Whittaker, S. Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 42 (1995), 501-529  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... attempts to build tools to support informal communication focused on audio and video environments [1, 4, 7, 19] However, these attempts have not been widely adopted for several reasons, including the lack of support for core user tasks, cost, privacy concerns, and implementation difficulties [1, 9, 10, 20]. Instant Messaging (IM) in contrast, has become of great interest to the CSCW community because it is a tool that successfully supports informal communication [5, 6, 13, 14] Nardi et al. 14] for example, reported cases where IM was preferred to informal FTF conversation because it is less ....

Whittaker, S. (1995). Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 42, 501-529.

....plays an important role in outcomes will be higher. Some obvious and rather important examples would include video conferencing. Our results are consistent with those of other studies that have shown that low video quality inhibits non verbal communication in video conferencing (e.g. [6,11]) For example, Monk and Watts found that low quality video caused speech between participants to be more formal [6] Having established that network QoS can affect outcomes in multimedia applications, we need now to investigate a wider range of network topologies and load conditions to identify ....

Whittaker, S. Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications. International Journal of HumanComputer Studies, 42, 501--529, t995. 168

....co operation and collaboration between people distributed in time and or space. In doing so, it has been suggested that the resulting applications should be understood not merely as technology to emulate traditional face to face meetings, but rather as an entirely new medium for group work [17, 34]. This implies that research on group support system (GSS) should not just provide support for current work practices, but enable possibilities beyond those utilised today. However, when moving into new territories it is important to carefully examine how the displacement of face to face work ....

Whittaker, S., "Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communication: Theory and design implementations", International Journal of HumanComputer Studies, Vol. 42,

.... Working Area Paper document Electronic documents Figure 1: Architecture of a Natural User Interface. The set up of several parallel input channels makes it possible to communicate multiple views to remote partners, such as a 3D face view [17] and a view of shared work objects [20]. Multimedia output is provided by a) the vertical display, b) the projection device illuminating the working area, and c) a multichannel audio system. Free space in the communication area can be used for other work (see Figure 1) Of course, traditional I O devices can be added on. As required by ....

Whittaker S: Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications. Intern. Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 42,

....of the users work taking place on the horizontal working area. There, virtual and physical objects are fully integrated. This set up of several parallel input channels allows to show multiple views to remote communication partners, such as a (3D) face view [42] and a view of shared work objects [49]. Multimedia output is provided through the vertical communication area display, the projection device from the top down to the working area and through the four loudspeakers, producing a spatial impression on the user. Free space in the communication area can be used for (content) work, too (see ....

Whittaker S: Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications. Intern. Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 42, 1995, pp. 501-529.

....kind of approach makes little sense for Mbone video what we should be asking is whether a certain quality (in terms of frame rate) is adequate for the task that is being engaged in. It is commonly asserted that low frame rate video is of little communicative benefit in videoconferencing (see [10] for a fuller discussion) however, in common with other researchers we have found that the psychological value of the video component is high [11] In addition, we have demonstrated that synchronisation between the audio and video streams begins to be perceived at frame rates as low as 8 10 ....

S. Whittaker, "Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications", International Journal of HumanComputer Studies, 42, 1995, 501-529.

.... Working Area Paper document Electronic documents Figure 1: Architecture of a Natural User Interface. The set up of several parallel input channels makes it possible to communicate multiple views to remote partners, such as a 3D face view [17] and a view of shared work objects [20]. Multimedia output is provided by a) the vertical display, b) the projection device illuminating the working area, and c) a multichannel audio system. Free space in the communication area can be used for other work (see Figure 1) Of course, traditional I O devices can be added. As required by ....

Whittaker S: Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications. Intern. Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 42,

.... Working Area Paper document Electronic documents Fig. 1: Architecture of a Natural User Interface The set up of several parallel input channels makes it possible to communicate multiple views to remote partners, such as a) a 3D face view [18] and b) a view of shared work objects [21]. Multimedia output is provided by a) the vertical display, b) the projection device illuminating the working area, and c) a quadraphonic audio system. Free space in the communication area can be used for other work (see Fig. 1) Of course, traditional I O devices can be added on. As required by ....

Whittaker S: Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications. Intern. Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 42, 1995, pp. 501-529.

....public lounge areas with a permanent open video and audio link. The two laboratories are approximately 15 km apart. The settings have been in operation since February 1996. Whether video s most important benefit is to support non verbal communication or not is a debate we will not enter into here [27]. However, the particular form of communication that matters for the VideoCaf informal Figure 1: The use of multiple camera views in the first VideoCafe set up. communication is a rich form of communication by its very nature. It has hence been one of the VideoCaf assumptions that by ....

Whittaker S.., "Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications", Int. Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 42, 1995

....must be made at the right point in a discussion if the group is to understand their relevance (Boden, 1994) Team members need to be able to break in when they have something to say. Visual cues are frequently used for turn taking (Kendon, 1967) and turntaking is different without them (Whittaker, 1995). Current technologies have difficulty conveying the visual cues for turn taking well. Some video based technologies interfere with close turn taking (for instance, videoconferencing, O Conaill, Whittaker, Wilbur, 1993) especially if the video is delayed compared to the audio (Anderson et al. ....

.... interfere with close turn taking (for instance, videoconferencing, O Conaill, Whittaker, Wilbur, 1993) especially if the video is delayed compared to the audio (Anderson et al. 1997; O Conaill et al. 1993) Users also often choose to ignore video pictures of their conversational partners (Whittaker, 1995). Whether users fail to use the video for turn taking cues or simply cannot see them well enough, one danger of using the technology is that it will restrict the interaction which occurs and thereby reduce team coordination. The social presence supported by a technology is the degree to which it ....

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WHITTAKER, S. (1995). Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications. International Journal of HumanComputer Studies, 42, 501-529.

....the user activity taking place in the horizontal working area. In this very area, virtual and physical objects are fully integrated. The use of several parallel input channels makes it possible to communicate multiple views to remote partners, such as 3D face images [22] and shared work objects [24]. Multimedia output as shown in Fig. 2 is provided by a) a vertical display for the communication and working area, b) a projection device illuminating the horizontal working area, and c) a multichannel audio system. Of course, traditional input output devices can be added. As required by ....

Whittaker S: Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications. Intern. Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 42, 1995, pp. 501-529.

....activities. Although the above discussion addressing the value of face to face video is an important line of investigation and one that continues need of resolution, video as data under many conditions is a more germane line of inquiry. Others are beginning to advocate this very position (Whittaker, 1995; Ramsay, Barabesi, and Preece, 1996) Video as data focuses on video images of shared workspace and objects that considerably extend the shared context provided by talking heads video. Several researchers have shown the value of videoas data in industrial and medical applications. For example, ....

....shared context provided by talking heads video. Several researchers have shown the value of videoas data in industrial and medical applications. For example, video has been used to monitor remote locations of industrial plant operations (Tani, Yamaashi, Tanikoshi, Futakawa, and Tanifuji, 1992) Whittaker (1995) and Nardi et al. 1993) have demonstrated the value of video for surgical teams when coordinating operating room activities. Even though we have argued that video asdata has enormous potential for supporting CSCW and is more pertinent than talking heads video in many circumstances, the fact ....

Whittaker, S. (1995). Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications 28 theory and design implications. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 42, 501-529.

....image poses (see Figure 3) and we hypothesize that people s judgement of availability will vary with these poses. Answering this question has implications for understanding exactly what awareness information we should be capturing, transmitting, and displaying to others. For example, Whittaker [19] presents pitfalls that users experienced with video based awareness systems: the answer to these questions could help designers predict failures and successes occur. 4. Methods 4.1 Participants Research participants were sixty five university people, all with some computer experience. 4.2 ....

Whittaker, S. (1995) Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 42, p501-529.

....of continuous multimedia communications technologies [5] They contrast this with multimedia support for isolated interactions. Talking heads designs for video supported communication have been subject to considerable criticism in recent years, with video as data models promoted in their place [19]. There is evidence to suggest that seeing the physical aspects of joint activity (manipulating, pointing etc. or person in place, simply presents a different kind of value than seeing a person s face [17] In other words, the value of transmitted images has more to do with their objective ....

Whittaker, S. Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 42, (1995), pp. 501-529.

....continues to grow, any means of reducing the information being sent along it should be sought. Synchronisation between the audio and video is not common, and lip synchronisation is not considered feasible at low frame rates. The utility of low frame rate video has been called into question (see [7] for a discussion of this issue) but observations from field trials indicate that even very low frame rate video has a communicative benefit [10] However, assessing this observation in qualitative and quantitative terms is not straightforward. There is much evidence that the perception of audio ....

....from field trials indicate that even very low frame rate video has a communicative benefit [10] However, assessing this observation in qualitative and quantitative terms is not straightforward. There is much evidence that the perception of audio can be improved by the presence of a video image [7], but this is likely to be linked to the task at hand [8] For example, in multimedia conferences it is often the case that participants attention is focused on the shared electronic workspace, and this will obviously have an effect on the perceived utility and or quality of the video. The ....

Whittaker, S. (1995). Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communication. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 42, 501-529.

....good the quality was or how severe the impairment is when the normal standard of comparison is TV quality. It has been suggested that the main use of the video link in these types of conference is psychological, and evaluation of video has often concentrated on the kinds of interaction it supports (Whittaker, 1995). However, it is of importance to gain an understanding of how the quality of the image interacts with and affects speech comprehension, especially in view of the fact that distance education is likely to become one of the major uses of multimedia conferencing over the Internet. Forced choice ....

....be gained. 6.1.2 Assessing the video component The video component of a conferencing system is often assessed in terms of comparing a task outcome using audio only, audio and video, and face to face scenarios. There is much debate as to what, precisely, a visual channel adds to a conference (Whittaker, 1995). Given that the frame rate in a system such as ReLaTe would be slow, this question was of interest to the project: how was the video facility used However, conclusions could only be drawn through observation and interviews, since controlled study would not be possible. In addition it was of ....

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Whittaker, S. (1995): Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 42, 501-529.

....performance. The work within the CSCW community has focussed on the use of video in three different contexts 4 It is perhaps these extrinsic cues which explain why conferencing systems which do add value to personal communications may not be widely taken up, until picture quality is improved. [28]: Non verbal Communication In a face to face conversation, visual information is used in determining understanding, using cognitive cues such as head nods and visual attention, in determining turn taking and for communicating emotional state, using affective cues such as facial expression and ....

....In a face to face conversation, visual information is used in determining understanding, using cognitive cues such as head nods and visual attention, in determining turn taking and for communicating emotional state, using affective cues such as facial expression and posture. Whittaker in [28] surveys the existing work where typically, users working on a group task face to face are compared against groups using audio and video channels and solely audio channels. Whittaker concludes that video adds little or no value to task performance, and that audio is the main medium of ....

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Steve Whittaker, "Rethinking Video As a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications," Journal of Human-Computer Systems (To be published).

....theory, informal communication, computer mediated communication, outeraction. INTRODUCTION Recent empirical work has shown the importance of informal workplace communication for effective collaboration. By informal we mean interactions that are generally impromptu, brief, context rich and dyadic [16,34,35,36]. These interactions support joint problem solving, coordination, social bonding, and social learning all of which are essential for complex collaboration [16,17,19,20,23,24,34,35] This research demonstrates that face to face interaction is the primary means of informal communication in the ....

....for effective collaboration. By informal we mean interactions that are generally impromptu, brief, context rich and dyadic [16,34,35,36] These interactions support joint problem solving, coordination, social bonding, and social learning all of which are essential for complex collaboration [16,17,19,20,23,24,34,35]. This research demonstrates that face to face interaction is the primary means of informal communication in the workplace, though email is also gaining ground [18] In this paper, we document the utility of a technology which is relatively new to the workplace instant messaging for ....

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Whittaker, S. (1995). Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communication, International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 42, 501-529.

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Whittaker, S. Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 42 (1995), 501-529

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Whittaker, S. 1995. Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 42, pp 501-529.

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Whittaker, S. 1995. Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 42, pp 501-529.

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Whittaker, S. Rethinking video as a technology for interpersonal communications: theory and design implications. International Journal of Human-computer Studies. 1995 (42) 501-529

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