L. W. Nagel, "SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits," Technical Report ERL-M520, University of California, Berkeley, 1975.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....on the victim that may cause a spurious switching event, potentially leading to an unintended state being latched and thereby changing the functionality of the circuit. Various transient analysis techniques can be used to estimate noise. Circuit or timing simulation techniques, such as SPICE [3], may be used, but these are computationally expensive and are not conducive to use on large systems, particularly when fast noise evaluations for noise optimization purposes are required. When the system is modeled as a linear circuit, linear model order reductions such as [4, 5, 6] may be used, ....

L. W. Nagel, "SPICE2, A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits," in Technical Report ERL-M520, (UC-Berkely), May 1975.

....performance. It provides min max timing ranges (also called timing windows) for rising and falling transitions on each line in a circuit without explicitly considering any vectors. The accuracy of STA depends heavily on the delay model used for each gate. Although SPICE like models [2] 3][4] provide good timing accuracy, they can not be used in STA because they require fully specified input waveforms. Pin to pin delay models [5] are hence used for STA. One main deficiency of pin to pin delay models is that simultaneous switching delay [6] 7] is not captured. Simultaneous ....

....are proposed in Section 7. 2. PREVIOUS DELAY MODELS Simulators have been developed for digital circuits with different accuracy computation cost trade offs. Timing simulators [2] 3] generate voltage waveforms more efficiently (lower computation costs) than SPICE like circuit simulators [4], but are less accurate. Delay calculators are very efficient in determining circuit delay. Several approaches for delay calculation have been developed, including resistance capacitance (RC) based systems [11] equation solving systems [12] analytical delay function systems [13] and empirical ....

L. W. Nagel, "SPICE2, A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits", Memo UCB / ERL M520, Univ. Cal., Berkeley, May 1975.

....attempt to systematically apply matrix analysis in an attempt to design a universal circuit solver. Early attempts to use digital computers to simulate analog circuits go back to the early 1960 s. However it was the Spice simulator that became the most well known and widely available tool [1] [2]. Over the years, other simulators have moved into the arena. Many of them are based on the original Berkeley Spice with more or less tweaks and modifications, some additional features and extended component libraries. Fancy graphical front ends have proliferated in an attempt to make the tools ....

L. W. Nagel, "Spice2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits," Tech. Rep. ERL M520, Electronics Research Laboratory Report, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, May 1975.

....matched well btween the methods, and overrelaxed WR was up to a factor of 3 faster than direct methods. I Introduction The accuracy of a circuit simulator is limited by the inaccuracies of the device models it employs. For most applications, th analytic MOS models used in programs like SPICE [4] accurately reflect the behavior of terminal currents and charges, but in some cases, these models are inadequate. For example, charge distribution must be computed accurately when simulating MOS comparator circuits or switched capacitor filters. In addition, distributed effects in power MOS ....

L.W. Nagel, "SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits", Electronic Research Laboratory Report No. ERL-M5O, University of California, Berkeley, May 1975.

....efficient and includes both static and dynamic distortion sources. The method has been implemented in a C program, Nitswit, and results from several examples are presented. I. INrRODUCTION I N GENERAL, analog circuit designers rely heavily on circuit simulation programs like SPICE [1] or ASTAP [2] to insure the correctness and the performance of their designs. These programs simulate a circuit by first constructing a system of differential equations that describes the circuit and then solving the system numerically with a time discretization method such as backward Euler. When ....

L. W. Nagel, "SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits." Electron. Res. Lab.. Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Rcp. ERL M520, May 1975.

....is particularly efficient for open loop switching power converters with fixed clock frequencies is described, and results demonstrating the methnd s effectiveness are presented. 1. INTRODUCTION N general, switching power converter designers rely heavily on circuit simulation programs like SPICE [8] to verify the correctness and to determine the performance of their designs. Thcsc programs simulate a circuit by first constructing a system of differential equations that describes the circuit, and then solving that system numerically with a time discretization method such as backward Euler. ....

....such as these can reduce the cost of computing the behavior of a switching converler cimuit over one high frequency clock cycle to the point Manuscript received July 27, 1990: revised November 5 1990. This work was supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency contract N00014 87 K 825. the National Science Foundation contract MIP S858764, and a grant from Digital Equipment Corporation. The authors are wilh the Research Laboratory of Electronics and the Laboratory lbr Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, ....

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L. W. Nagel, "SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits," Electronics Research Lab Report, ERL M520, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, May 1975.

....data dependendes and branches has been transformed to the standard parallel synchronization problem. Note that it would be simpler to design the unit as a vector processor, but the bulk of the computation, element current and charge evaluation, can not be efficiently vectorized. The entire 512k byte co prooessor memory is shared not only by the five sub processors, but also by the host computer, allowing for early access to results and eliminating the need to copy data. The host and the co processor take trams performing operations on a single copy of the data in shared memory. 4.2 ....

....512k byte co prooessor memory is shared not only by the five sub processors, but also by the host computer, allowing for early access to results and eliminating the need to copy data. The host and the co processor take trams performing operations on a single copy of the data in shared memory. 4. 2 Specialized Instruction Set. Most of the operations performed in Algorithm 1 are double precision (64 bit) floating point operations. For this reason the coprocessor instruction set includes mostly floating point instructions. The co prooessor cycle time is set by the floating point instruction ....

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L.W. Nagel, "SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits," Electronics Research Laboratory Rep. No. ERL-M520, University of California, Berkeley, May 1975.

.... RELA XATION ALGOR2THMS FO1Z CI1ZGUIT SIMULATION USING WAVEFORaM NEWTON, ITER.kTIVIg STEP SIZE tLFNEMENT, AND PAtLhLL TECHNIQUES Jacob White, lsve Saleh, A. Sangiovanni Vincentelli, A. R. Newton Dept. of Electrics] Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California Berkeley Two techniques are considered for ....

.... RELA XATION ALGOR2THMS FO1Z CI1ZGUIT SIMULATION USING WAVEFORaM NEWTON, ITER.kTIVIg STEP SIZE tLFNEMENT, AND PAtLhLL TECHNIQUES Jacob White, lsve Saleh, A. Sangiovanni Vincentelli, A. R. Newton Dept. of Electrics] Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California Berkeley Two techniques are considered for ....

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L.W. Nagel, "SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits," Electronics Research Laboratory Rep. No. ERL-M520, University of California, Berkeley, May 1975.

.... q( q( 0) f( 0) 0. 5) As is standard, the algebraic problem is solved with Newton s method, r( a) qt a) t a) r( t a) a) q( a) q( 0) f( t a) and the JacobJan Jr(v(t) is Ov 2h In clsicM circuit simulators such SPICE [Nagel 75] the linear system of equations for eh Newton iteration is solved by some form of sparse Gaussian elimination. Whea simulating grid bd signal processors, where the coupling between subcircuits is restricted to nonlinear resistors, the Newton iteration equation will be such that its lution be ....

L. W. Nagel, "SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits," Electronics Research Lab Report, ERL M520, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, May 1975.

....must be analyzed for each time step until the final time is reached. This approach puts undue restrictions on the analysis of large scale circuits [4] However, it is important to note that the incremental approach is appropriate for a general purpose circuit analysis programs like Spice [5] or ASTAP [6] The WR technique has been proven to converge for realistic circaits [7] and practical implementations [8,9] have shown the usefulness for the analysis of large scale MOSFET circuits. An example of a speedup factor of a WR program over SPICE is a factor of 64 [7] However, this is a ....

L.W.Nagel: "SPICE2: a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits", Univ. of California, Berkeley, ERL Memo ERL-M520, May 1975

....that this modified method reduces the number of computed clock cycles needed to accurately determine the envelope. 1 Introduction When used to simulate the transient behavior of clocked analog circuits like switching power converters and phase locked loops, circuit simulation programs like SPICE [1] often employ hundreds of thousands of integration timesteps. This is because the circuit simulation timesteps are constrained to be much smaller than a clock period, but the time interval of interest to a designer can be thousands of clock periods. The high computational cost of simulating such ....

L. W. Nagel, "SPICE2: A computer program to sim- ulate semiconductor circuits,"Tech. Rep. ERL M520, Electronics Research Laboratory Report, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, May 1975.

....low pass filter with pole at 3MHz max input: 1. 0 fn: lpl test model lib: u lunsford asxlib lowpass runcontrol: u lunsford asxlib stdrun acruncontrol: u lunsford asxlib acrun loadlib: u lunsford asxlib libspi31.o num extract runs: 1 run num: 1 out dc offset: 0 freq[O] 0 freq[1]: 1000 freq[2] 2000 Figure 4.3: The input file for low pass RC filter. 64 indication of the validity of the assumed order. The next five lines of figure 4.3 are related to the simulator used, ASTAP Ill3] The first is the file name containing the circuit description, the second is the name ....

L.W. Nagel, "SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Cir- cuits," University of California at Berkeley, Memo No. ERL-M520," May, 1975.

....of this study was to reexamine the possibilities of direct average simulation of PWM converters in the light of the new developments in electronic circuit simulation technology. II. MODERN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT SIMULATORS Most, if not all, modem electronic circuit simulators are based on SPICE [6] which was originally limited to polynomial dependent sources. This shortcoming of the earlier simulators has been alleviated in modems packages which now include generalized behavioral models. The behavioral dependent sources can be described by any algebraic relationship and hence the ....

....is given in APPENDIX I. The equivalent circuit includes the inductor, its parasitic resistance and an average voltage source (EL) which, in general, will be time dependent. Also included in the equivalent circuit is a voltage source of zero voltage that is used to sense the current in the loop [6]. Once the inductor current is available, the dependent current sources of the GSIM model (Fig. 2) can be readily deftned by considering the way the current is split between the terminals. Since the current of terminal (a) is identical to the inductor current we define the dependent current ....

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L.W. Nagel, "SPICE.2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits", Memorandum No. ERL-M520, University of California, Berkeley, 1975.

....several mechanical effects also need a PDE modelling (when high accuracy is needed) the additional effort for a thermal PDE analysis of the entire chip seems to be justifiable. This paper presents a method to combine solvers for ODEs (ordinary differential equations) and PDEs like e.g. SPICE [5][7] and ANSYS(TM) 2] 2 An example To illustrate our problem we shall give a sketch of a practical example. Let us consider a sensor for acceleration built into a wheel of a motorcar together with an electronic control system to prevent locking. Normally piezo resistive elements are used for ....

L.W. Nagel, "SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits", Dissertation, Report No. ERL-M520, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, 1975.

....analyses of three dimensional mechanical structures and electrical circuits. The code, demo files, and manual are downloadable from the Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center at the University of California at Berkeley [2] NODAS [3] performs similar MEMS nodal analysis. SUGAR uses a SPICE like [4] environment where a netlist provides the geometry and connectivity of each component, a process file provides the process parameters (e.g. Young s modulus, Poisson s ratio, coefficient of thermal expansion, residual stress, etc) and new component models can be easily added. Creating a netlist ....

L. W. Nagel, "SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits," ERL Memo. No. UCB/ ERL Vol M75/520 (1975)

....the terminology and salient concepts. Currently available commercial simulators are then described in terms of their features and limitations in Section IV. Finally, a brief discussion and conclusions are presented in Section V. II. SPICE FEATURES AND LIMITATIONS The circuit simulator SPICE [3], 4] supports various analyses which can be classified as dc ( op, dc) small signal ac ( ac, noise, disto) and transient ( tran, four) A summary of these analyses and the types of circuits that they can be used for is provided in Table I. Since noise and distortion place a limit on the ....

L. Nagel, "SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits," Electron. Res. Lab., Univ. California at Berkeley, UCB/ERL M520, 1975.

.... delay model as a basis for design methodologies is primarily because the Elmore delay model has a high degree of fidelity [15] an optimal or near optimal solution achieved by a design methodology based on the Elmore delay model is also near optimal based on a more accurate (e.g. SPICE computed [19]) delay model for routing construction [20] and wire sizing optimization [18] Simulations [21] have demonstrated that the clock skew derived under the Elmore delay model has a high correlation with SPICE derived skew data. The popularity of the Elmore delay model is mainly due to the existence of ....

L. W. Nagel, "SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits," Technical Report ERL-M520, UCBerkeley, May 1975

....engine. The results are shown in Section 4. 2: Basic components Circuit simulation accuracy is derived from the combination of detailed nonlinear device models, implicit numerical integration schemes, and powerful nonlinear solvers (some variations of Newton Raphson) taken to convergence [7]. Assuming a partitioning of the full circuit into strongly connected components, a circuit simulator engine is competitive with most timing simulators in terms of efficiency and accuracy trade offs. A: Linear N port macromodeling Consider the situation shown in Fig.1, where the drivers at the ....

L.W. Nagel, "SPICE2, a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits," Tech. Rep. Memo UCB/ERL M520. Univ. of California, Berkeley, May 1975.

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L. W. Nagel, "SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits," Technical Report ERL-M520, University of California, Berkeley, 1975.

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W. Nagel, "SPICE 2---A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits," Univ. California Elec. Eng. Comput. Sci., Berkeley, CA, Memo M520, UCB/ERL, 1975.

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L. W. Nagel, "SPICE2, A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits," University of California Electronics Research Lab, Memorandum No. ERL-M520, May 1975.

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L. W. Nagel, "SPICE2, A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits," Univ. California, Berkeley, CA, Tech. Rep. ERL-M520, 1975.

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L. W. Nagel, "SPICE-2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits," Univ. Calif. Memo ERL-M520, Berkeley, 1975.

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L. W. Nagel, "SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits," Univ. Calif., Berkeley, ERL Memo ERL-M520, 1975.

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L. Nagel, "SPICE2: a Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits," Memo ERL-M520, Dept. Elect. and Computer Science, University of California at Berkeley, 1975.

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