Marcus S, Subrahmanian VS (1996a) Foundations of multimedia information systems. J ACM 43(3):474--523  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....growing rapidly. The research that was first started tackling the issue of content based image retrieval by low level features (color, shape, and texture) and keywords, 5, 7, 15, 38] has progressed in time towards video databases dealing with spatio temporal and semantic features of video data [6, 19, 23, 30, 32, 42]. There has also been some work on picture retrieval systems to enhance their query capabilities using the spatial relationships between objects in images [7, 8] First attempts for supporting content based video retrieval were initiated by applying the techniques devised for image retrieval to ....

....in queries require further work to be done. In addition, although the framework incorporates some feature constraints as facts to extend its query range, it does not provide a complete deductive system as we do. The authors extend their work defining feature subfeature relationships in [30]. When a query cannot be answered, it is relaxed by substituting a subfeature for a feature. This relaxation technique provides some support for reasoning with uncertainty. In [2] a prototype video information system, called Advanced Video Information System (AVIS) is introduced. The authors ....

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S. Marcus and V.S. Subrahmanian. Foundations of multimedia information systems. Journal of ACM, 43(3):474--523, 1996. 31

....in queries require further work to be done. In addition, although the framework incorporates some feature constraints as facts to extend its query range, it does not provide a complete deductive system as we do. The authors extend their work defining feature subfeature relationships in [33]. When a query cannot be answered, it is relaxed by substituting a subfeature for a feature. This relaxation technique provides some support for reasoning with uncertainty. In [1] a special kind of segment tree called frame segment tree and a set of arrays to represent objects, events, activities ....

S. Marcus and V.S. Subrahmanian. Foundations of multimedia information systems. Journal of ACM, 43(3):474--523, 1996.

....Moreover, an auxiliary tool, Object Extractor [44] is designed and 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 2 implemented for capturing the object regions on video frames. The output of this tool is used not only by the new query by color and shape approach but also in fact extraction [12] 1. 1 Motivation In [27], a basic understanding of multimedia systems is presented. In a multimedia system, the user interface takes a critical role. The main requirement of multimedia user interfaces is basically enabling the combination of various query mechanisms with the support of visual query languages. Since the ....

S. Marcus, V.S. Subrahmanian. Foundations of Multimedia Information Systems. Journal of the ACM, 43(3): 474--523, 1996.

....to move towards, and in Section 7 we outline our conclusions. 2 Related Work Several papers have addressed the complex topic of multimedia systems. Some of them consider architectural issues (like access methods, storage management and networks) Others address the issue of multimedia modeling [18]. Following a further direction, we focus on query languages. Broadly speaking, there are two main approaches to deal with data imprecision. The former uses concepts and principles from probability theory and the latter uses concepts from fuzzy sets theory. Both approaches have advantages and ....

S. Marcus and V.S. Subrahmanian. Foundations of Multimedia Information Systems. Journal of the ACM, 43(3), pages 474--523, May 1996. 21

....languages by allowing mathematical computations. In this respect, constraints have also been used in multimedia database languages, to model both temporal synchronization properties and spatial layout properties for the presentation of multimedia objects, resulting from the query evaluation [29]. The integration of constraints in existing query languages introduces several issues. Indeed, constraint query languages should preserve all the nice features supported by relational languages. For example, they should be closed 1 and bottomup evaluable. The first general design principle to ....

S. Marcus and V.S. Subrahmanian, "Foundations of Multimedia Information Systems," Journal of the ACM, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 474--523, 1996.

....secondary storage [24] In the classification of multimedia systems outlined in [31] this would fall under the category of retrieval termed as based on logical data units , where a logical data unit is a multimedia data structure determined a priori. A paradigmatic case is the model presented in [43], where visual aspects of images are treated at the symbolic level as semantic properties, and visual similarity is not provided by the model s query language. Incidentally, this view of MIR has been pursued also by relying on a description logic as modelling tool [28] As already argued, our ....

S. Marcus and V. Subrahmanian. Foundations of multimedia information systems. Journal of the ACM, 43(3):474--523, 1996.

....image: features are extracted and stored in the database. Moving objects (e.g. a man running) are extracted from the video. 4 G. AMATO, G. MAINETTO AND P. SAVINO Systems and approaches that belong to the third category are OVID [31] CORE [40] Infoscopes [26] SCORE [2] Marcus and Subrahamanian [29], and those based on the work of Yoshitaka et al. 41] OVID. The OVID video database system [31] uses a schemaless approach based on so called video objects (VOs) represented by a tuple structured value, where references to other VOs can also be present. A partial order (is a hierarchy) is ....

....be combined and that can make use of a notion of relevant feedback, is used to formulate the similarity query. SCORE allows fuzzy matching of attribute values, imprecise matching of non spatial relationships, and a controlled deduction process of spatial relationships. Marcus and Subrahmanian. In [29] a logic framework is described. Their approach allows heterogeneous media types to be integrated by introducing the so called media instances . The purpose of a media instance is to abstract away specific physical aspects of media data and to provide a glue to integrate them into a common ....

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S. Marcus and V.S. Subrahmanian. Foundations of Multimedia Information Systems. Journal of the ACM, 1996.

....= IMAGE OR WebObject.objectType = VIDEO ) AND WebObject.label = Clinton The CER diagram in Figure 5 does not completely distinguish between the different kinds of web objects. It uniformly 18 abstracts all the different type of web objects. This is similar to the approach in [MS96] and the detailed abstraction in it ( MS96] can be easily added to Figure 5. To distinguish between different kinds of web objects we can introduce various subclasses to the class of web objects. This is modeled as a CER diagram in Figure 6. These subclasses may have abstractions and methods ....

....= VIDEO ) AND WebObject.label = Clinton The CER diagram in Figure 5 does not completely distinguish between the different kinds of web objects. It uniformly 18 abstracts all the different type of web objects. This is similar to the approach in [MS96] and the detailed abstraction in it ([MS96]) can be easily added to Figure 5. To distinguish between different kinds of web objects we can introduce various subclasses to the class of web objects. This is modeled as a CER diagram in Figure 6. These subclasses may have abstractions and methods specifically applicable to them. In Figure 6 we ....

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S. Marcus and V. S. Subrahmanian. Foundations of multimedia information systems. JACM, May 1996.

....using nodecodes to find and extract paths along a presentation graph (or a DAG) with queries using X , C and U . The nodecode system is curretly being implemented as part of VStore. 8 Related Work Querying multimedia information systems has been a popular research area. Marcus and Subrahmanian [MaSu 96] define the notion of a structured multimedia database system (SMDS) which is built on a set of media instances. Each media instance consists of states (video clips, audio tracks) features (content objects) and their properties, and relationships between these features. Media instances can be ....

Marcus, S., Subrahmanian, V.S., "Foundation of Multimedia Information Systems",Journal of the ACM, vol. 43, no. 3, May, 1996.

....position within a picture. The position is relative to the image. An image may be divided into 9 regions, such as northWest, SouthEast, Center etc. If two attribute values indicate the same region or neighboring regions, they are similar. Otherwise, they are in conflict. The extended FBQL [MS95] has a special feature for supporting fuzzy queries. It provides a method of relaxing a query when the original query does not have an answer (i.e, returning empty) Intuitively, if there are two features f 1 and f 2 , then f 1 f 2 indicates that feature f 1 is considered to be a subfeature of ....

....query which searches a collection of algebraic nodes for video expressions that match query. An algebraic node provides a means of abstraction by which video expressions can be named, stored, and manipulated as units while a query is a boolean combination of attributes. The latest work on FBQL [MS95] has shown that all the algebraic composition operators in the algebraic video system can be expressed as constrained queries in the FBQL system. 3 Research Issues In this section we discuss open problems in multimedia query languages. We will concentrate on the generalization and formalization ....

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S. Marcus and V. S. Subrahmanian. Foundations of multimedia information systems. In S. Jajodia and V. S. Subrahmanian, editors, Multimedia Database Systems: Issues and Research Directions. Springer Verlag, November 1995.

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Marcus S, Subrahmanian VS (1996a) Foundations of multimedia information systems. J ACM 43(3):474--523

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S. Marcus and V.S. Subrahmanian. Foundations of multimedia information systems. Journal of ACM, 43(3):474--523, 1996. Mehmet Emin Donderler et al.

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Marcus, S. and V. Subrahmanian: 1996, `Foundations of Multimedia Information Systems'. Journal of ACM 43(3), 474--523.

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S. Marcus and V.S. Subrahmanian, Foundations of multi-media information systems, J. ACM, To appear.

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