R. Fikes and T. Kehler. The role of frame-based representation in reasoning. Communications of the ACM, 28(9):904-920 (1985).  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   ACM   TOC   Related Articles   Check

....A for the representation of the SDG as Prolog rules. 1.2 Structural Knowledge By structural knowledge, we mean the information about the physical connectivity between component units. The layout or the structure of the plant can be captured with the help of frames. Frames are generalized lists [10] which can include connectivity, taxonomic abd descriptive properties of any object. The frame represents a structure containing a list of slots each of which can be accessed as needed. Figure 5 shows a portion of a process plant comprising of some pipes, few valves, a pump and a reactor. The ....

....IN FLOW RATE OUT FLOW RATE TEMPERATURE PRESSURE CONCENTRATION LEVEL FRAME NO. NAME SLOT VALUE SLOT STATE NORMAL 4 Figure 6: Frame representation The frames provide explanation facility to the operator through its explicit knowledge. For this kind of tasks, frame based inference [10] are much faster than general deduction methods such as production rules. 1.3 Heuristic Knowledge Experimental knowledge in the form of heuristics is obtained from experts who have acquired it originally in a compiled form, developed it through experience or derived it from a deeper model [1] ....

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. R. Fikes and T. Kehler, "The role of frame based representation in reasoning", Communs. ACM, vol.28, No.9, 904-920, September 1985.

....for example, be specialized into other metaclasses in the same way that ordinary classes can. Explicit metaclasses are supported by several semantic models (e.g. TAXIS [13] SHM [2] object models (e.g. VODAK [8] ADAM [15] OSCAR [5] knowledge representation languages (e.g. LOOPS [1] KEE [4], PROTEUS [17] SHOOD [3] TELOS [14] and programming languages (e.g. CLASSTALK [12] CLOS [7] 8 1 # # # Implicit or Explicit Metaclasses . Explicit = declared by subclassing from some other metaclass . Implicit = automatically created and managed by the system . represent group ....

R. Fikes and J. Kehler. The role of frame-based representation in reasoning. Comm. oftheAssoc.forComputingMachinery, 28(9), Sept. 1985.

....from RTSA flow diagrams as semantic concepts in COBRA. To accomplish this task, the model analyzer depends upon a COBRA metamodel, a concept classifier and axiom check er, and an information elicitor. The COBRA metamodel, described elsewhere [21] comprises a taxonomy of semantic concepts [23], 24] Each concept in the taxonomy can be constrained by a set of axioms [25] Each leaf level concept in the taxonomy must satisfy all axioms defined for the intermediate concepts along all its inheritance paths to the top of the taxonomy. The actual classification of concepts on the flow ....

R. Fikes and T. Kehler, "The Role of Frame-Based Representation In Reasoning," Comm. ACM, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 904-920 Sept. 1985.

.... than that of knowledge representation (e.g. 7, 8, 14, 17] Typically, these systems amount to implementing an object oriented programming language in a logic programming language, just as many of the (early) Integrated Artificial Intelligence Programming Environments, such as LOOPS [2] and KEE [6], included an object oriented programming language implemented in the underlying functional programming language. Since the programming point of view mainly aims at representational rigidity rather than representational flexibility, most of the existing systems have a restricted and fixed ....

R. Fikes and T. Kehler, The role of frame-based representation in reasoning, CACM 28(9) (1985) 904-920.

....one of male and female respectively. The type restriction parts of attribute declarations correspond to declarative facets of a frame based language or to predicate declarations of a MSL. The number restriction part is similar to the cardinality facet of a slot used in frame based systems [4]. This kind of restriction can also be found in the terminological component of logic based hybrid systems, like e.g. BACK [14] as a number restriction on roles of concepts. 4.1.3. Definitional declarations The last type of declaration, definitional declarations, represent definitional ....

R. Fikes and T. Kehler, The role of frame-based representation in reasoning, CACM 28 (9) (1985) 904-920.

....be specialized into other metaclasses in the same way that ordinary classes can. Explicit metaclasses have been supported by several semantic models (e.g. Taxis [MBW80] Shm [BR84] object models (e.g. Vodak, Adam [PD91] Oscar [GH93] knowledge representation languages (e.g. Loops, Kee [FK85] Proteus [Rus89] Shood [Esc93] Telos [MBJK90] ConceptBase [JJQ98] and programming languages (e.g. Neo Classtalk [LC96] Clos, Dylan, STklos, ObjVLisp, Logtalk) Explicit metaclasses can specify metaknowledge to: represent group information pertaining to all instances of a class. For ....

R. Fikes and J. Kehler. The role of frame-based representation in reasoning. Communications of the ACM, 28(9), September 1985.

....applications. a collection of knowledge based routines for the detection of specific errors. This module can be considered as an expert system for error detection. Therefore it may be further extended with new knowledge. The last two modules are built around a structured (frame like [FiK85]) object oriented knowledge base developed in XRL. This knowledge base includes a large set of programming concepts. It is the result of several years of research in reverse engineering, intelligent tutoring systems for programming, and in the theory algorithms and data structures [Tra94, TrN96, ....

Fikes, R., Kehler, T., The role of frame-based representation in reasoning, Communications of the ACM, Vol.28, No.9, (sept. 1985), pp. 904-920.

....object A inherits from another object B, it can be considered that A has all the components of B (unless they are redefined in A) Knowledge based systems explicitly represent and process knowledge from the application domain. The most powerful knowledge based programming environments (e.g. KEE [12]) integrate several knowledge representation paradigms in order to cope with the various knowledge types of an application. Such environments are usually written in Lisp around an OOP language. In addition to common OOP characteristics, the kernel language offers some facilities for the so called ....

....paradigms in order to cope with the various knowledge types of an application. Such environments are usually written in Lisp around an OOP language. In addition to common OOP characteristics, the kernel language offers some facilities for the so called frame knowledge representation paradigm [12]. As a consequence, complex structuring of objects is usual, a great emphasis is placed on multiple inheritance with method combination, and other AI knowledge representation and control mechanisms are integrated: rules, logic programming, demons, and constraints. XRL is an object oriented ....

R. Fikes, T. Kehler, "The role of frame-based representation in reasoning", Communications of the ACM, Vol.28, No.9,1985 , pp. 904-920. 25

....knowledge, 3) mathematical knowledge, and 4) knowledge of target architectures and languages. Representing such wide ranging knowledge might well 41 require automatic programming systems to support multiple methods of knowledge representation, such as rules [MITH94, ODEL93, HAYE85] frames [FIKE85], semantic networks [HSIE93, LIM92] and object oriented models [RASM93, RETT93, MEYE88] From Barstow s perspective, however, domain specific knowledge provides the key to automatic programming. It might . be argued that providing domain specific knowledge could be part of an interactive ....

....method must be selected. GONZ93, WEBS88] Representing this knowledge then becomes the fifth research problem. The requirements model, the design model, and the target environment description model can be represented by either a semantic network [HSIE93] a frame based notation [FIKE85], or an object oriented model. KAIN94, BUSC93, MEYE88] The design decision heuristics seem to suggest a rule based representation. GONZ93, GIAR89 ,HAYE85] The required, design process knowledge appears procedural. Procedural knowledge can be represented by procedural, programming languages, by ....

R. Fikes and T. Kehler, "The Role Of Frame-Based Representation In Reasoning," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 28, No. 9, September 1985, pp. 904-920.

....the semantics of each of the information sources. Terminological relationships defined in the CT include specialisation and has a or partof relations. The WordNet database consists of two files in ASCII format that is human and machine readable. A frame knowledge representation (FRS) [28] system called Ocelot stores the EcoCyc data. FRS uses an object oriented data model that organises information within hierarchical classes, each containing a number of genes. There are several taxonomies for different types of biological information. Sharing vs Exchange Sharing, where multiple ....

Fikes, R. and T. Kehler, The role of frame-based representation in reasoning. Communications of the ACM, 1985. 28(9): p. 904-920.

....sizes required for large problems. Finally, methods are needed to seamlessly integrate rule based systems into normal data processing applications. A different school of knowledge representation deemphasizes logic programming and production rules in favor of descriptive templates, called frames. [FIKE85] Frames provide a rich structural language for describing domain objects and some basic relationships between those objects. For a given object, attributes and taxonomies can be represented. Within some frame representations, action procedures can be attached to specific attributes. The concept of ....

R. Fikes and T. Kehler, "The Role of Frame-Based Representation in Reasoning", Communications of the ACM, September 1985, pp. 904-920.

....Very Large Data Base Endowment. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and or special permission from the Endowment Proceedings of the 27th VLDB Conference, Roma, Italy, 2001 2 has primarily been in support of reasoning and inference (e.g. the dynamic construction of ontologies [10]) With the Bantam API, we have been able to gain experience with structural fluidity for several non trivial applications outside the context of traditional knowledgebase management. We suggest that this flexible data model is a natural fit for the decoupled programming methodology that arises ....

....in a way that is intuitive for programmers. Many, if not most, of the key developments in flexible persistent data representation came from early work in knowledge representation (KR) and knowledge base management systems (KBMS) The trick of layering arbitrary dynamic structures (e.g. frames [10]) on top of simple, fixed 2 or 3 tuples ( vertical schemas ) works as well today in PERK [17] as it did in 1967 [20] Interestingly, vertical schemas have recently become popular as an implementation technique for electronic 9 catalog applications [16] for almost exactly the same reasons as ....

Fikes, R. and T. Kehler, "The Role of Frame-Based Representation in Reasoning," CACM 28, 9 (Sep. 1985), 904-920.

....mechanism can be efficiently explored. The characteristics of technical knowledge such as machine descriptions, process descriptions, technical terms, troubleshooting strategies, etc make the frame formalism a preferential choice when building expert system knowledge bases for those domains [8]. The notion of relations is an extension of the notion of roles, usually used in terminological languages. Roles are binary relations and relations are arbitrary n place relations. The main idea of extending roles is that it provides a better integration of this method with the logic method: The ....

R.E. Fikes, T. Kehler, The Role of Frame-Based Representation in Reasoning, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 28, No. 9, pp. 904-920, September 1985.

....structure an abstract syntax graph (ASG) We note that as objects, the elements of the graph are amenable to object oriented programming. This follows naturally in CLOS. In the Refine environment, we have extended Refine with an object oriented programming mechanism similar to that of KEE [3] without instance methods. 3.3. Analysis and Transformation The two primary ways of manipulating ASGs are rule based and object oriented programming. Rules allow the straightforward description of relationships among (perhaps physically distant) elements and a similarly direct expression of what ....

R. Fikes, and T. Kehler, The role of frame-based representation in reasoning, Comm. ACM, v 28, no 9, September 1985, pp. 904-920.

....data model [26, 28] Approach 4: The properties inherited by class C from p 0 and p 00 coincide to a single property whose value is a subclass of the values of p 0 , p 00 . However, this subclass is not a known y class. This approach is followed by traditional frame based models [14], terminological languages z [4, 24, 21, 2] and the deductive object oriented language F logic [19] The value of an inherited property refined in class C is as specified in the refinement declaration. Having determined the properties inherited by C and their values, the type of C is the set of ....

R. Fikes and T. Kehler. The role of frame-based representation in reasoning. Communications of the ACM, 28(9):904-920 (1985).

....from RTSA flow diagrams as semantic concepts in COBRA. To accomplish this task, the model analyzer depends upon a COBRA metamodel, a concept classifier and axiom checker, and an information elicitor. The COBRA meta model, described elsewhere [21] comprises a taxonomy of semantic concepts [23 24]. Each concept in the taxonomy can be constrained by a set of Draft 08 28 00 10 axioms [25] Each leaf level concept in the taxonomy must satisfy all axioms defined for the intermediate concepts along all its inheritance paths to the top of the taxonomy. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM ....

Fikes, R. and Kehler, T. (1985) "The Role of Frame-Based Representation In Reasoning", Communications of the ACM, September 1985, Volume 28, Number 9, pp. 904-920

....elicitation rules, is described in Section 5.3. A subsequent section, Section 6, outlines how the knowledge based graphical model for COBRA can be implemented within an automated designer s assistant. 5. 1 Concept Taxonomy A major aspect of the COBRA meta model includes a concept taxonomy (Fikes and Kehler, 1985; Lim and Cherkassky, 1992) where each child concept specializes, using an is a relationship, its parent concept. Figure 4 shows a partial concept taxonomy for the COBRA semantic meta model. A complete specification of the taxonomy can be found elsewhere (Mills, 9 10 COBRA Semantic MetaModel ....

Fikes, R. and Kehler, T. (1985) "The Role of Frame-Based Representation In Reasoning", Communications of the ACM, September 1985, Volume 28, Number 9, pp. 904-920.

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R. Fikes and T. Kehler. The role of frame-based representation in reasoning. Communications of the ACM, 28(9):904-920 (1985).

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Fikes,R. and Kehler,T. (1985) The role of frame-based representations in reasoning. Commun. ACM, 28, 904--920.

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R. Fikes and T. Kehler, "The Role of Frame-Based Representation in Reasoning," Comm. ACM, Vol. 28, No. 9, 1985, pp. 904-920.

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R. Fikes, T. Kehler, The Role of Frame-Based Representation in Reasoning, Communications of the ACM, 28(9), 904-920 (1985). 55

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R. Fikes and J. Kehler. The role of frame-based representation in reasoning. Comm. of the Assoc. for Computing Machinery, 28(9), Sept. 1985.

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. Fikes, R. and Kehler, T., "Role of frame based representation in Reasoning", in Principles of Expert Systems,

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Fikes, R. E., and Kehler, T. The role of frame-based representation in reasoning, Comm. ACM, 28 (1985) pp. 904--920.

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Fikes R and Kehler T. The role of frame-based representations in reasoning. Commun. ACM 1985; 28: 904-920.

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