Publishing, November 1995.

....objects remains alive . Since objects are fully replicated (not 7 approximated) at other nodes, they are independent of any process and can exist independently of their creator. For sessions involving peers located in different local networks, DIVE has long relied on the existence of the MBone (Kumar Vinay, 1995), the IP Multicast backbone, a structure for interactive multimedia communication over the Internet. Recently, independence from the MBone was gained by developing the DiveBone, an application level backbone which can connect sub islands of the MBone and or single local networks. The DiveBone will ....

Kumar, Vinay. (1995). MBone: Interactive Multimedia On The Internet. Macmillan Publishing, November 1995, ISBN: 1-56205-397-3.

....by Microsoft [Mic99] While this application may be adequate for the immediate usage and low quality applications, it does not allow the user to ob 2 serve the internal mechanisms it uses or even in uence its behaviour. Another system for multimedia communications is the set of MBone tools [Kum95]: programs like vat or rat, vic, sdr [Fah97] are combined to allow (multicast) sessions to take place between two or many more users. As these programs are available as source code, many modi cations and extensions have been developed that try to tackle certain shortcomings of the original ....

Kumar, V.: MBone: Interactive Multimedia on the Internet, New Riders, Indianapolis, USA, 1995, ISBN 1-56205-397-3.

.... error correction across video data packets has previously been proposed in the PET system [13,14] for MPEG 1 Internet video transmission and also for lost cell recovery in ATM based video transmission [15 17] A good overview about existing video streaming applications in the Internet is given in [18]. Horn, Stuhlmuller, Link, Girod: Robust Internet Video Transmission Based on Scalable Coding and Unequal Error Protection, accepted for publication in Image Communication, 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 0 100 200 300 lost Packet Number 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 lost 0 ....

V. Kumar. MBone - Interactive Multimedia on the Internet. New Riders Publishing, Indianapolis, 1996.

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Kumar, V. (1996). MBone: Interactive Multimedia on the Internet. Indianapolis, IN: New Riders Publishing.

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Kumar, V., 1996, MBone - Interactive Multimedia on the Internet, New Riders Publishing, Indianapolis).

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V. Kumar. MBone: Interactive Multimedia On The Internet. Macmillan Publishing (Simon & Schuster), 1995.

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Kumar, V., "MBone: Interactive Multimedia on the Internet" , New Riders Publishing, Indianapolis, 1996.

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