R. S. Patil, R. E. Fikes, P. F. Patel-Schneider, D. McKay, T. Finin, T. Gruber, and R. Neches. The DARPA knowledge sharing effort: Progress report. In C. Rich, W. Swartout, and B. Nebel, editors, Knowledge Representation, pages 777--788, 1992.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....must be able to communicate with one another. Successful communication presupposes a shared language. Some aspects of the language are in the application specific terms used this relates to data heterogeneity, and one of the best ways of addressing it is through the use of ontologies [73, 50]. The other major aspect of communication is in the actions that the agents perform through communications. This follows the key intuition of Austin that communication is a kind of action [3] These actions are termed performatives and are classified into a few major categories: assertives ....

Ramesh S. Patil, Richard E. Fikes, Peter F. Patel-Schneider, Don McKay, Tim Finin, Thomas Gruber, and Robert Neches. The DARPA knowledge sharing effort: Progress report. In [51], pages 243--254. 1997.

.... and developed by both the philosophical community, especially by Searle [12, 13] and the linguistic community, as for example by Sadock [11] and the contributors to [6] This general conception was adopted by the AI agent paradigm that started in the early 1990s with DARPA s development of KQML [9], and has been carried over to FIPA s ACL. Key figures in this latter development have been Cohen Levesque, Sadek, and Singh (e.g. 4] 10] 14] see [8] for a survey. All of these later writers acknowledge their debt to Searle s [13] general account. Austin s [1] initial descriptions of ....

Patil, R., Fikes, R, Patel-Schneider, P., McKay, D. Finin, T., Gruber, T., Neches, R.: The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report. In Rich, C., Swartout, W. Nebel, B. (eds.): Proc. Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR'92). Cambridge (1992) 777-788

....Vickery, etc. Another important aspect of conversations between agents turns around the natchmaking problem . Matchmaking is based on a cooperative partnership between information providers and consumers, assisted by an intelligent facil itator utilizing a knowledge sharing infrastructure [10]. Information providers take an active role in finding specific consumers by advertising their information capabilities to a matchmaker. Conversely, consumers send requests for desired information to the matchmaker, which in turns, attempts to identify any advertisements that are relevant to the ....

Patil, R. S., R. Fikes, P. F. Patel-Schneider, D. McKay, T. Finin, G. Thomas and R. Neches. The DARPA knowledge sharing effort: progress report. Proc. o] the Third Int. Con] on Principles o] Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, 1992, pp. 777-787.

.... of frames, classes, slots, slot values, and facets [32] Sharing a common syntax and semantics Other researchers dealt with the knowledge sharing problem by specifying the syntax and semantics of an expressively powerful description logic, incorporating constructs that were generally accepted [33]. They called the specification the Knowledge Representation System Specification, or KRSS [34] In the specification, they included a minimal set of interface functions that permitted construction and querying of knowledge bases. Features included representation of defined and primitive concepts ....

Patil R, Fikes R, Patel-Schneider P, et al. The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress report. In: Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Proceedings of the Third International Conference. Rich C, Nebel B and Swartout W, Eds. (Cambridge, MA) 1992: 777-788. http://wwwksl. stanford.edu/knowledge-sharing/papers/index.html#kr92status -report

....distributed data, control or resources, where solutions are given for their design and implementation; Legacy systems, where solutions are given to enable interoperability of old software. Several initiatives are devoted to the multi agent paradigm. Among them, KSE (Knowledge Sharing Effort) [4], provides means for knowledge interchange, including a knowledge representation language (KIF, Knowledge Interchange Format) and a communication language (KQML, Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language) which are of great interest for agent based development. Recently, a Consortium has been ....

R.S.Patil, R.E.Fikes, P.F.Patel-Schneider, D.McKay, T.Finin, T.Gruber, R.Neches, The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report, Proc. of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, 777-788, 1992.

....The ever increasing importance of the Web in everyday life is driving the need of software capable of coping with open and dynamic environments. More than other technologies, software agents seem to have the necessary characteristics to support the development of open and flexible software systems [22,32,44]. This is the reason why the research on agents and multi agent systems has come to a new life in the recent years, leaving artificial intelligence laboratories to reach the realm of real world software development. The creation of FIPA, the decision of OMG to raise the status of the Agent ....

R.S. Patil, R.E. Fikes, P.F. Patel-Scheneider, D. McKay, T. Finin, T. Gruber and R. Neches, The DARPA knowledge sharing effort: progress report, Proceedings Third Conf. on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, (1992) 103-114.

....the decision to take an action is unconcious in the sense that actions are taken automatically, without deliberation, in response to particular environmental triggers. Some of the issues investigated by research into how groups of agents interact include communication between heterogeneous agents [9]; forms of cooperation and communication and how they are achieved; Conflict resolution e.g. by negotiation [10] planning for multiple agents [11] emergent social behaviour [12] and societies and organisations of agents [13] 14] These issues are discussed further in the next section. 1.3 An ....

R.S. Patil, R.E. Fikes, P.T. Patel-Schneider, D. McKay, T. Finin, T. Gruber and R. Neches, 1993. The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report.

....significantly in this respect. Furthermore, translators are costly to build 10 and maintain. It may not be feasible to have translators that translate among several different 11 formats. The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort in the early 1990s took a translation approach 12 to knowledge sharing [16]. Even though that effort generated many insights into the problems of 13 knowledge sharing, the translation approach has not taken off as a widely adopted technique. 14 The PRODIGY project [12] in the United Kingdom has successfully pursued the second 15 approach that of providing guideline ....

Patil RS, Fikes RE, Patel-Schneider PF, et al. The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress report. Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Proceedings of the Third International Conference, Cambridge, MA. 1992. Boxwala Representation of sharable guidelines 24

.... and coordinate effectively For example, can agents with different coordination protocols construct a new protocol that is appropriate for their intended interactions Some of the surface issues associated with this problem are beginning to be studied in both the multiagent systems community [28] [42] and in the federated and multidatabase community. However, the deeper issues still await serious work [17] Another long term issue is the integration of the work in the computer supported cooperative work community, the intelligent user interfaces community, and the multiagent community. If a ....

# R. Patil, R. Fikes, P. Patel-Schneider, D. McKay, T. Finin, T. Gruber, and R. Neches, "The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report," Proc. Third Int'l Conf. Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Morgan Kaufmann, 1992.

....be solved. The most important problem of multi agent systems is how to use the concepts in different description and conceptualization together. When two agents with different descriptions of concepts try to communicate each other, difference of descriptions disturbs their communication. Ontology(Patil et al. 1992) is an answer for this problem. An ontology is a specification of a conceptualization. Agents with a common ontology can share their knowledge and work cooperatively by common descriptions of concepts in the ontology. Generally, ontology is large and have many ways to describe concepts, so that ....

Patil, R. S.; Fikes, R. E.; Patel-Schneider, P. F.; McKay, D.; Finin, T.; Gruber, T. R.; and Neches, R. 1992. The DARPA knowledge sharing effort: Progress report. In Rich, C.; Nebel, B.; and Swartout, W., eds., Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Proceedings of the Third International Conference.

.... and deriving an explanation system, is in complete contrast to mainstream KA research where the focus is on building problem solving (Chandrasekaran and Johnson 1993, McDermott 1988, Puerta et al. 1992, Schreiber, Weilinga and Breuker 1993 and Steels 1993) and or ontological (Guha and Lenat 1990, Patil et al. 1992, Pirlein and Studer 1994) models first and using these to develop a performance system. Extensive modeling of the domain was typical of the other approaches to the SIS III problem which required the KE to gain a good understanding of the domain and to become somewhat of an expert. Gappa and Puppe ....

Patil, R. S., Fikes, R. E., Patel-Schneider, P. F., McKay, D., Finin, T., Gruber, T. R. and Neches, R., (1992) The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report In C. Rich, B. Nebel and Swartout, W., Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Proceedings of the Third Int. Conference Cambridge, MA, Morgan Kaufman.

....of an Object Oriented language since it is not allowable to have an instance act as a description and itself have instances an instance can not be used as a class. What s in an Instance 3 of 9 2. 3 Knowledge Representation Systems An effort to classify all KR systems in use today exists [Patil92], and the purpose of this paper is neither to rival that effort nor exclude any particular system from consideration. We believe it is important to consider I1 in the context of each KR system, and we specifically discuss two prominent families of systems: frame based derivatives of KL ONE and ....

Patil, R., Fikes, R., Patel-Schneider, P., Mckay, D., Finin, T., Gruber, T., and Neches, R. The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. Morgan Kaufmann. 1992.

....constructs. JAFMAS , for instance, provides a generic methodology for developing speech act based multi agent systems using coordination constructs similar to COOL. However, many more agent building tools that have not addressed this issue yet 2 . Interagents like KQML facilitators[17] are inspired by the efficient secretary metaphor already introduced in the Actors model of concurrent computation [3] Nevertheless, interagents (unlike KQML facilitators) offer the coordination level required by agents to cooperate in non trivial ways. On the other hand, unlike KQML ....

R. S. Patil, R. E. Fikes, P. F. Patel-Schneider, D. McKay, T. Finin, T. R. Gruber, and R. Neches. The darpa knowledge sharing effort: Progress report. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, 1992.

....make up a conceptualization. One of the basic roles of an ontology is to enable the study of conceptualizations and ontological commitments dissociated from the knowledge representations they may yield. Another important role is to support knowledge sharing and reusability (Neches et al. 1991; Patil et al. 1992; Gruber, 1994) Particularly relevant are domain ontologies, i.e. ontologies which describe a part of the world or a human activity such as medicine, law, or engineering. Fig. 1 shows the elements discussed above and their interrelations. Conceptualizations and domains are abstract things ....

....between ontologies. Thus far the focus has been on the indexing (organization) problem. One strategy to cope with the indexing problem is to use the ontology terms (names) themselves as indexes. This was roughly the solution adopted by the ARPA Knowledge Sharing Initiative (Neches et al. 1991; Patil et al. 1992) and implemented in the Ontolingua Repository (Gruber, 1994) The problem, of course, is that there is no guarantee that the same term is being used with the same meaning in different ontologies. Most of the work in searching through the library is left to the user, and this strategy assumes that ....

Patil, R., Fikes, R., Patel-Schneider, P., McKay, D., Finin, T., Gruber, T., & Neches, R. (1992). The DARPA knowledge sharing effort: Progress report. In Rich, C., Nebel, B., & Swartout, W., (Eds.), Proc. of KR'92.

.... Unfortunately, most of the time, Z39.50 wrappers are developed using some programming language and they do not provide abstract mapping languages with verifiable properties [44, 11, 45] In this paper, we advocate a Description Logic framework [9] such as proposed in the context of the DARPA KSE [41]) for the declarative specification of Z39.50 wrappers using high level concept languages. We claim that modeling the required mappings as first class citizens, instead of hard coding them in the wrappers (i) allows the formal validation of the translation quality with respect to the AP semantics ....

R. S. Patil, R. E. Fikes, P. F. Patel-Schneider, D. McKay, T. Finin, T. R. Gruber, and R. Neches. The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report. In C. Rich, B. Nebel, and W. Swartout, editors, Proc. of the Third International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Cambridge, MA, 1992. Morgan Kaufmann.

.... (Wilkins 1990) Ocelot, and partially with Ontolingua (Gruber 1993) and Classic (Borgida et al. 1989) These reusability results support the generality of our approach, and provides the most substantial example to date of the type of software reuse envisioned by the Knowledge Sharing Initiative (Patil et al. 1992; Neches et al. 1991) 2 Design Requirements We derived the design requirements for KB authoring environments from our experiences with KBs in several domains. We present two scenarios of the use of these environments to 1 illustrate the motivations behind these requirements. Scenario 1 ....

....representation structures. KIF and Ontolingua are designed for use in sharing a large corpus of knowledge at specification time, through the use of translators. GFP is designed for runtime access and modification of existing KBs. GFP is similar to Knowledge and Query Manipulation Language (KQML) (Patil et al. 1992) in that it provides a set of operations defining a functional interface for use by application programs. For example, an agent may query an FRS using a KQML performative. The KQML allows an agent to express the action of querying, but provides no language to express the query itself. The query ....

Patil, R., Fikes, R. E., Patel-Schneider, P. F., Mackay, D., Finin, T., Gruber, T., and Neches, R. 1992. The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report. In The Third International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, pages 777--788, Boston, MA.

.... Level which advocates the modeling of knowledge at a level above its symbolic representation and includes modeling of problem solving methods (Chandrasekaran 1986, McDermott 1988, Puerta et al. 1992, Schreiber, Weilinga and Breuker 1993 and Steels 1993) and ontologies (Guha and Lenat 1990, Patil et al. 1992 and Pirlein and Studer 1994) The need for complex modeling as a prerequisite to knowledge acquisition (KA) has resulted in the development of verification (Cragun and Streuduel 1987, Preece, Shinghal and Batarekh 1992, Suwa, Scott and Shortliffe 1982) and validation (O Keefe and Leary 1993) ....

Patil, R. S., Fikes, R. E., Patel-Schneider, P. F., McKay, D., Finin, T., Gruber, T. R. and Neches, R., (1992) The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report In C. Rich, B. Nebel and Swartout, W., Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Proceedings of the Third International Conference Cambridge, MA, Morgan Kaufman.

.... (Chandrasekaran and Johnson 1993, McDermott 1988, Puerta et al. 1992, Schreiber, Weilinga and Breuker 1993 and Steels 1993) the reuse of ontologies (Gruber 1993, Guarino and Giaretta 1995 and Pirlein and Struder 1994) or the development and sharing of commonsense knowledge (Guha and Lenat 1990, Patil et al. 1992). A notable exception is the MYCIN experiments (Buchanan and Shorltiffe 1984) which have been concerned with reusing knowledge for different purposes such as teaching or KA. Reusing knowledge for different decision situations and styles can be termed activity reuse. 2.1 Activity Reuse The most ....

.... model: Generic Task Framework (Chandrasekaran 1986) KADS and CommonKADS (Breuker 1994, Weilinga et al. 1993) Role Limiting Methods (McDermott 1988) Components of Expertise and the Componential Methodology (Steels 1993) Protege and Protege II (Puerta et al. 1992) KIF and Ontolingua (Patil et al. 1992) While each of the approaches above are different, Van de Velde (1993, p.1218) considers three concepts to be generally included as part of a KL model. These are the domain model, the task model and the PSM. Van de Velde argues that the task features and the domain model will affect 4 the type ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Patil, R. S., Fikes, R. E., Patel-Schneider, P. F., McKay, D., Finin, T., Gruber, T. R. and Neches, R., (1992) The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report In C. Rich, B. Nebel and Swartout, W., Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Proceedings of the Third International Conference Cambridge, MA, Morgan Kaufman.

....and semantics; ontology defines the problem specific vocabulary. Agents exchange sentences in KIF using the shared vocabulary. To support the sharing and reuse of formally represented knowledge among AI systems, it is useful to define the common vocabulary in which shared knowledge is represented (Patil et al. 1992). A specification of a representational vocabulary for a shared domain of discourse definitions of classes, relations, functions, and other objects is called an ontology (Gruber 1993) The need for a shared ontology is a direct result of the multidisciplinary nature of engineering. There are many ....

....facilities whose design, implementation, reconfiguration, and manufacturability allows the integration of production stages in a dynamic, collaborative network. Such facilities can be realized through agent oriented approaches (Wooldridge and Jennings 1995) using knowledge sharing technology (Patil et al. 1992). The following paragraphs briefly review several interesting projects in this domain. The SHADE project (McGuire et al. 1993) was primarily concerned with the information sharing aspect of concurrent engineering. Rather than attempting to model the design process, it provides a flexible ....

Patil, R., Fikes, R., Patel-Schneider, P., Mckay, D., Finin, T., Gruber, T. and Neches, R. (1992). The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report. Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Proceedings of the Third International Conference, Rich, C., Nebel, B., and Swartout, W. (Eds.), Cambridge, MA, Morgan Kaufmann.

.... and coordinate effectively For example, can agents with different coordination protocols construct a new protocol that is appropriate for their intended interactions Some of the surface issues associated with this problem are beginning to be studied in both the multiagent systems community [28, 42] and in the federated and multi database community. However, the deeper issues still await serious work [17] Another long term issue is the integration of the work in the computer supported cooperative work community, the intelligent user interfaces community, and the multiagent community. If a ....

R. Patil, R. Fikes, P. Patel-Schneider, D. McKay, T. Finin, T. Gruber and R. Neches, "The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress report," Proc. Third Int'l Conf. Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Morgan Kaufmann, 1992.

....of agents. This proposal is primarily aimed at the third group of agent systems. In addition to the study of the design of individual agents and communities, recent work has focused on allowing diverse agents and communities to interoperate. This is the goal of the Knowledge Sharing Effort [KSE] (Patil et.al. 1992). The Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language [KQML] Finin et.al. 1993) is the component 1 of the KSE that allows agents to communicate about knowledge base activities. KQML provides support for deductive inference (the ask series of performatives) and also for abductive inference (the ....

R. S. Patil, R. E. Fikes, P. F. Patel-Schneider, D. MacKay, T. Finin, T. Gruber, and R. Neches (1992). The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report, In Proceedings of KR'92, The Annual International Conference on Knowledge Acquisition, Cambridge, MA.

.... using contexts it would have been virtually impossible to create and successfully use a knowledge base the size of Cyc (Guha Lenat 1990; Lenat 1995) The knowledge sharing community has also recognized the need for explicating context when transferring information from one agent to another (Patil et al. 1992; Finin Mayfield 1995; Knoblock et al. 1995) Currently, proposals for introducing contexts into agent communication languages, including the Knowledge Interchange Format or KIF (Genesereth Fikes 1992) are being considered. Combining objects that were not originally designed to work together ....

Patil, R. S.; Fikes, R. E.; Patel-Schneider, P. F.; Mckay, D.; Finin, T.; Gruber, T.; and Neches, R. 1992. The DARPA knowledge sharing effort: Progress report. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning.

.... under ISO include PDES community s project on developing a general information model for product design and process planning , and the IRDS community s endeavor under ANSI for formulating an encompassing framework involving common data and knowledge representation methods and ontology [FUL 92, PAT 92, SOW 91] Considering their all encompassing nature, these visions may turn out to more likely be high level reference models than particular meta model solutions that can be immediately implemented for the needing manufacturing enterprises. In any case, many manufacturers can use compact ....

....it provides a seamless integration of functionalities at all levels as well as a logical synergism of these metadata concepts. In comparison, virtually all other results in the field fall either in the category of information modeling (level one plus aspects of level two) ANS 85, FUL 92, PAT 92, SOW 91] or in multiple databases management (level 3 plus aspects of level 2 see [BAB 93, BOU 91, CHE 91, SHE 90] for some analyses and surveys) The value of such an integrated solution for the enterprise information integration problems is sufficiently documented in the metadatabase ....

R. Patil, R.Fikes, P. Patel-Schneider, D. Mckay, T. Finin, T. Gruber, and R. Neches, "The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort : A Progress Report," Proceedings the 3rd International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Cambridge, Massachusetts, October 1992.

....have been extensively discussed elsewhere and we shall not review them further here [4 8] Medicine is not alone in perceiving the need for shared terminology. Sharing and re use of ontologies is now a major growth area in many areas of information and knowledge based systems development [9 13] . However, medicine may be unique in its scale, its large and diverse body of professional users and sublanguages and in its common international effort to share knowledge based on extensive shared understanding of the domain. If there is not already a shared model of clinical medicine and ....

....Proceedings of IMIA WG6, Geneva, May 1994 14 development, the CORE model through the Terminology Server is intended to provide a source of concepts which will make the independent development of coherent systems much easier. Of other knowledge sharing efforts, the DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort [11, 13, 24] focuses primarily on translation between ontologies and the provision of standard ontologies during development. It normally requires a minimal commitment in advance to a single shared ontology and provides no support at run time. The GALEN Terminology Server is perhaps more analogous to some ....

Patil RS, Fikes RE, Patel-Schneider PF, et al. The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report. Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Third International Confrence. Cambridge MA: Morgan Kaufman, 1992: .

....knowledge bases. We have choose to name it M kif because like KIF [2] Knowledge Interchange Format) which aims to ensure knowledge exchange between systems, it provides a translatable formalism from and to systems. Given KIF s ability to express conceptual knowledge, several projects such as SHADE [9] and Ontolingua [8] use its notation. The Ontolingua system ensure the translation of domain ontologies described in KIF to LOOM, Epikit and Algernon. However, the reverse translation has not been taken into account. In a habitually approach, to extend the tanslation process to other systems, it ....

Patil, Fikes, Patel-Schneider, McKay, Finin, Gruber, Neches, The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress report, In Principles of Knowledge Representation and reasoning: Proceedings of the Third International Conference, Cambridge, MA, Morgan Kaufmann.

....select relevant information sources, and perform semantic query rewriting in order to optimize the execution of queries in local sources. To achieve dynamic location of relevant information sources, InfoSleuth integrates the technology of Intelligent Agents and emerging standards such as KQML KIF [Patil92]. 3. User Requirements of Environmental Systems The variety of user requirements of environmental systems is illustrated by the example of Coastal Zone Management (CZM) of scientific data repositories as encountered in the THETIS system. CZM is a methodology for the holistic management of all ....

R. Patil, R. Fikes, P. Patel-Schneider, D. Mckay, T. Finin,T. Gruber and R. Neches: "The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report", In Charles Rich, Bernhard Nebel, & William Swartout, Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Proceedings of the Third International Conference, Cambridge, MA, Morgan Kaufmann,1992.

....systems are designed to work on a single dataset. However, with the growth of networks, data is increasingly dispersed over many machines in many different geographical locations. Also, whilst most practical data mining algorithms operate over propositional representations, we are using first order learning algorithms (Muggleton, 1992). This is to enable us to explore the aspects of knowledge integration and theory refinement which do not appear in propositional systems. However, this paper only presents preliminary, propositional results which do not reflect the more complex aspects associated with first order learning. ....

R.S. Patil et al., The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report, in Proceedings of KA92 - The Annual International Conference on Knowledge Acquisition, Cambridge, MA, 1992.

....One of the basic roles of an ontology is to enable the study of conceptualisations and ontological commitments in their own right, i.e. dissociated from the knowledge representations they may yield. Another important role is to support knowledge sharing and re usability (Neches et al. 1991; Patil et al. 1992; Gruber, 1994) Particularly relevant are domain ontologies, i.e. ontologies which describe a part of the world or a human activity such as medicine, law or engineering. The Role of Ontologies Three kinds or levels of ontology can be distinguished in knowledge engineering: top, core and ....

R. Patil, R. Fikes, P. Patel-Schneider, D. McKay, T. Finin, T. Gruber, and R. Neches. The DARPA knowledge sharing effort: Progress report. In C. Rich, B. Nebel, and W. Swartout, editors, Proc. of KR'92. Morgan Kaufmann, 1992.

....that it would be possible to develop heuristics for measuring the elegance of an ontological structure, to assist decisions such as these. The goal of the knowledge sharing community is to enable new knowledge bases to be created by composing existing ones, thus greatly diminishing their cost [Patil et al. 92] Currently, many professional communities have developed standard vocabulary definitions for their own use. Although there are numerous variations in the syntax used to define terminology, the degree of concordance is also striking. Lehmann [95] argues that it is possible, and desirable, to ....

Patil, R. S., Fikes, R. E., Patel-Schneider, P. F., McKay, D., Finin, T., Gruber, T., Neches, R. 1992. The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report. http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/yearindex.html.

....by different organisations, using different hardware and software platforms, to communicate, cooperate, and negotiate using commonly agreed communication languages and protocols. This concern has lead to the development of several standardized agent communication languages (ACLs) including KQML (Patil et al. 1992) and FIPA s communication language (FIPA, 1997) As part of these standardisation initiatives, attempts have been made to give a precise formal semantics to these ACLs (e.g. Labrou and Finin, 1997) Typically, these formal semantics have been developed using techniques adapted from speech act ....

Patil, R. S., Fikes, R. E., Patel-Schneider, P. F., McKay, D., Finin, T., Gruber, T., and Neches, R. (1992). The DARPA knowledge sharing effort: Progress report. In Rich, C., Swartout, W., and Nebel, B., editors, Proceedings of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR&R-92), pages 777--788.

....can be made about the other message parameters. 3 ACL Content Languages, e.g. for Business Rules 3. 1 Layered Approach of Knowledge Sharing Effort Our and many other current efforts in inter agent communication approaches are influenced by the pioneering approach of the Knowledge Sharing Effort [13, 14] (KSE) 6 The KSE was initiated as a research effort circa 1990 with encouragement and relatively modest funding from U.S. government agencies (DARPA especially) The KSE was highly active for roughly five years thereafter, and enjoyed the participation of dozens of researchers from 5 Private ....

Ramesh S. Patil, Richard E. Fikes, Peter F. Patel-Schneider, Don McKay, Tim Finin, Thomas Gruber, and Robert Neches. The darpa knowledge sharing effort: Progress report. In Michael Huhns and Munindar Singh, editors, Readings in Agents. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1997. (reprint of KR-92 paper).

....2. 1 KQML The cornerstone of the InfoSleuth agent architecture is the Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language, or KQML [8] KQML is a specification of a message format and protocol for semantic knowledge sharing between cooperative agents, developed as part of the DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort [9]. Agents communicate via a standard set of KQML performatives, which specify a set of permissible actions that can be performed on the recipient agent. Performative categories include basic query performatives (e.g. evaluate , ask one , ask all ) informational performatives (e.g. tell , ....

R. Patil, R. Fikes, P. Patel-Schneider, D. McKay, T. Finin, T. Gruber, R. Neches. "The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report", http://www.cs.umbc.edu/kqml/ papers/ks92.ps.

....2. 1 KQML The cornerstone of the InfoSleuth agent architecture is the Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language, or KQML [8] KQML is a specification of a message format and protocol for semantic knowledge sharing between cooperative agents, developed as part of the DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort [9]. Agents communicate via a standard set of KQML performatives, which specify a set of permissible actions that can be performed on the recipient agent. Performative categories include basic query performatives (e.g. evaluate , ask one , ask all ) informational performatives (e.g. tell , ....

R. Patil, R. Fikes, P. Patel-Schneider, D. McKay, T. Finin, T. Gruber, R. Neches. "The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report", http://www.cs.umbc.edu/kqml/papers/ks92.ps.

.... with the reuse of software components, the reuse of knowledge should also result in potential savings in cost, savings in time and increase in reliability (Hemmann and Voss 1993) Current reuse research has concluded that reuse is facilitated by the capturing of contextual (Guha and Lenat 1990 and Patil et al. 1992), deeper (Chandrasekaran and Johnson 1993, Finin and Klein 1989 and Swartout 1993) and more (Buchanan and Shortliffe 1984, Hemman 1992 and Lee and Compton 1995) knowledge and the use of different levels of abstraction and different knowledge representations (KR) Chandrasekaran and Johnson 1993 ....

Patil, R. S., Fikes, R. E., Patel-Schneider, P. F., McKay, D., Finin, T., Gruber, T. R. and Neches, R., (1992) The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report In C. Rich, B. Nebel and Swartout, W., Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Proceedings of the Third International Conference Cambridge, MA, Morgan Kaufman.

....We feel that the time period was too short to form the kind of community in which people create many active discussions. We need to conduct a longer term experiment to evaluate the usefulness of the system for discussion in the future. 7 Related Work CYC[4] and ARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort [5][6] have made a significant contribution in the sense they shed light on the importance of knowledge and information sharing and that they have presented a self completed computational model. Their approach orients computer information sharing while ours is for human information sharing. Gaines[7] ....

R.S.Patil, R.E.Fikes, P.F.Patel-Schneider, D.Mckay, T.Finin, T.R.Gruber, and R.Neches, "The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress report," Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Proceedings of the Third International Conference, Charles Rich and Bernhard Nebel and William Swartout, Morgan Kaufmann, 1992.

No context found.

Ramesh Patil, Richard Fikes, Peter Patel-Schneider, Donald McKay, Tim Finin, Thomas Gruber, and Robert Neches. The DARPA knowledge sharing effort: Progress report. In B. Nebel, C. Rich, and W. Swartout, editors, Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Proc. of the Third International Conference (KR'92),SanMateo,CA,November 1992. Morgan Kaufmann.

....interested agents by stating the language it understands. From the exterior, it is not apparent whether an agent is fully automated, or whether its actions are the result of human interaction. The ontology based approach described in this paper has its roots in the ARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort [3] and in two ARPA projects in particular, PACT (Palo Alto Community Testbed) 4] and SHADE (SHAred Dependency Engineering) 5] The PACT experiment demonstrated how an agent based approach could be applied to a multidisciplinary design task. Four independently developed tool sets were encapsulated ....

....availability that can become a nucleus for collaboration over the Internet. Library of Engineering Related Ontologies: An essential part of our vision is the continual development of engineering ontologies that build upon previous ontologies. As part of the ARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort [3] and the SHADE project, Tom Gruber of the Knowledge Systems Laboratory at Stanford University is maintaining an evolving library of ontologies for engineering and other domains. This library is browse able via the World Wide Web (WWW) at URL http: www ksl.stanford. ....

Patil, Fikes, Patel-Schneider, McKay, Finin, Gruber, and Neches, "The Darpa Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress report", In C. Rich, B. Nebel, and W. Swartout (editors), Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Proceedings of the Third International Conference, Cambridge, MA, Morgan Kaufmann, 1992. 11

....to the common language problem. At this time, as the common language efforts reach some maturity, researchers start to grapple with standardization issues of the how to problem. Mastering the vocabulary of a language precedes its effective use. The Knowledge Sharing Effort (KSE) 9] [10] was an initiative that tried to attack the interoperability question along the lines of the three layers we presented. The KSE work resulted into three languages, each addressing one of the layers: 1) the Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) 11] language was designed as a solution to the ....

R. S. Patil, R. E. Fikes, P. F. Patel-Schneider, Don McKay, Tim Finin, T. Gruber, and R. Neches, "The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report," in Readings in Agents, M. Huhns and M. Singh, Eds.: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1997.

....may involve arbitrary transformations of the theory being translated, as specified by sets of translation rules. We assume a first order logic interlingua with a modeltheoretic semantics such as the Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) 6] being developed in the ARPA Knowledge Sharing Initiative [11]. We assume that the interlingua includes a domain specific vocabulary and a domain theory. Finally, we assume that any theory representable in the source language is also representable in the interlingua and that any theory representable in the target language is also representable in the ....

Ramesh S. Patil, Richard E. Fikes, Peter F. PatelSchneider, Don Mckay, Tim Finin, Thomas Gruber, and Robert Neches. The DARPA knowledge sharing effort: Progress report. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, 1992.

....nor they are efficiently computable, they offer an appealing framework to account for agent communications, because agents, when communicating, they communicate their BDI states and or attempt to alter their interlocutors BDI states. 3 The origin of ACLs The Knowledge Sharing Effort [21, 24] (KSE) was initiated circa 1990 by DARPA and it enjoyed the participa 3 BDI stands for Belief, Desire (or Goal) and Intention. tion of dozens of researchers from both academia and industry. Its goal was to develop techniques, methodologies and software tools for knowledge sharing and ....

Ramesh S. Patil, Richard E. Fikes, Peter F. PatelSchneider, Don McKay, Tim Finin, Thomas Gruber, and Robert Neches. The darpa knowledge sharing effort: Progress report. In Michael Huhns and Munindar Singh, editors, Readings in Agents. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1997. (reprint of KR-92 paper).

No context found.

R. S. Patil, R. E. Fikes, P. F. Patel-Schneider, D. McKay, T. Finin, T. Gruber, and R. Neches. The DARPA knowledge sharing effort: Progress report. In C. Rich, W. Swartout, and B. Nebel, editors, Knowledge Representation, pages 777--788, 1992.

No context found.

R. Patil, R. Fikes, P. Patel-Schneider, D. McKay, T. Finn, T. Gruber, and R. Neches, "The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report", Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning", Morgan Kaufmann, San Fransico, CA, November 1992.

No context found.

R. Patil, R. Fikes, P. Patel-Schneider, D. McKay, T. Finin, T. Gruber and R. Neches, The DARPA knowledge sharing effort: Progress report, 1992.

No context found.

Ramesh S. Patil, Richard E. Fikes, Peter F. PatelSchneider, Don Mckay, Tim Finin, Thomas Gruber, and Robert Neches. The DARPA knowledge sharing effort: Progress report. In Nebel et al. [19] , pages 777-- 788.

No context found.

Patil R.S., Fikes R.E., Patel-Schneider P.F., McKay D., Finin T., Gruber T., Neches R., "The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report", in: Proc. of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, 777-788, (1992).

No context found.

R. S. Patil, R. E. Fikes, P. F. Patel-Schneider, D. Mckay, T. Finin, T. Gruber and R. Neches, "The DARPA knowledge sharing effort: progress report", in Readings in Agents, eds. M. N. Huhns and M.P. Singh (Morgan Kaufmann, 1998) pp. 243-254.

No context found.

R. Patil, R. Fikes, P. Patel-Schneider, D. McKay, T. Finin, T. Gruber, and R. Neches. The DARPA knowledge sharing effort: Progress report. In C. Rich, W. Swartout, and B. Nebel, editors, Proceedings of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR&R-92), pp.777-- 1992.

No context found.

R.S. Patil et al. "The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report," Readings in Agents, M. Huhns and M. Singh, eds., Morgan Kaufmann, 1997.

No context found.

R. S. Patil, R. E. Fikes, P. F. Patel-Schneider, D. McKay, T. Finin, T. R. Gruber, and R. Neches. The darpa knowledge sharing effort: Progress report. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, 1992.

No context found.

R.S. Patil et al., The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort: Progress Report, in Proceedings of KA92, The Annual International Conference on Knowledge Acquisition, Cambridge, MA, 1992.

First 50 documents  Next 50

Online articles have much greater impact   More about CiteSeer.IST   Add search form to your site   Submit documents   Feedback  

CiteSeer.IST - Copyright Penn State and NEC