D. R. Engler and M. F. Kaashoek. Exterminate all operating system abstractions. In 5th HotOS, Orcas Island, WA, USA, May 1995.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....mask. The overhead is low for calling interface functions directly, and ncghgiblc for context switching, a higher level function composed out of nano kerncl primitives. 6 Related Work There have been many attempts at defining minimal kernel services in modern operating systems. MIT s Exokerncl[4] is intended as a minimal kernel that directly exposes the hardware capabilities of the machine, leaving traditional OS abstractions up to implementations in user level hbrarics. Lipto s[5] nugget is a truly minimal kernel , managing low level resource allocation mechanisms such as processor ....

D.R. Engler and M.F. Kaashoek. Exterminate All Operating System Abstractions. In Fifth Work- shop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, Orcas Island, WA, May 1995. IEEE Computer Society.

....Labs, is the first experiment in open operating system design for smart cards. The CAMILLE operating system aims to support the various hardware resources used in smart cards, without specializing abstractions. The architecture is very similar to the MIT Exo Kernel principles and concepts [5]. CAMILLE provides four basic characteristics for applications: security, extensibility, interoperability, and portability. Embedded code is expressed using a dedicated intermediate language called FAC ADE [7] but source code can be written using several widespread languages. Translators are ....

D. R. Engler and M. F. Kaashoek. Exterminate All Operating System Abstractions. In the 5 IEEE Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, Orcas Island, USA, 1995.

....concept which may be used by a file system to group related data [43] In that work, the GFS file system uses sub pools to separate journaled meta data and normal user data. Exposing each disk of a storage system to the file system is an extension of the arguments made by Engler and Kaashoek [12]. Therein, the authors argue that software abstractions made by operating systems are fundamentally problematic, as they are often too high level and thus may limit power and functionality. The authors advocate a solution of exposing all hardware features to the user. Missing from this argument ....

D. R. Engler and M. F. Kaashoek. Exterminate All Operating System Abstractions. In The Fifth Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS V), Orcas Island, WA, May 1995.

....of components and can take many forms, as an association between a name and a reference or a more complex structure, like a remote communication channel. In Think, exible bindings are the core of the framework. Second, the approach followed by Think is conform to exokernel philosophy [EK95] do not impose system abstractions like memory management but instead provide interfaces that export hardware resources. The interfaces do not extend hardware functionalities, only strict hardware functions are rei ed in software objects. Some standard abstractions are provided by a library, but ....

Dawson R. Engler and M. Frans Kaashoek. Exterminate all operating system abstractions. In Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, May 1995.

.... aimed at running parallel applications on NUMA clusters [ABB 93a, ABB 94] For a time, the Exokernel group held the philosophy that the OS kernel boundary could also be the boundary between protection (implemented in kernel mode) and abstraction (implemented in user mode shared libraries) EK95, MK97, KEG 97] They have since backed away from that position, I believe, because they discovered that abstraction and protection can be intertwined. Sometimes you need to specify protection in terms of an abstraction, like protecting files in a filesystem, rather than blocks on a disk. ....

Dawson R. Engler and M. Frans Kaashoek. Exterminate all operating system abstractions. In Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS), pages 78--83, 1995.

.... ExOS is a library operating system (libos) for Xok which provides a unix like environment, including fork based process creation, inter process signals, pipes and sockets [Kaashoek97] 29 Proponents of exokernels give three reasons for providing applications with low level resource access [Engler95] Firstly, an application may take advantage of hardware advances without requiring that the kernel be upgraded. Secondly, an application may gain improved performance by tailoring policies to its own requirements for example page replacement in a virtual memory system. Finally, designing ....

....one common rationale for the systems presented here the Xok exokernel, Nemesis, spin and Fluke is that they can allow policy decisions to be deferred until much later in development than with traditional monolithic designs. Engler argues an extreme version of this case in his workshop paper [Engler95] As we have seen, these policies typically relate to managing resources that must ultimately be controlled by code operating in privileged mode. Thus although many decisions can be delegated to untrusted code within applications some form of policing must be performed on the resulting decision ....

Dawson R. Engler and M. Frans Kaashoek. Exterminate all operating system abstractions. In Proceedings of the fifth Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS-V), pages 78--83, 1995. (pp 30, 38)

....been invested. As a result, modifying an operating system is a difficult, costly, and often impractical endeavor. In an extreme but perhaps realistic view, some researchers have noted that traditional operating systems are so rigid that to most the OS is simply hardware masquerading as software [14]. Viewing the operating system as an immutable object is clearly at odds with the bulk of operating systems research, which seeks to develop and integrate new ideas into operating systems themselves. Thus, to reduce the e#orts required to change the OS, a large body of research has investigated ....

D. Engler and M. Kaashoek. Exterminate All Operating System Abstractions. In Proceedings of 5th Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, 1995.

....been resolved by virtue of the fact that most of the operating system code executes within the library and only rarely needs to invoke the kernel s services. Furthermore, the Exokernel in particular has made impressive optimisations of this communication channel to offset the system call overhead [Engler,95a] 3.4.1.3 Runtime Extensibility Runtime extensible systems are able to support both dynamically changing environments and dynamically changing workloads. In addition, the protection issues over downloaded kernel code have largely been resolved by a number of software based techniques that ....

Engler, D., Kaashoek, M.F., "Exterminate All Operating System Abstractions". Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HOTOS'95), Orcas Island WA, U.S.A., May 1995.

....like virtual memory, processes, or file systems, to ease the development of applications. The programmer can use these abstractions to avoid coping directly with the hardware, which is usually a tedious work. However, monolithic kernels are often considered as bulky, poorly evolutive and slow [3] by kernel developers who have been trying to find alternative solutions for more than 30 years [4] 1.1 Micro kernels The micro kernel architecture [5] has been proposed to improve the portability, the modularity and the evolutivity of standard kernels. A micro kernel includes the basic ....

Dawson R. Engler and M. Frans Kaashoek. Exterminate All Operating System Abstractions. Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, May 1995.

....systems aspects. We now complete this discussion by highlighting other key properties we seek. As a group, we believe that next generation middleware should: provide seamless access to middleware, operating system and possibly network functionality (c.f. trends in OS design such as Exokernel [6], trends in network development [17] etc) promote language independence in that components generally (both within and above the traditional middleware boundary) should not be tied to any specific language, but instead should honour the constraints imposed by the component model; ....

R. Engler Dawson, M. Frans Kaashoek, "Exterminate All Operating System Abstractions", in Proceedings of 5 th Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, IEEE Society, 1995

....completely different operating system. Since all of the typical services and abstractions are implemented within user level libraries, the term library operating system has emerged to describe systems of this nature. Two examples of systems supporting the library operating system concept are Aegis [21 23] and the Cache Kernel [11] The approaches taken by these systems are quite different and will be described separately. 4.3.1 The Exo Kernel Approach The philosophy behind exo kernels, as typified by Aegis, is that abstracting over the hardware resources is the wrong approach for an operating ....

D.R. Engler and M.F. Kaashoek. "Exterminate All Operating System Abstractions", in Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, Orcas Island, WA, 1995.

....mask. The overhead is low for calling interface functions directly, and negligible for context switching, a higher level function composed out of nano kernel primitives. 6 Related Work There have been many attempts at defining minimal kernel services in modern operating systems. MIT s Exokernel[4] is intended as a minimal kernel that directly exposes the hardware capabilities of the machine, leaving traditional OS abstractions up to implementations in user level libraries. Lipto s[5] nugget is a truly minimal kernel , managing low level resource allocation mechanisms such as processor ....

D.R. Engler and M.F. Kaashoek. Exterminate All Operating System Abstractions. In Fifth Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, Orcas Island, WA, May 1995. IEEE Computer Society.

.... table, allowing Plan 9 users to freely configure and distribute their resources around the cluster [PPT 93, PPD 95] The SPACE kernel less system and the Exokernel push large amounts of functionality out of the kernel into user mode, where users can provide alternate abstractions [PB95, EK95, KEG 97] In Fluke, the system is composed of recursive virtual machines. Therefore, rather than allocate resources from the administrator, users receive a complete virtual machine, and configure it as they please [FS96, FHL 96] 8 Summary We have described the design and implementation ....

Dawson R. Engler and M. Frans Kaashoek. Exterminate all operating system abstractions. In Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS), pages 78--83, 1995.

....mandated in advance. The provision of abstractions suffers from the problems discussed above. Which abstractions to provide Why How can one be so sure one has the right set Our view is very much in line with that of Dawson Engler and Frans Kaashoek with regard to operating systems abstractions[4]: system enforced abstractions prevent application programmers getting a useful picture of the runtime environment. Developers should be free to choose the abstractions which best suit their application. We would add two refinements to their argument: Firstly, any system will inevitably provide ....

D. R. Engler and M. F. Kaashoek. Exterminate all operating system abstractions. In Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS-V), pages 78--83, Orcas Island, Washington, May 1995. IEEE Computer Society.

....interface to the environment, a TS could be tightly coupled to the environment. For example, the TS could be absorbed into the operating system of the computing environment. Alternatively, the TS could take over from the operating system some of the responsibility for the computing environment [Exokernel] 2.11.2 The Dependencies between Tasks Each task of an application consists of an arbitrarily large and sophisticated set of items. Since each of its tasks has a very simple set of items, the classic application may be served by a rudimentary TS. Other applications require a more general TS. ....

Dawson R. Engler and M. Frans Kaashoek. "Exterminate All Operating System Abstractions", in Proceedings of HotOS V, Orcas Island, WA, USA, May 1995. (This and other exokernel information is available at http://pdos.lcs.mit.edu/~engler).

....An evaluation of the integration s success is provided; engineering effort involved is quantified, preliminary performance results are presented, and the completeness of integration of the exokernel interface is discussed. 7 1. 1 The Problem The idea of an exokernel was proposed three years ago [2], and in that time three research operating systems based on the idea have been built. Exokernels strive to expose hardware to applications to the greatest degree possible, while maintaining protection between processes. This affords the application greater flexibility and control than ....

Dawson R. Engler and M. Frans Kaashoek. Exterminate All Operating System Abstractions. In Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS-V), pages 78--83, Orcas Island, Washington, May 1995.

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D. R. Engler and M. F. Kaashoek. Exterminate all operating system abstractions. In 5th HotOS, Orcas Island, WA, USA, May 1995.

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D. R. Engler and M. F. Kaashoek. Exterminate all operating system abstractions. In Proc. HotOS-V, May 1995.

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Dawson R. Engler and M. Frans Kaashoek. Exterminate All Operating System Abstractions. Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, May 1995.

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D. R. Engler and M. F. Kaashoek. Exterminate All Operating System Abstractions. In the 5 IEEE Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, Orcas Island, USA, 1995.

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D. R. Engler and M. F. Kaashoek. Exterminate all operating system abstractions. In Proc. HotOS-V, May 1995.

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D.R. Engler and M.F. Kaashoek, "Exterminate All Operating System Abstractions," Proceedings Fifth Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS-V), Orcas Island, Washington, 4-5 May 1995, pp. 78-83. Available at http://www.pdos.lcs.mit.edu/~engler/hotos-jeremiad.ps 76

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D. R. Engler and M. F. Kaashoek. Exterminate All Operating System Abstractions. In the 5 IEEE Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, Orcas Island, USA, 1995.

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D. R. Engler and M. F. Kaashoek. Exterminate All Operating System Abstractions. In the 5 IEEE Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, Orcas Island, USA, 1995.

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D. R. Engler and M. F. Kaashoek. Exterminate All Operating System Abstractions. In Proceedings of the 5th IEEE Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS), pages 78--85, 1995.

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