A. Avizienis, "Toward systematic design of fault-tolerant systems," IEEE Computer, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 51--58, Apr. 1997.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....operations are frequently responsible for performance bottlenecks so are often implemented using parallel processing in a high level of circuit integration. It is widely recognised that an essential feature of such implementations is the incorporation of some level of fault tolerance (see [1] for a review of the history of fault tolerance and a current perspective by the originator of the concept) Algorithm based fault tolerance (ABFT) 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17] may be viewed as a generalization of the classical error control applied in telecommunications. For a given ....

Avizienis, A. Toward systematic design of fault tolerant systems, IEEE Computer, 30, No. 4 (1997), 51--58.

....years later: FTPP [5] MAFT [6] and the architectural concepts of the AIRBUS flight control system [7] In 1992 the first paper on SAFEbus [8] the architecture that was later deployed in the Boeing 777 aircraft for flight control, became available. In excellent publications by Lala [9] Avizienis [10], and the books by Rechtin [11] and Laprie [12] the fundamental concepts and architectural principles for the design of dependable systems are clarified at about that time. For example, Lala states that field experience with approximate voting was not at all satisfying. At about the same time a ....

A. Avizienis. Toward Systematic Design of Fault-Tolerant Systems. IEEE Computer, 30(4):51--58, 1997.

....all possible onboard conditions in an unsurveyed deep space environment; thus, an upgraded embedded software component can never be guaranteed to have ultra high reliability. There have been cases in which unprotected software upgrades or evolution caused severe damage to space missions (see [2, 3], for example) and the necessity of devising methods for dependable software upgrading was further exemplified by MCI WorldCom s recent 10 day frame relay outage [4] The outage began August 5, 1999, four weeks after a scheduled upgrade to a new switching software intended to allow the network to ....

A. Avizienis, "Towards systematic design of fault-tolerant systems," IEEE Computer, vol. 30, pp. 51--58, Apr. 1997.

....or modification of a spacecraft science function. Unprotected software upgrades may cause severe damage to a mission. For example, NASA experienced a gap in fault protection on April 10, 1981, when a timely synchronization check was omitted after the addition of an alternate reentry program [2]. As a result, the first flight of the US space shuttle program was aborted 19 minutes before launch. The risk of unprotected software upgrade is further exemplified by The work reported in this paper was supported in part by Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Contract NAS3 99125 from Jet ....

A. Avizienis, "Towards systematic design of fault-tolerant systems," IEEE Computer, vol. 30, pp. 51--58, Apr. 1997.

....the future NASA missions. Other types of deficiency in software upgrading may even cause more severe damages to a mission. For example, NASA experienced a gap in fault protection on April 10, 1981, when a timely synchronization check was omitted after the addition of an alternate reentry program [4]. As a result, the first flight of the US space shuttle program was aborted 19 minutes The work reported in this paper was supported in part by Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Contract NAS399125 from Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. before ....

A. Avizienis, "Towards systematic design of fault-tolerant systems," IEEE Computer, vol. 30, pp. 51--58, Apr. 1997.

....the concept of self nonself discrimination. Cells of the body define self, anything else nonself. IV. BIO INSPIRED FAULT TOLERANCE The similarities in requirements imposed on reliable hardware systems and those already achieved by the vertebrate immune system were first highlighted by Avizienis [7]: Distributed detection, autonomous operation, diversity, memory, and imperfect detection are all achieved by the vertebrate immune system and ideal for a hardware immune system. Many features are already applied to reliable system design. Embryonics has demonstrated one approach to distributed ....

A.Avizienis, "Towards Systematic Design of Fault-Tolerant Systems", IEEE Computer, Vol. 30:4, pp. 51-58, April 1997.

....hazardous external influences, such as bacterial and viral infections. The immune system effectively differentiates between cells of the body (self) and foreign antigens (non self) A similar requirement exists in the design and implementation of reliable hardware systems, as noted by Avizienis [1]. Immune inspired fault tolerance seeks to develop these ideas and suggest novel methods of reliable system design [25] 23] 2] 4] The following sections of the paper discuss the relevant analogies between the immune system and hardware fault tolerance then discuss the ongoing development ....

....a previously stored valid state, forward error recovery can make selective corrections to the current state until an acceptable state is reached. The immune system suggests alternative ways of implementing these requirements. Based upon the fundamental attributes of the immune system presented in [1] and discussed in [4] the following five key analogies can be summarised: # The immune system functions continuously and autonomously. In a mapping to hardware, the analogy is that of fault detection and removal without the need for software support. # Immune cells are distributed throughout ....

A. Avizienis. Towards Systematic Design of FaultTolerant Systems. IEEE Computer, 30(4):51--58, April 1997.

.... constructing the immune system, only contains 10 5 genes, and further, that the immune system is distributed throughout the body with no central organ to control it [31] The immune system possesses several unique features that are of particular interest in the design of fault tolerant systems [32][33] It functions continuously and autonomously using its own network of lymphatic vessels independent of other systems in the body. The cellular defence mechanisms are distributed throughout the body to serve all the organs. The hardware equivalent suggests distributed fault detection ....

A. Avizienis, "Towards Systematic Design of FaultTolerant Systems", IEEE Computer, Vol. 30-4, pp.51-58, April 1997

....highly reliable because of self diagnosis and self healing mechanisms that work ceaselessly throughout the body. To borrow the main principles sustaining these mechanisms and applying them to the design of electronic systems could result in a new approach for the design of fault tolerant systems [2]. Incorporating fault tolerance to cellular arrays implies the mapping of a logical array onto a physical non faulty array; i.e. every logical cell must have a correspondent physical cell. When faults arise, a mechanism must be provided for reconfiguring the physical array such that the remaining ....

Avizienis A., Toward Systematic Design of Fault-Tolerant Systems , IEEE Computer, April 1997, Computer Society Press, pp. 51-58

....were proposed by Eriksson (1997) For a comparison between event and time triggered systems (where the latter is taken also to include off line scheduling) see Kopetz (1991) 2.2. 2 Error detection and handling Design for dependability involves several difficult decisions and trade offs, Avizienis (1997) how much to spend on fault avoidance vs. fault tolerance . how to structure (partition) the system to satisfy performance, functionality, safety, reliability and other requirements . Which strategy to use for system wide coordinated error detection and recovery This includes ....

Avizienis (1997). Toward Systematic Design of Fault-Tolerant Systems. IEEE Computer, April 1997.

.... the most comprehensive effort to develop the methodology of multi version software design was carried out by Algirdas Avizienis and his colleagues at UCLA starting in the 1970s ( Avizienis 85A] Avizienis 85B] Avizienis 86] Avizienis 88] Avizienis 89] Avizienis 95A] Avizienis 95B] Avizienis 97] Although focused mainly on software, their research considered the use of design diversity concepts for other aspects of systems like the operating system, the hardware, and the user interfaces. Avizienis 95B] presents a design methodology for multi version software that considers the full ....

Algirdas Avizienis, Toward Systematic Design of Fault-Tolerant Systems, Computer, April 1997, pp. 51 -- 58.

....based on the challenge of designing reliable systems from unreliable components resulted in the notion of fault tolerance. Even after years of fault tolerant system research, the provision of dependable systems is still a very costly process limited to only the most critical of situations [1]. The typical approach is through the use of redundancy where functions are replicated by n versions of protected hardware. Embryonics is taking this a stage further through the cellular organisation and replication of hardware elements [4] 13] The biological approach to fault tolerance is in ....

....human immune system protects the body from invaders, preventing the onset of chemical and cellular imbalances that may affect the reliable operation of the body. Similarities between the human immune system and the requirements of fault tolerant system design were first highlighted by Avizienis [1] who noted the potential analogies between hardware fault tolerance and the immune system. Use of the immune system as an approach to fault tolerance within systems was first noted and demonstrated in [17] for the design and operation of reliable software systems. 3 Key Immunological Features ....

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A. Avizienis. Towards Systematic Design of Fault-Tolerant Systems. IEEE Computer, 30(4):51--58, April 1997.

....highly reliable because of self diagnosis and self healing mechanisms that work ceaselessly throughout the body. To borrow the main principles sustaining these mechanisms and applying them to the design of electronic systems could result in a new approach for the design of fault tolerant systems [2]. Incorporating fault tolerance to cellular arrays implies the mapping of a logical array onto a physical non faulty array; i.e. every logical cell must have a correspondent physical cell. When faults arise, a mechanism must be provided for reconfiguring the physical array such that the remaining ....

Avizienis A., "Toward Systematic Design of Fault-Tolerant Systems", IEEE Computer, April 1997, Computer Society Press, pp. 51-58

....Artificial Life studies. The goal is to understand the emergent behaviours observed in natural cellular systems. To borrow the main principles sustaining these mechanisms and applying them to the design of electronic systems could result in a new approach for the design of fault tolerant systems [1]. In hardware redundancy physical spare components are used to replace the faulty ones. Most hardware redundancy reconfiguration techniques rely on a central processor performing the diagnosis of the cells and executing the algorithms to reconfigure the array in case of failure [2] An ....

Avizienis A., "Toward Systematic Design of Fault-Tolerant Systems", IEEE Computer, April 1997, Computer Society Press, pp. 51-58

....it is necessary to look for new methodologies and strategies to deal with complex systems. One approach is the refinement of traditional design techniques, but the techniques themselves are becoming too complex to be considered error free. Evidently, we have to look somewhere else for the answers [2]. Nature offers to us some remarkable examples of how to deal with complexity and its associated unreliability. For example, the human body is one of the most complex systems ever known. Local failures are common, but the overall function of our organism is highly reliable because of the ....

Avizienis A.: "Toward Systematic Design of Fault-Tolerant Systems", IEEE Computer, April, 1997, Computer Society Press, pp. 51-58

....reliable because of self diagnosis and self healing mechanisms that work ceaselessly throughout our bodies. To borrow the main principles that sustain this mechanisms and applying them to the design of electronic systems, could result in a new approach for the design of fault tolerant systems [2]. Of particular interest for our research are the fault tolerance attributes of massively parallel processing networks or processor arrays, like cellular automata or artificial neural networks. In this approach the knowledge is distributed throughout multiple processing elements, therefore, if ....

Avizienis A., "Toward Systematic Design of Fault-Tolerant Systems", Computer, April, 1997, pp. 51-58

....operations are frequently responsible for performance bottlenecks so are often implemented using parallel processing in a high level of circuit integration. It is widely recognised that an essential feature of such implementations is the incorporation of some level of fault tolerance (see [1] for a review of the history of fault tolerance and a current perspective by the originator of the concept) Algorithm based fault tolerance (ABFT) 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17] may be viewed as a generalization of the classical error control applied in telecommunications. For a given ....

Avizienis, A. Toward systematic design of fault tolerant systems, IEEE Computer, 30, No. 4 (1997), 51--58.

....Call for Participation of ISW 2000 defines information survivability as the ability of a system to continue to fulfill its mission in the presence of attacks, accidents, or failures . This position paper presents two concepts: the design diversity technique [1, 2] and the immune system paradigm [3] that already have been found to be useful in assuring the dependability of mission critical information systems. The above concepts as well as the concept of fault tolerance [3, 4] have originated in the research that the author and his associates have conducted since 1960 [5] The research has ....

....This position paper presents two concepts: the design diversity technique [1, 2] and the immune system paradigm [3] that already have been found to be useful in assuring the dependability of mission critical information systems. The above concepts as well as the concept of fault tolerance [3, 4] have originated in the research that the author and his associates have conducted since 1960 [5] The research has shown that these concepts have the potential to enhance information survivability in the presence of attacks as well [6 9] Our goal at ISW 2000 is to bring the potential usefulness ....

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A. Avizienis. Toward systematic design of faulttolerant systems. Computer, 30(4):51--58, April 1997.

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A. Avizienis, "Toward systematic design of fault-tolerant systems," IEEE Computer, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 51--58, Apr. 1997.

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