Grochowski, E. G. and Hoyt, R. F. (1996). Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 32(3).  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....rank sum statistical hypothesis test sum of ranks of warning set data critical value of : predict fail if rank sum of attribute considered alone mean standard deviation. I. INTRODUCTION C OMPUTER disk drives are reliable data storage devices with annual failure rates of 0. 3 to 3 per year [1], 2] A 1 nominal failure rate is used for comparisons in this paper. Nonetheless, drive failure can cause a catastrophic loss of user data. This is often far more serious than the hardware cost of replacing the failed drive. If impending drive failure could be predicted, then a warning could ....

E. Grochowski, "Future trends in hard disk drives," IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 1850--1854, May 1996.

....Thus, the network is no longer the bottleneck in a LAN environment making it also feasible to attach storage devices directly to the network instead of to a server machine. Today, the rate of bandwidth increase of a single disk is about 40 a year while the price per MB drops about 60 per year [Gro96]. By the year 2000, a megabyte of disk will cost about four cents and each individual disk will sustain a bandwidth on the order of 40 to 50 MB sec. This trend suggests that systems will have much higher aggregate disk I O bandwidth in the near future (400 MB sec point to point) if attached to a ....

E. Grochowski and R. F. Hoyt. Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, May 1996, vol.32, (no.3, pt.2):1850-1854.

....it also stores larger amounts of data and has to support a higher share of the load than other slower disks. In fact, most likely, the fastest disks on the system will be the relatively slowest ones, since disk technology trends shows that disk capacity is increasing faster than disk bandwidth [9]. Without loss of generality, we will assume through the rest of the paper that disk sets are ordered according to their relative bandwidth space ratio, i.e bs i bs j for i j. Let r be fraction of data that is replicated and D = S= 1 r) be the total number of data blocks (without considering ....

....will most likely have different storage space and bandwidth characteristics, resulting in a heterogeneous disk system. Storage capacity in disk drives has been increasing at a rate of approximately 60 a year, while disk bandwidth has been increasing at a rate of only approximately 40 a year [9]. Assuming that this trend will continue in the next few years, we predict the bandwidth and storage capacity of the new disks at the time of an eventual upgrade, assuming the system is initially configured with disks currently available. Since storage space is increasing at a higher speed than ....

E. Grochowski, R.F. Hoyt "Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 32, No. 3, May 1996.

....2.4. 1 Disk Technology General information on disk technology can be found in the texts Digital Storage Technology Handbook by Digital Equipment [Digital89] and An Introduction to Direct Access Storage Devices Sierra [Sierra90] Recent papers by Wood and Hodges [Wood93] and Grochowski and Hoyt [Grochowski96a] explain the driving forces behind current disk trends. A recent paper by Ruemmler and Wilkes provides an excellent discussion of disk performance modeling [Ruemmler94] Disk drives use magnetic recording techniques to provide nonvolatile storage. Data is stored on rotating platters, usually ....

Grochowski, E. and Hoyt, R. F. "Future trends in hard disk drives." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 32(3). (May 1996) 1850-1854.

....in most cases within 32 of the observed array performance (15 on the average) for our set of experiments. 1 Introduction In today s networked world, an increasing number of companies depend on their business critical data being continuously available for access. Given the sharp decreasing trend [10] in per byte equipment costs for data stored online (i.e. in low latency media such as hard disks, as opposed to tape or optical libraries) the amount of online data has been recently doubling in size every six to twelve months [21] Enterprise systems store data in large disk arrays [9] to ....

E.G. Grochowski and R.F. Hoyt. Future trends in hard disk drives. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 32(3):1850--4, May 1996.

....into the disk. First, Moore s Law has driven down the relative cost of CPU power to disk bandwidth, enabling powerful systems to be embedded on disk devices [1] As this trend continues, it will soon be possible to run the entire file system on the disk. Second, growing at 40 per year [11], disk bandwidth has been scaling faster than other aspects of the disk system. I O bus performance has been scaling less quickly [21] The ability of the file system to communicate with the disk (to reorganize the disk, for example) without consuming valuable I O bus bandwidth has become ....

Grochowski, E. G., and Hoyt, R. F. Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 32, 3 (May 1996).

....factors. First, we wanted to support more generic workloads such as 3D virtual world navigation, instead of being restricted to video or audio only. Second, we note that current trends in disk technology show that the cost of storage space is decreasing faster than the cost of disk bandwidth[16] [15] Thus, we expect that multimedia servers will be increasingly limited by bandwidth as opposed to being limited by storage space. In this scenario, disks will typically be bought for their bandwidth and extra storage space will be available at no cost, favoring a simpler design based on data ....

....since the load is already optimally balanced 52 across all disks, by keeping all streams synchronized and equally distributed among the disks. Moreover, we note that current trends in disk technology show that the cost of storage space is decreasing faster than the cost of disk bandwidth [16] [15] In [15] the authors observe that disk access speeds have increased 10 fold in the last twenty years, but during the same period, disk unit capacity have increased hundred fold and storage cost decreased ten thousand fold. This trend is likely to continue in the future, and multimedia ....

E. Grochowski and R. Hoyt. Future trends in hard disk drives. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 32(3):1850--4, May 1996.

....increasing drive capabilities: The storage industry has been improving areal densities at 60 per year to help meet the increased application demands. The same technology improvements are also driving up disk bandwidth at 40 per year while driving down the cost per megabyte by 40 per year [Grochowski96]. New Drive attachment technologies: The storage industry has evolved SCSI technology through a variety of similar technologies such Wide SCSI, UltraWide SCSI, and Fast Wide Differential SCSI to deliver rapidly increasing drive performance. The high transfer rates of modern drives has put ....

....this range On one end of the drive, we have a high performance full duplex network interface such as Gigabit Ethernet or Fibrechannel, which provides 1Gb sec each direction. On the other end of the drive, the media transfer rates are currently at 28 MB sec and they are increasing at 40 per year [Grochowski96]. Somewhere in between is the proper performance goal for cryptographic support. Clearly, if security doesn t even match the lesser of the two then the drive will fail to deliver some of its raw performance. 151 Figure 7 4 Comparison of Latency for Different MAC Approaches HierMAC uses ....

Grochowski, E., and Hoyt, R. F., "Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 32, No 3., May, 1996.

....Most applications will have a distribution of objects spread over di#erent sizes. The behavior of Objectivity DB is, that free space on pages may be occupied by smaller objects. Therefore, one may expect that the storage overhead peaks are smoothen out by the distribution. 4 Future Trends [3] gives a detailed analysis of future trends in hard disk drives. One has to be aware that predictions in the computer industry are more uncertain than in other areas. Trying to predict price, performance, or price performance more than five years into the future in is one of the pitfalls described ....

....are more uncertain than in other areas. Trying to predict price, performance, or price performance more than five years into the future in is one of the pitfalls described in [4] Therefore the following numbers should be read with caution. The data rate of hard disks is doubling every two years ([3], Fig. 5) The access time is decreasing at a much lower rate. In 9 years the access time reduces at a factor 2 ( 3] Fig. 6) It is also interesting to note that hard drive prices fall faster than DRAM prices ( 3] Fig. 4) Moore s law states that chip performance doubles every 18 months, e.g. ....

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E. Grochowski and R. F. Hoyt. Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 32(3):1850--1854, 1996. 12

....of Active Disks in large systems, even with relatively low powered Active Disks. 3.1. 3 Trends Taking a look at Figure 3 1 and considering the prevailing technology trends, we know that the processor performance (line B) improves by 60 per year and disk bandwidth (line A) by 20 to 40 per year [Grochowski96]. This will cause the ratio of processing power to disk bandwidth in both systems to increase by 15 per year. This will continue to narrow the gap between line A and B and bring the performance of Active Disks closer to the maximum possible storage bandwidth (the raw disk limitation) as the ....

Grochowski, E.G. and Hoyt, R.F. "Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives" IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 32 (3), May 1996.

....pages to avoid disk seeks. Avoiding disk seeks between page fetches can speedup these applications by a factor of say 20, see [9] and [14] The importance of object clustering will even increase in the future. Transfer rates of disks increase 40 per year, but seek times improve only 10 per year [8]. This paper is organized as follows. In the remainder of this section we will give an overview of data analysis in HEP physics, from which the motivation for the work presented in this paper arose. Further, we describe the relevant related work. Section 2 describes and defines the algorithm in ....

E. Grochowski and R. F. Hoyt. Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 32(3):1850--1854, 1996.

....performance, since the load is already optimally balanced across all disks, by keeping all streams synchronized and equally distributed among the disks. Moreover, we note that current trends in disk technology show that the cost of storage space is decreasing faster than the cost of disk bandwidth [15] [14] In [14] the authors observe that disk access speeds have increased 10 fold in the last twenty years, but during the same period, disk unit capacity have increased hundred fold and storage cost decreased ten thousand fold. This trend is likely to continue in the future, and multimedia ....

E. Grochowski, R.F. Hoyt "Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 32, No. 3, May 1996.

....project is available at the following Web site: http: www.sdsc.edu hpss . In the commodity market, over the last 5 years prices for disk drives have fallen a factor of 2 per year, with area densities increasing 60 per year, and data rates increasing at 40 per year per year [Gibson et al. 1996, Grochowski and Hoyt 1996]. Although these trends exist in storage components, there is less industry confidence in the ability to sustain their advancement pace relative to microprocessors and Moores Law. However, we believe that it is likely that these rates will continue, even if the underlying implementations shift. ....

Grochowski, E., Hoyt, R., "Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 32(3), May 1996.

....embedded intelligence. Storage density increases, long a predictable 25 per year, have been delivering 60 page 5 increases per year during the 90s. Prior to the mid 80s, data rates were constrained by storage interface definitions, but they have increased by about 40 per year in the 90s [Grochowski96]. The primary reason for storage s recent accelerated rate of evolution has been the broad acceptance of the Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) standard, which abstracted the device as a linear array of fixed size blocks with an embedded command interpreting controller and a shared, relatively ....

Grochowski, E.G., Hoyt, R.F., "Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 32, 3 (May 1996), pp 1850-1854.

....storage technologies employed by these systems. Storage density increases, long a predictable 25 per year, have risen to 60 increases per year during the 90s. Data rates, which were constrained by storage interface definitions until the mid 80s, have increased by about 40 per year in the 90s [Grochowski96]. The acceptance, in all but the lowest cost market, of SCSI, whose interface exports the abstraction of a linear array of fixed size blocks provided by an embedded controller [ANSI86] catalyzed rapid deployment of technology advances, resulting in an extremely competitive storage market. The ....

Grochowski, E.G., Hoyt, R.F., "Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 32, 3 (May 1996), pp. 1850-1854.

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Grochowski, E. G. and Hoyt, R. F. (1996). Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 32(3).

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Growchowski, E.G, Hoyt, R.F, "Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 32, 3 May 1996 pp1850-1854.

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Grochowski, E. G., and Hoyt, R. F. Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 32, 3 (May 1996).

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Edward Grochowski and Roger F. Hoyt. Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, pp. 1850-1854, Vol. 32, May 1996.

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E. Grochowski and R.F. Hoyt, Future trends in hard disk drives, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 32, pp. 1850-- 1854, 1996.

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Grochowski, E., and Hoyt, R. F. Future trends in hard disk drives. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 32, 3 (May 1996).

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E.G. Grochowski, R.F. Hoyt. Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, V32. May 1996. pp. 1850-1854.

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E. G. Grochowski and R. F. Hoyt. Future trends in hard disk drives. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 32(3), May 1996.

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Grochowshi, E. Hoyt, R. Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 32, No. 3. May 1996.

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. E. Grochowski and R. F. Hoyt. Future Trends in Hard Disk Drives. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, May 1996, vol.32, (no.3, pt.2):1850-1854.

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