Paris, C. and Vander Linden, K. (1996) DRAFTER: an interactive support tool for writing multilingual instructions. IEEE Computer 29(7):49--56.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....tutoring and advisory systems; intelligent user sensitive explanations; generation of documents which automatically conform to certain style and language standards. We can distinguish two types of NLG systems: Static: systems that generate static texts (e.g. technical documentation [Paris Linden 96] Interactive (dynamic) systems that generate explanations or dialogues in an interactive environment. In the latter case the user may be able to formulate follow up questions (e.g. Moore 95] to request additional information or clarification of a given explanation. 4.2.3.1 Generation ....

C. Paris and K. V. Linden. DRAFTER: An Interactive Support Tool for Writing Multilingual Instructions. IEEE Computer, Special Issue on Interactive NLP, July 1996.

....tutoring and advisory systems; ffl intelligent user sensitive explanations; ffl generation of documents which automatically conform to certain style and language standards. We can distinguish two types of NLG systems: Static: systems that generate static texts (e.g. technical documentation [Paris Linden 96] Interactive (dynamic) systems that generate explanations or dialogues in an interactive environment. In the latter case the user may be able to formulate follow up questions (e.g. Moore 95] to request additional information or clarification of a given explanation. 4.2.3.1 Generation ....

C. Paris and K. V. Linden. DRAFTER: An Interactive Support Tool for Writing Multilingual Instructions. IEEE Computer, Special Issue on Interactive NLP, July 1996.

....(multi sentential) natural language text, starting from an abstract nonlinguistic specification of its meaning. Examples are in the context of dialogues (see, e.g. Stock et al. 1991; 1993 ] of natural language instructions (see, e.g. Moore and Paris, 1993; Di Eugenio, 1994; 1998; Paris and Vander Linden, 1996a; 1996b ] of language translation (see, e.g. Dorr, 1992; Dorr and Voss, 1993; 1995; Knight et al. 1995; Quantz and Schmitz, 1994; Wahlster, 2000 ] or of multimedia presentations (see, e.g. Wahlster et al. 1993; Andre and Rist, 1995; Andre et al. 1996 ] The lexical and ....

.... in the knowledge base, the planner converts the text plans into a specialised non ambiguous representation of the semantic and syntactic information by taking into account the grammar of the target language necessary to select the appropriate target language terms [ Moore and Paris, 1993; Paris and Vander Linden, 1996b ] Natural Language Processing 13 ....

C. Paris and K. Vander Linden. DRAFTER: An interactive support tool for writing multilingual instructions. IEEE Computer, pages 49--56, July 1996.

....coherent (multi sentential) natural language text, starting from an abstract nonlinguistic speci cation of its meaning. Examples are in the context of dialogues (see, e.g. Stock et al. 1991; 1993 ] of natural language instructions (see, e.g. Moore and Paris, 1993; Di Eugenio, 1994; 1998; Paris and Vander Linden, 1996a; 1996b ] of language translation (see, e.g. Dorr, 1992; Dorr and Voss, 1993; 1995; Knight et al. 1995; Quantz and Schmitz, 1994; Wahlster, 2000 ] or of multimedia presentations (see, e.g. Wahlster et al. 1993; Andr e and Rist, 1995; Andr e et al. 1996 ] The lexical and ....

....discourse) strategy. Using the lexical and conceptual information in the knowledge base, the planner converts the text plans into a specialised non ambiguous representation of the semantic and syntactic information, necessary to select the appropriate target language terms [ Moore and Paris, 1993; Paris and Vander Linden, 1996b ] Natural Language Processing 13 ....

C. Paris and K. Vander Linden. DRAFTER: An interactive support tool for writing multilingual instructions. IEEE Computer, pages 49-56, July 1996.

.... to help the user to learn how to perform a task [32] Other projects focused on the idea of generating, from a knowledge base, the main components of an instruction manual [34, 24] for instance, DRAFTER and ISOLDE s aim is to generate multilingual manuals from a unique knowledge base [27, 31, 17]. Some of these Projects start from an analysis of the manuals of some well known software products, to examine the types of information they include and the linguistic structure of each of them [15] By adopting the metaphor of emulating the ideal of having an expert on hand to answer ....

Paris, C. and Vander Linden K. DRAFTER: an interactive support tool for writing multilingual instructions. IEEE Computer, 29, 7, 1996.

....Table 5: Mapping between senses and rhetorical relations in execution, hybrid and comprehension texts. For example, an option is mapped 19 of the time to a ccondition in an execution text, 27 of the time in an hybrid text and 14 of the time in a comprehension text. presented Hartley and Paris (1996) have found that the communicative goal influences the linguistic realization of instructions in French; but does it also influence the rhetorical choice Table 5 shows how the senses in our corpus are presented in the 3 types of texts analyzed: execution, hybrid and comprehension texts. The ....

....the procedure to achieve a particular goal. To do this, it constructs a conceptual representation of the task using a nonlinear AI planner and a library of schemas of operators (Sacerdoti 1977) This technique is typically used in the generation of instructional texts (Mellish 1988; Dale 1992; Paris and Vander Linden 1996) because the structure of the resulting plans is hierarchical, similarly to the structure of the text. The result of this step is a treelike structure of operator schemas necessary to achieve the top level request. For example, given the top level request, record by OTR(object:X) and a library of ....

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Paris, C. and K. Vander Linden (1996, July). Drafter: An interactive support tool for writing multilingual instructions. IEEE Computer 29 (7), 49--56. (Special Issue on Interactive Natural Language Processing).

....of variation is a possible choice between English and German as target languages. HEALTHDOC [DHWW95] a collaborative effort together with the ongoing TECHDOC project 3 is working with texts for individualised patient education and has a special focus on stylistic variation. DRAFTER [PVL96] works with software instruction and experiments with an authoring approach. 7 Future work The integration of other knowledge sources like KIF Ontologies [GF92] into a corporate memory should be a great improvement. Investigations are on the way to determine whether they are useful to support ....

C'ecile Paris and Keith Vander Linden. DRAFTER: An Interactive Support Tool for Writing Multilingual Instructions. IEEE Computer, Special Issue on Interactive Natural Language Processing, July 1996.

....Figure 6: A comparison of analogue and digital computers generated by POWER 5 A proposal for Multilingual Generation 5. 1 The components of a multilingual dynamic generation system The kind of multilingual generation system we propose to implement will make use of current NLG techniques, as in Paris and Vander Linden (1996). Given an underlying language neutral knowledge source, text can be produced in several languages in parallel by providing the systems with the appropriate linguistic resources. In general, text for the same discourse goal but in different languages may vary in both in their discourse structures ....

....resources. In general, text for the same discourse goal but in different languages may vary in both in their discourse structures and in their surface realisations (vocabulary and syntax) As a result, the architecture for a multilingual generation system should allow for this variation, as in Paris and Vander Linden (1996). In some domains, however, it is possible, as a good approximation, to keep the discourse structure constant and vary only the surface realisations. This is what we intend to do in the proposed system. Thus the only agent within the NLG architecture which will need to change is the surface ....

Paris, C. and K. Vander Linden (1996, July). DRAFTER: An interactive support tool for writing multilingual instructions. IEEE Computer , 49--56.

....documentations, have developed sophisticated techniques for coordinating text and graphics. Even though there exists a multilingual version of the system, they have payed only little attention to issues of generality in domain modelling and to reusing or extending the knowledge bases. drafter [Paris and Vander Linden, 1996] is another project in automatic generation of multilingual instruction texts that employs support for authoring. Their emphasis has been on the role of the technical author in the production of technical documentation and on providing tools for drafting document structures. Only recently have ....

.... machine translation [Knight and Luk, 1994] and, in the area of knowledge based systems, on terminology extraction [Dagan and Church, 1994] Justeson and Katz, 1995] Efforts within the natural language generation community on knowledge acquisition are described in [Reiter et al. 1997] and [Paris and Vander Linden, 1996]. 7 Conclusions and Future Work We presented a novel approach to knowledge management by introducing the notion of documents as views on particular knowledge structures in a particular context; describing techniques for the acquisition of knowledge contained in documents; ....

C. Paris and K. Vander Linden. DRAFTER: An Interactive Support Tool for Writing Multilingual Instructions. IEEE Computer, Special Issue on Interactive Natural Language Processing, July 1996.

.... is constructed not from an existing text but from an underlying knowledge base, i.e. an underlying conceptual model, which must either pre exist or be constructed , e.g. Iordanskaja et al. 1991; Kittredge and Polgu ere, 1991; Rosner and Stede, 1991; Reiter et al. 1992; Paris et al. 1995; Paris and Vander Linden, 1996). Multilingual generation was originally viewed as a radical alternative to multilingual document production assisted by translation tools. In fact, in the light of the new developments in industry, its radicality lies less in its philosophy than in the fact that it offers the prospect of ....

....goal, thus providing the flexibility to produce several texts corresponding to the same set of instructions. This was illustrated in Figures 4 and 5. 10 We have recently completed a corpus analysis to uncover the differences in the linguistic realisations of the these two genres (Hartley and Paris, 1996). Multilingual Document Production 19 GammaEarly multilingual drafts: Because the document planning and the composition tasks are partially automated, it is possible to produce multilingual drafts for portions of the knowledge base as they are completed. GammaPropagation of changes: Because ....

Paris, C. and K. Vander Linden: 1996, `DRAFTER: An Interactive Support Tool for Writing Multilingual Instructions'. IEEE Computer.

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Paris, C. and Vander Linden, K. (1996) DRAFTER: an interactive support tool for writing multilingual instructions. IEEE Computer 29(7):49--56.

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