N. Shacham, "Multipoint communication by hierarchically encoded data," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM'92, pp. 2107--2114.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... modifying the rates of each stream [19] at the cost of additional complexity due to the need for feedback, and thus the possibility of feedback implosion [75] A more flexible alternative to the multicast rate control problem is o#ered by the 86 layered multicast framework for scalable video [114, 32, 84]. Scalable video compression produces an embedded bit stream that allows decoding at multiple rates [134, 85, 68, 129] Under layered multicast, di#erent layers of a scalable video are carried in di#erent multicast groups so that receivers can individually subscribe or unsubscribe to the ....

.... bit stream that allows decoding at multiple rates [134, 85, 68, 129] Under layered multicast, di#erent layers of a scalable video are carried in di#erent multicast groups so that receivers can individually subscribe or unsubscribe to the appropriate multicast groups to achieve rate control [84, 114, 135, 140, 139, 76]. Thus, the more layers to which a receiver subscribes, the higher the quality of the received video. Generally, producing an embedded bit stream for scalable compression results in lower compression e#ciency than its non scalable counterpart at the same bit rates [27] Nevertheless, layered ....

N. Shacham. Multipoint communication by hierarchically encoded data. In Proc. IEEE Infocom '92, volume 3, pp. 2107--14, Florence, Italy, May 1992.

....conservative nature of TCP. Furthermore, by treating failures as independent, unordered events, we can reduce the tendency of the protocol to become increasingly bursty under load. 5 CONGESTION CONTROL Layered coding congestion control is a common method used in real time multimedia streaming [7][8] Rather than reducing transmission rate, layered coding reduces the data resolution by chopping the least significant bits of each sample, and hence reduces bandwidth demands during times of congestion. In practice, it is useful to transmit all the bits of a signal, broken into separate ....

Shacham, N. Multipoint communication by hierarchically encoded data. In Proc. IEEE. INFOCOM, Vol.1, (Florence, Italy, May, 1992).

.... in a class with guaranteed quality, while a layer that enhances the quality could be sent as best effort [6] Recently, layered coding has been adopted as a means to provide a distribution service such as scalable video delivery over a network that consists of both high and lowcapacity links [8, 9, 12, 2]. By layering, the server can provide a range of bit rates and qualities. Each user or receiver may choose the number of layers to receive based on the link capacity with which the user connects to the network and the processing power of the end device. This paper presents a novel layered coding ....

....proposed by Ghanbari [7] and has since then become one of the most promising techniques to facilitate video streaming or delivery over heterogeneous networks. Recently, layered coding is adopted as a means to enable video distribution over networks that consist of both high and low capacity links [8, 9, 12, 2]. Layered coding has also been adopted in several video delivery standards such as H.263 , MPEG 2 and JPEG 2000. However, in these cases, layered coding is mainly used to achieve some degree of rate scalability and do not generate layers based on resolution levels. Consequently, a client may ....

N. Shacham, "Multipoint communication by hierarchically encoded data", Proc. IEEE INFOCOM'92, pp. 2170-2114, 1992.

....network by the router. The primary disadvantage of simulcast is that it wastes bandwidth. However, the bandwidth overhead of transmitting to multiple groups affects only participants in high bandwidth regions of the network, where bandwidth is plentiful. Layered Coding. With layered coding [24 27], as with simulcast, media are distributed as multiple streams. Unlike simulcast, where data streams are redundant, these layered streams provide cumulative FIGURE 6. Packet loss and reduced media quality due to congestion. Low bandwidth paths that include wireless links suffer network congestion, ....

N. Shacham, "Multipoint Communication by Hierarchically Encoded Data," IEEE INFOCOM: Conf. on Computer Communications 3, Florence, Italy, 4--8 May 1992, pp. 9A.4.1-- 9A.4.8.

....network can also be accessed over the Internet. To efficiently deliver video to multiple clients distributed across the network, layered multicast techniques can be used. This work is supported by National University of Singapore ARF Grant R 263 000 068 112. The basic idea of layered multicast [1] is to encode raw video at the server into multiple layers of cumulative bitstreams that are separately transmitted to different multicast groups. Clients receive, reconstruct and decode the video bitstream by subscribing to a number of multicast groups. Receiving the base video layer permits the ....

N. Shacham, "Multipoint Communication by Hierarchically Encoded Data", in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM '92, May 1992, pp. 2107-2114

....layered multicast is a viable solution for providing an adaptive rate control in a heterogeneous network. In layered multicast, a stream is encoded into multiple layers, and each receiver subscribes to as many layers as its network connection and processing capability allow for and decodes them[2]. Several techniques are proposed for a receiver to determine the subscription level (the number of receiving layers) 3, 4, 5, 6] In this paper we assume a video conference session or multi channel broadcasting service, where users receive multiple streaming media flows such as audio and video ....

N. Shacham, "Multipoint Communication by Hierarchically Encoded data", Proceeding of INFOCOM '92, 1992.

....In such a paradigm, network congestion can cause fluctuations in the availability of network resources, thereby resulting in severe degradation of multimedia services. To overcome this problem, many adaptive multimedia encoding and or networking schemes are proposed such as hierarchical encoding [17] and network filters [6] to mitigate the effect of fluctuation in the network resources. We advocate in this paper that the adaptive multimedia networking paradigm can play an important role to mitigate the highly varying resource availability in wireless mobile networks. Compared to wired ....

N. Shacham, Multipoint communication by hierarchically encoded data, in: IEEE INFOCOM'92 (1992) pp. 2107--2114.

....rates. In contrast, layered multicast is the most bandwidth efficient approach. In layered multicast, the sender encodes data of a session into some layers, and sends them on separate multicast groups. Each receiver decides the number of layers to sub scribe based on its available bandwidth [2]. That is, receivers adapt to network conditions by adding and dropping layers (i.e. joining and leaving multicast groups) 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] However, these methods do not consider any routing protocol. There are two types of routing protocol in multicast. The former is dense mode routing ....

N. Shacham, "Multipoint communication by hierarchi- cally encoded data". In Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM'92, May 1992.

....streams are of equal interest to all receivers. To effectively support human to human communicaton we aim in the paper that this disparity in receiver interest should be reflected in the rate adaptation process of streams in the constraint of the heterogeneous network resource. Layered multicast [1], 2] is a viable solution for providing an adaptive rate control to accomodate heterogeneity and congestion. Several schemes have been proposed to determine the transmission rate (the number of subscribing layers) according to receiver s available bandwidth [2] 4] But these methods treat each ....

N. Shacham: "Multipoint Communication by Hierarchically Encoded Data", in Proceeding of INFOCOM '92 (1992).

....capacity, regardless of the capacities of other receivers in the same session [3] This fairness objective is often referred to as intra session fairness as it relates to the members in a given multicast session. A commonly used multi rate multicast approach is cumulative layered transmission [1,2,3,22]. In this approach, a raw video is compressed into a number of layers. The layer with the highest importance, called base layer, contains the data representing the most important features of the video, while additional layers, called enhancement layers, contain the data that further refine the ....

....over the best effort Internet, the key issues are where and how rate adaptation is performed. There have been a vast amount of proposals in the literature, which show that adaptation can be performed either on the receiver s side only [1,11] or on both the receiver s and the sender s sides [12,22]. In a pure receiver based scheme, layers are mapped to different IP multicast groups. By joining corresponding groups, a receiver can obtain a certain level of video layers commensurate with its capacity [1] This distributed scheme achieves good scalability, and is very suitable for the layered ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

N. Shacham, "Multipoint Communication by Hierarchically Encoded Data," in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 92, pp. 2107-2114, May 1992.

....supply (perhaps by frame dropping [32] or shaping filters [10] or it may simply require that the user be informed of any degradations. A QoS policy may also require that QoS be raised when resources become available; e.g. by adding an enhancement layer to a hierarchically structured video flow [27] [17] The API is based on a new protocol family called AF METS. By preserving compatibility with the current Berkeley socket API, existing applications (e.g. those using AF INET) can run unchanged or can easily be modified to take advantage of underlying QoS support; see section 3 for more ....

Shacham, N, "Multipoint Communication by Hierarchically Encoded Data", Proc. IEEE INFOCOM'92, Florence, Italy, Vol. 3, pp 2107-2114, 1992.

....the transmission of multi layer coded flows that offers hard guarantees to the base layer, and fairness guarantees to the enhancement layers based on a new bandwidth allocation technique called Weighted Fair Sharing (WFS) 1. Introduction The interplay between hierarchically coded flows [1], end to end communication support [2] and receiver oriented [3] Quality of Service (QoS) requirements is an interesting and active area of research [4] 5] 6] The basic technique used by coders (e.g. MPEG1, MPEG2 and H261) for compression of audio visual flows is to remove redundant ....

....of the relevant end to end QoS challenges in transporting digital video over multimedia networks. We then present an API for scalable flows, followed by a detailed description of our adaptive service and dynamic QoS management scheme. DQM is in part built on existing techniques in the literature [1] [4] 5] 7] 9] 13] in provinding end to end QoS management [2] of digital video flows [15] 7] Visiting Scholar at the Center for Telecommunications Research, Columbia University. 2. Motivation Heterogenlty issues are present in applications, end systems and networks. The range of audio ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Shacham, N, "Multipoint Communication by Hierarchically Encoded Data", Proc. IEEE INFOCOM'92, Florence, Italy, Vol.3, pp. 2107-2114, May 1992.

....on equipment procured with NSF grant no. CDA 9624082. significant heterogeneity and may not achieve certain desirable fairness properties [18] In a multi rate approach, the sender transmits at several rates to different sets of receivers using either a replicated scheme [5] or a layering scheme [19, 15, 13, 20, 12, 22]. In the replicated scheme [5] receivers are partitioned into groups. The sender generates and sends separate data streams to different groups. The sending rate to a group is adjusted according to the capacities of receivers in the group, and is restricted to be in some fixed range. Note that ....

....with other approaches In this section, we first highlight the differences between our approach and two other approaches: one layering and one replicated. Then we compare the achieved session utilities of our approach and other approaches. Most layering schemes use fixed layer rates. Shacham [19] presented a method to assign bandwidth to layers to maximize the average signal quality of receivers. Although he did not explicitly define the concept of utility function, his average signal quality can be considered an instance of our utility function and thus his paper was possibly the first ....

N. Shacham. Multipoint communication by hierarchically encoded data. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM '92, Florence, Italy, May 1992.

....the cost of the tree of the algorithm over the optimal one. The heterogeneous problem has received little attention until recently. Most of the work assumes that the participants request only one stream, and thus, there is no stream optimization component. The rst work was conducted by Shacham [Sha92], and the proposed algorithm, which we call xed stream Shortest Paths het SP, is an extension of the Shortest Paths algorithm. Its WCI is O(M ) and the complexity of the algorithm is O(N 2 ) Maxemchuck [Max97] and Faloutsos et al. FPS97a] proposed the same greedy algorithm independently. The ....

....use it as a point of reference. 2. NPF hi: We perform NPF and, to every destination, we o er its maximum preferred stream. 3. het SP: We perform the Shortest Paths algorithm and o er the maximum preferred stream to destinations. Recall that het SP corresponds to the algorithm suggested by Shacham [Sha92], which seems to be the only heterogeneous algorithm proposed so far. 4. OPF: We perform Optimized Stream Optimized Participant First as described in the previous section. 5. OptMaxStrPF: We perform Optimized Stream Maximum Stream Participant First as described in the previous section. We will ....

N. Shacham. Multipoint communication by hierarchically encoded data. Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, pages 2107-2114, 1992.

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N. Shacham, "Multipoint communication by hierarchically encoded data," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM'92, pp. 2107--2114.

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N. Shacham, "Multipoint communication by hierarchically encoded data," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM 92, May 1992, pp. 2107--2114.

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N. Shacham. Multipoint communication by hierarchically encoded data. Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, pages 2107-2114, 1992.

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N. Shacham, "Multipoint communication by hierarchically encoded data," Proc. IEEE INFOCOM '92, pp. 2107-2114, May 1992.

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N. Shacham, "Multipoint communication by hierarchically encoded data," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 1992.

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N. Shacham. Multipoint Communication by Hierarchically Encoded Data. In Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM'92, May 1992.

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N. Shacham, "Multipoint Communication by Hierarchically Encoded Data," Proc. of INFOCOM'92, pp. 2107--2114, 1992.

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Shacham, N., Multipoint Communication by Hierarchically Encoded Data, INFOCOM, Florence, Italy 1992.

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N. Shacham, "Multipoint Communication by Hierarchically Encoded Data," Proc. IEEE INFOCOM'92, pp.21072114, Florence, Italy, March 1992.

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Shacham, N. "Multipoint Communication by Hi- erarchically Encoded Data", Proceedings of INFOCOM92, May 1992

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N. Shacham, "Multipoint Communication by Hierarchically Encoded Data," Proc. of IEEE Infocom '92, May 1992, pp. 2107-2114.

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