| N. Luhmann. Familiarity, confidence, trust: Problems and alternatives. In D. Gambetta, editor, Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, pages 94--107. Blackwell, 1988. |
....the agents involved in them, and whether cooperation would be likely. This would require a detailed model of the motivations and goals of other agents, however, which is unlikely to be accurate. 3. 2 Trust How then to assess risk in interaction Fortunately, as recognised by several researchers [2, 4, 7, 10, 11], this has a relatively simple solution in the form of trust. The risk of whether to cooperate and with whom, may be determined by, among other things, the degree of confidence or trust in other agents. Despite the notion of trust being commonplace in our everyday interactions, there are few ....
....trust as one of the means available to an agent for estimating the risk involved in cooperation, in terms of an estimation of the degree of expectation that others will do what they agree to do, i.e. an expectation of risk. This is a synthetic notion of trust since, unlike Deutsch [4] and Luhmann [10], for example, we are not concerned with how trust operates in humans, but with how the concept of trust can be used in relation to cooperation between artificial agents. We are also primarily concerned with how an agent can use the degree of trust it has in another in reasoning about cooperation, ....
N. Luhmann. Familiarity, confidence, trust: Problems and alternatives. In D. Gambetta, editor, Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, pages 94--107. Blackwell, 1988.
....of such a formalism is of use in itself since it can help to provide a deeper understanding of the workings of the phenomenon, which is both vaguely defined and badly understood at present. Indeed, much of the relevant literature is either difficult to grasp or not in the mainstream of its field [8]. This paper addresses one of the aspects of trust that has come to light in the research that has been carried out, namely the concept of dispositions, and how they can affect the way an artificial agent makes trusting decisions, ultimately affecting the agent s final decision. We propose that ....
.... forgiving Trust more inflexible downwards Figure 1: Spectrum of Realism [11, 16] 3 Why trust In cooperative situations, indeed in life in general, trust is a salient factor in many of our decisions [2, 7, 17] It is surprising, then, that the phenomenon is so little understood or investigated [8]. The formalism presented in [9] and revised in [16] goes some way towards correcting that omission. The formalism itself makes certain assumptions about how trust behaves, and ultimately presents one method for the clarification of the phenomenon of trust, albeit a relatively simple one which is ....
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Luhmann, Niklas. 1990. Familiarity, Confidence, Trust: Problems and Alternatives. Chap. 6, pages 94--107 of: Gambetta, Diego (ed), Trust. Blackwell.
....example, we leave the house every morning trusting that we will be able to return, and will not end up in hospital because of some accident that we trust will not happen. Despite its importance, there has been a lack of detailed research on the topic (Golembiewski McConkie, 1975; Luhmann, 1979; Luhmann, 1990). In addition, the work that has been carried out presents its own problems, not least that a solid accepted definition of trust still eludes us. The definition given by Morton Deutsch in 1962 is more widely accepted than many, and states that trusting behaviour occurs when an individual perceives ....
....with presenting some aspects of trust, in terms of social, technological and biological considerations, before we proceed to discuss the area of DAI in more detail. 1.4. 2 Social Aspects In societies, trust is a fact of everyday life (Yamamoto, 1990; Baier, 1986; Deutsch, 1973; Luhmann, 1979; Luhmann, 1990). Indeed, without trust, as the opening quote of this chapter suggests, societies would cease to exist (see also Lagenspetz, 1990) There are many examples of where trust plays an explicit role in societies. That we get up at all in the morning is a sign of the trust we have in society and our ....
[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]
Luhmann, Niklas. 1990. Familiarity, Confidence, Trust: Problems and Alternatives.
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N. Luhmann. Familiarity, confidence, trust: Problems and alternatives. In D. Gambetta, editor, Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, pages 94--107. Blackwell, 1988.
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N. Luhmann. Familiarity, confidence, trust: Problems and alternatives, 2000.
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Luhmann, N., Familiarity, confidence, trust: problems and alternatives. In: (Gambetta, D.) Trust: Making and breaking of cooperative relations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.
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Niklas Luhmann. Familiarity, confidence, trust: Problems and alternatives. In Gambetta
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Luhmann, N.: Familiarity, Confidence, Trust: Problems and Alternatives. In Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, Gambetta, D (ed.). Basil Blackwell, Oxford, (1990).
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