| Yin, R. K. 1994. Case study research: Design and methods. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. |
.... modifications made to) the programs studied, or reproduce that evolution at will, and (3) the nature of the questions addressed, which concern how changes impact regression testing methodologies and why technique performance varies under di#erent types of change, are appropriate for a case study [40]. The resulting study employed a multiple case study design [40] in which each program was studied and analyzed independently (Section 3.4) Then, to render the overall results more robust, repeating trends across the four cases (Section 3.4.5) were examined. 3.1 Study Settings 3.1.1 ....
.... evolution at will, and (3) the nature of the questions addressed, which concern how changes impact regression testing methodologies and why technique performance varies under di#erent types of change, are appropriate for a case study [40] The resulting study employed a multiple case study design [40], in which each program was studied and analyzed independently (Section 3.4) Then, to render the overall results more robust, repeating trends across the four cases (Section 3.4.5) were examined. 3.1 Study Settings 3.1.1 Methodologies and Techniques For each of the two regression testing ....
R. K. Yin. Case Study Research : Design and Methods (Applied Social Research Methods, Vol. 5). Sage Publications, London, UK, 1994.
.... evolution of (or modi cations in) the programs we observe, 3) we cannot reproduce the evolution of these programs at will, and (4) our questions inquire about the impact of changes on regression testing methodologies (and viceversa) which ts the question model for case studies as de ned in [38]. We employed a multiple case study design [38] in which each program is studied and analyzed independently (Section 3.4) Then, to make the overall study more robust, we identify repeating trends across the four cases (Section 3.4.5) 3.1 Study Settings 3.1.1 Methodologies and Techniques For ....
.... we observe, 3) we cannot reproduce the evolution of these programs at will, and (4) our questions inquire about the impact of changes on regression testing methodologies (and viceversa) which ts the question model for case studies as de ned in [38] We employed a multiple case study design [38], in which each program is studied and analyzed independently (Section 3.4) Then, to make the overall study more robust, we identify repeating trends across the four cases (Section 3.4.5) 3.1 Study Settings 3.1.1 Methodologies and Techniques For each of the two regression testing ....
R. K. Yin. Case Study Research : Design and Methods (Applied Social Research Methods, Vol. 5). Sage Publications, London, UK, 1994.
....in Context In order to understand the use of object oriented models by practising professionals we must set the bounds of the research and data collection by determining the unit of analysis the entity about which we want to gather data and the context of that entity within each case study. Yin [40] suggests that the unit of analysis defines the case in a case study. He suggests five possible units of analysis: individuals . decisions . programs . implementation processes . organisational change The choice of the unit of analysis in a study is related to the way the questions and ....
....the questions and propositions are defined. In one sense, this project is concerned with all of the above units of analysis but the main unit of analysis is the individual experienced requirements engineer or analyst, although within the context of four other elements derived from Yin s elements [40](see Figure 2) Figure 2 unit of analysis the analyst requirements engineer in context . The analyst is working in an organisation which has adopted object oriented methods for system development. The analyst will be influenced by how the organisation has gone about implementing that change. ....
Yin, R.K., Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Vol. 5. 2 ed. Applied Social Research Methods Series. Sage Publications Inc. Thousand Oaks, CA, 1994.
....rigorous IS case studies using positivist [11] 12] and interpretivist [13] 14] paradigms have been presented in the literature. These works outline what is needed, rather than how to achieve it. Strategies have been suggested for performing case study research (Yin s case study protocol [15]) and building theory from case studies (Eisenhardt s eight step roadmap [6] but these do not adequately describe the theory building process. Inducing theory from qualitative data is adaptive and highly iterative; neither of these strategies suggests the flexibility and opportunism required ....
....characteristics of the research phenomena, context and project. Obviously, building theory from qualitative data is much more complex than simply following a structure or framework; we argue, however, that structuredcase is a valuable extension to existing research frameworks (such as those of [6][15]) and is specifically directed towards the interpretivist, rather than positivist, paradigm. Secondly, structured case assists researchers in achieving and demonstrating high quality qualitative research. There are various descriptions of the requirements for inducing theory from interpretivist ....
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R. K. Yin, Case study research: Design and methods. Beverly Hills, CA.: Sage, 1984.
....the course. Section 5 concludes the paper. 2 Background Many books have been written about specific research methods and many of those methods are applicable to Information Technology. Examples include surveys (see [2] for an example) experiments (see [3] for an example) case studies (see [8] for an example) and many more. In most cases such books are useful to the student in Information Technology, although they often include variations of those methods that are seldomly seen in Information Technology research. A skilled researcher is often able to ignore those variations, but this ....
Yin, R.K., Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Second Edition, Sage, 1994 6
....who should implement new requirements in an existing system. The selected approach has been to collect data about the prediction developers made for each requirement and compare that prediction with the actual changes made to the system. The study was designed as an embedded single case study [16] in an industrial setting (in vivo) with two units of analysis; releases R4 and R6. The study object was the PMR system, which is object oriented and implemented in C . The motivation behind the selection of study object is that it was a natural step as we studied and documented the development ....
Yin, R.K. Case Study Research Design and Methods. SAGE PUBLICATIONS, Newbury Park, CA, USA, revised edition, 1984.
....Discussion Conclusion This paper presents brief excerpts from the cases we have developed for our research. What we hope they illustrate, is how qualitative inquiry can help us develop richer understandings of complex human phenomena. There are several excellent sources [1] 8] 10] 11] 12] [13] which offer information on how to conduct qualitative research from study design to data collection, analysis and case reporting. 0 7803 5643 8 99 10.00 1999 IEEE November 10 13, 1999 San Juan, Puerto Rico Our motivation for this paper was to start a conversation about expanding the ....
R. K. Yin, Case study research: design and methods. Newbury Park, California: SAGE Publications, Inc., 1989.
....variables. Its weaknesses include difficulty in generalising for it can be restricted to a single organisation [8] Our fundamental reason for selecting the approach is that a case study enables an investigation to retain the holistic and meaningful characteristics of a real world situation. Yin [9] contends that a good research design has five important components, which require enhancement with respect to the characteristics of our proposed case study. We next outline each component of our design. These components demand the development of a preliminary theory related to the topic of ....
Yin, R.K. "Case Study Research: Design and Methods", Sage Publications, London, UK, 1984.
....in an existing system. The selected approach was to detect and analyze changes made to source code after the fact that all changes have been made and the system is released and to use the result as feedback to the planning process. The study was designed as an embedded single case study [16] in an industrial setting (in vivo) with two units of analysis. The study object was thePMR system, which is object oriented and implemented in C . The motivation behind the selection of study object was first, that we already have a baseline describing several releases of the sys 5 tem in ....
Yin, R.K. Case Study Research Design and Methods. SAGE PUBLICATIONS, Newbury Park, CA, USA, revised edition, 1984.
....identified earlier by Nelson as a singularly important source of information. This study employed a qualitative case study methodology. As Yin explains, such a methodology is preferable for studying contemporary events and social situations that are comprised of complex relationships [14]. The case study group was the technical staff of a public broadcast radio station in a small Pacific Island country. The station employed 22 staff at the time of the research, four of whom were technical staff. Data gathering in the field consisted of participant observation, interviews and ....
Yin, R. K., Case Study Research: Design and Methods, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California, 1994, p. 1.
.... that analysts will necessarily agree on the mechanisms used in a particular site (although one should at least recognize the set proposed by another analyst) In our own work, we draw on four field based research traditions: grounded theory [7] ethnographic research [19] case study research [21] and the clinical perspective in fieldwork [16] We have found these perspectives useful because they focus on the categories and terms that process participants themselves use to describe the process while imposing a minimum level of external preconceptions on process representation. The methods ....
....that processes are designed to solve are open to definition by interpretation [20] subjective verification may be the best consistencycontrol available to field teams. From a research design point of view, the dangers of subjective verification, even by multiple respondents, are well known [21]. It is important to recognize, however, that managers and other professionals working within organizations face the same limitations in understanding observed behavior: for them, low level subjective consensus represents one key mechanism whereby groups jointly interpret events. Iterative, ....
R. K. Yin. (1984). Case study research: Design and methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
....in this study can be characterized as an explorative qualitative case study approach. A case study is an empirical enquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real life context, which is especially useful when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident [33]. This has certainly been the case in this work, since the focus has been on IT systems within a LEMP context, which involves a mixture of traditional business with ecommerce activities. The context also implies an inter organizational setting that precludes a delineation based on company borders. ....
Yin, R.K. 1994. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. SAGE, Thousand Oaks, CA.
....concern is encouraged by Kitchenham (1996) who uses quantitative evaluation as a synonym for objective evaluation and qualitative evaluation as a synonym for subjective evaluation. However, this position is not supported by the literature in the other scientific fields (Judd, 1991) Lee, 1989) (Yin, 1994). Qualitative data can be collected with an equally rigorous process as quantitative data. The ability of expressing a concept in numbers or in verbal propositions influences the way controlled deductions are made: statistics for quantitative analysis and logic for qualitative analysis. The ....
Yin, R. K., 1994. Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 2nd ed., Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
....The random error reflects nonsystematic factors that can influence the measurement. Using the same example of measuring user satisfaction through questionnaires, the random error includes things such as decline of concentration when answering, and inability to fully understand the questions. Yin [Yin94] suggests three tactics to maximize the construct validity: triangulation, chain of evidence, and key informants as reviewers. The first tactic, triangulation, is related to measure the construct of interest in different ways and then cross checking the results to if they converge or not. ....
R. K. Yin, Case Study Research: Design and Methods, second edition, SAGE Publications, 1994.
....teams over time and used multiple methods across a range of qualitative and quantitative sources of data. In combination, the approach is able to acknowledge the complexity of researching distributed teams. Exploring multiple virtual teams over time increases the external validity of the findings [26]. Although single case studies can provide much greater depth of knowledge about team dynamics, the ability to compare across teams helps differentiate idiosyncratic behavior from patterns that are likely to be found again. Having co located observers helped immensely, as it 10 enabled ....
K. R. Yin, Case study research: Design and methods, 2nd. Edition, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1994.
....support option Multimedia Design Teams International Tele Teams Management Science Teams 1 Web based planning table 2 Web based group archive 3 Workflow Discussion platform 5 Video conferencing 6 Tailor made Web application 2. Research strategy A case study research strategy [30] was applied in the three case studies (Sections 3 5) The case studies involved different cohorts of students across successive years, and some student characteristics changed over the years, for example the computer literacy of students entering the university improved in general over the years. ....
YIN, R.K. (1994). Case study research: Design and methods. Second edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
....to be the highest, the contribution of GIS to social change. Onsrud, Pinto, and Azad (1992) reported that case study methodology often is criticized for its apparent lack of rigor, hypothesis generation capacity, cross comparability, validity, and replication. However, they and others (Lee 1989, Yin 1989) demonstrated that rigor can be achieved through the use of formalized measurement protocols. Therefore, the case study URISA Journal n Sieber 19 methodology combined observations structured with a case study protocol, interview instruments for open ended interviews with key personnel, and ....
Yin, R.K., 1989, Case Study Research---Design and Methods, Revised Edition (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications).
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R. K. Yin. Case Study Research : Design and Methods (Applied Social Research Methods, Vol. 5). Sage Publications, London, UK, 1994.
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Yin, R. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Sage Publications, London, 1994.
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Yin, R. K. Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1994.
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R. K. Yin. Case Study Research : Design and Methods (Applied Social Research Methods, Vol. 5). Sage Publications, London, UK, 1994.
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