Wilcox, L. D., Schilit B. N. and Sawhney N. (1997): Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook. Proceedings of Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '97, 186-193, ACM Press.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... a tension between the advantages provided by computation and the advantages provided by paper: the choice depends on the reader s goals [22] We chose paper over e books for our domain because People clearly prefer reading on paper to reading on their PCs [23] Audio Notebook [26] and Dynomite [30] inspired our interest in using text as an interface to streamed media. Audio Notebook is a paper notebook that sits on top of an ink and audio capture device. As note takers write, ink is time associated with audio recorded at that time. Dynomite offers similar functionality, with an electronic ....

Wilcox, L.D., B.N. Schilit, and N. Sawhney. Dynomite: a dynamically organized ink and audio notebook. In Proceedings of Conference on Human Factors and Computing Systems. Atlanta, GA. pp. 186--193, March

....(Adapting Annotation Positions) 22 Annotating Frozen Documents Many annotation systems simply assume that annotated digital documents will never change. Adobe Acrobat Reader [Ado] and Microsoft eBook Reader [MER] are examples of this approach. Other systems such as NotePals [Not] Dynomite [WSS97] and XLibris [SPG98] have augmented traditional annotation of paper documents (which don t change) with computer support. In both types of systems, annotations are typically positioned using very simple means, such as character offsets, or page number plus an (x, y) position. The underlying ....

Lynn D. Wilcox, Bill N. Schilit, and Nitin "Nick" Sawhney. Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook, In Proceedings of CHI 1997, pages 186-193, Atlanta, Georgia, March 1997. 108

....to be performed on a server before the user could download the structured audio to the mobile device. Dynomite Dynomite was a portable electronic notebook that was used for taking handwritten and audio notes, which used computational resources to organize and search the notes for easy retrieval [27]. Audio could be recorded synchronously using Dynomite, which would manage the audio data. Possible user interface interactions were explored to see how audio indexing by speaker identification could facilitate the audio note taking process. The speaker identification algorithm explored was ....

L. Wilcox, B. Schilit, and N. Sawhney. Dynomite: A dynamically organized ink and audio notebook. In Proceedings of Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'99), pages 186--193. ACM, 1997. 76

....taken during a meeting. The second challenge is designing an Internet based application for taking notes in a meeting. From our experience with Copyright is held by the author owner. WWW10, May 2 5, 2001, Hong Kong ACM 1 58113 348 0 01 0005. 140 multimedia note taking systems (see [4] 6] [23]) we found that a note taking application must support rapid interaction. Taking notes during a live event required users to pay close attention and sometimes they had to participate in the meeting in addition to formulating notes. This made it difficult for novice users to fiddle with user ....

....text notes. The images and ink strokes are indexed to the video recording for retrieval. It requires training to use and is not designed for novices. Other multimedia pen based systems also require a certain amount of training; examples are Audio Notebook [19] Classroom 2000 [1] FXPAL Dynomite [23], Filochat [22] and Marquee [21] WEmacs [15] is a text note taking application based on the GNU Emacs editor. Its user interface is more complicated than the LiteMinutes text box, and it assigns functions to special characters (e.g. a Tab is used to separate note items) Starting and ending a ....

Wilcox, L. D., Schilit, B. N., and Sawhney, N. Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook. Proceedings of CHI '97, ACM Press, pp. 186-193. 149

....area to indicate a time zone. All notes in a time zone are indexed to a single time point in the video. The Audio Notebook is fine grained, implicitly linking every pen stroke to a different part of the audio recording. Dynomite indexes audio with notetaking activity on a penbased computer [10]. Users can manually assign keywords to pages of notes. Although audio is recorded continuously, only portions of audio highlighted by the user are permanently stored. The Audio Notebook captures the entire audio recording. Coral is a confederation of tools for capturing, indexing, and ....

L. Wilcox, B. Schilit and N. Sawhney. Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook. Proc. of CHI `97, p. 186--193. ACM, 1997.

.... in recent years, either by not processing the ink [11, 41, 43] or by processing the ink internally while displaying the unprocessed ink [14, 24, 32, 40] The applications we examined include design tools [9, 12, 14, 20 22, 24, 43, 47] whiteboard applications [1, 32, 33, 37] annotation tools [41, 44 46]; note taking applications [10, 11, 42] and applications demonstrating new interaction techniques [19, 28, 40] These applications share much functionality with each other, including: Pen input as ink . Pen input as gestures . Pen input for selecting and moving . Interpreters that act on ....

Wilcox, L.D., B.N. Schilit, and N.N. Sawhney. Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook. In Proceedings of CHI'97. Atlanta, GA. pp. 186-193, March 2227 1997.

....touchtone or speech based. However, the Web and PDAs will soon make graphical UI methods more widely available for accessing voicemail. Graphical access may have significant advantages: visual indices have been used successfully as a general technique to access other types of speech archives [1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,15,17]. Visual representation of speech structure allows random access to an inherently serial medium. The aim of this paper is to explore how these new visual indexing techniques can be applied to voicemail access, in particular to address documented problems with current touchtone UIs [13] We also ....

....Our data also contribute to a growing body of research on general methods for speech access. We present data showing that, consistent with the claims of prior work, providing a visual analogue as an index into underlying speech structure is important for supporting browsing and retrieval [1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,15,17]. As with other approaches [6,7] our results suggest that for personal data such as voicemail, a combination of automatically generated data and personal annotations provides a general technique for accessing complex information in speech. ....

Wilcox, L., Schilit, W., and Sawhney. Dynomite: a dynamically organized ink and audio notebook. In CHI97, 186-193, 1997.

.... allow search of multimedia archives of television programmes [5, 11] and videomail [8] While extensive evaluations of this technology remain to be carried out, naturalistic studies of audio browsing systems demonstrate their effectiveness in helping users produce accurate meeting summaries [10, 15, 16]. These and other studies also showed that indexed audio produces more accurate recall, although users may take longer to retrieve information [9, 15] Several factors that may influence browsing behavior have been identified: a) familiarity with subject matter: knowledgeable users are more ....

L. D. Wilcox, B. N. Schilit, and N. Sawhney. Dynomite: A dynamically organized ink and audio notebook. In Human Factors in Computing Systems: CHI '97 Conference Proceedings, 1997.

....in meetings to provide a shared visual surface to capture and manipulate their materials. Research in pen based computational systems has developed a variety of user interaction techniques, mostly focused on personal use on tablets, based on a variety of metaphors: from writing in notebooks [20, 21] to sketching on napkins [3] or onionskin [4] There is also some research on pen based interaction with wall size displays supporting a whiteboard metaphor for meetings (e.g. 15, 19, 22] There are several products providing the basic whiteboard scribbling functionality, but effective ....

Wilcox, L. D., Schilit, B. N., & Sawhney, N. (1997). Dynomite: A dynamically organized ink and audio notebook. Proceedings of CHI'97, 186-193.

....variety of forms. It would be hard to imagine a world without engraved invitations, blueprints, or charcoal sketches Researchers at the FX Palo Alto Laboratory prototyped a virtual notebook using the Fujitsu Stylistic 1000, a tablet personal computer running Microsoft Windows 95 and Pen Services [SWS1997]. Their prototype, called Dynomite, accepted both handwritten and audio input. The Dynomite system was used to investigate user interfaces for taking notes. A virtual book designed for professionals would certainly benefit from note taking tools like the ones developed for Dynomite. Methods for ....

Bill Schilit, Lynn Wilcox, and Nitin "Nick" Sawhney "Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook." In CHI 97 Conference Proceedings, ACM Press, 1997, pp. 186-193. http://www.fxpal.xerox.com/papers/sch97.pdf

....The ideas and action items just sprung up by chance during a normal, ordinary activity. This is not an unusual circumstance at all; many of the important exchanges we have had during our lives did not result from pre planned meetings. Barriers to Informal Capture and Access Plenty of research [2, 7, 15, 24, 28] has indicated the usefulness of capturing experience for later access, but without addressing the particular problems that arise with informal gatherings. These problems include: Start up cost: To capture informal meetings, there needs to be little or no start up cost to the end users. ....

....some other artifact that is produced during the live experience, typically typed or handwritten notes. Some of these systems are built to support the needs of an individual within some larger, group experience, such as a meeting. Examples include Filochat [27] Marquee [25] Tivoli [18] Dynomite [28], We Met [29] and Audio Notebook [24] Other work has focussed on supporting the entire group, such as all students in a lecture. Examples of this include Classroom 2000 [2, 3, 6] and STREAMS [8] Still others have attempted to support a single individual in more free flowing experiences, such as ....

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Wilcox, L.D., Schilit, B.N., and Sawhney, N. Dynomite: A dynamically organized ink and audio notebook. Proceedings of CHI'97. pp. 186-193.

....methods resulting from the mentioned research. In order to address aspects of convenience and easy of use for the users, we also propose to investigate non WIMP (Window, Icon, Menu, Pointer) paradigms of interaction [Jacob96, Jacob96 2] the support of input devices, such as audio recording devices [Wilcox97, Schmandt93, Mackinlay90]. 4 Specific Objectives Our objective is to research, design and implement a shared electronic notebook tool that functions as the heart of distributed computational environments for scientific collaborative computing. A shared electronic notebook provides collaborating scientists with an easy ....

L. D. Wilcox, B. N. Schilit, and N. Sawhney. Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook. In: CHI 97 Conference Proceedings, ACM Press, 1997, pp. 186-193.

.... order to address aspects of convenience and easy of use for the users, we propose to investigate non WIMP (Window, Icon, Menu, Pointer) paradigms of interaction [Jacob96, Jacob96 2] as well as the support of input devices, such as pen based tablets, notepad hardware, and audio recording devices [Wilcox97, Schmandt93, Mackinlay90]. 1.3.3 Collaborative Communications Many studies have shown the importance of synchronous communications in collaborative work [Tang91, Whittaker91, Whittaker93, Whittaker94] We propose to support both synchronous and asynchronous forms of communication mechanisms. A system is asynchronous ....

L. D. Wilcox, B. N. Schilit, and N. Sawhney. Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook. In: CHI 97 Conference Proceedings, ACM Press, 1997, pp. 186-193.

....notebook with the capability to take notes during the class that could be the basis for review after class. The Marquee note taking prototype developed at PARC [28] the Filochat prototype developed at Hewlett Packard Labs [31] and the Dynomite personal note taking environment from FX PAL [32] come close to what we wanted to have in the hands of the students. Paperbased solutions to note taking, similar to the work done by Stifelman [25] are also attractive. The implicit connection between the note taking device and alternate information streams (audio and or video) is a common theme ....

Wilcox, L., Schilit, B., and Sawhney, N. N. Dynomite: A dynamically organized ink and audio notebook. Technical Report FXPAL-TR96-011, FX Palo Alto Laboratory, Inc., 3400 Hillview Ave., Bldg 4, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, September 1996.

....highlighting, starring) important information, and in general, carrying on a conversation with the author. For example, scribbling Norman would disagree in the margin is part of a dialog between reader and author. These practices have been observed in real use in a number of studies [21, 16, 1, 22] that are summarized in the remainder of this section. Note Taking Practices Readers write. Marks made while reading aid understanding, memorization and later retrieval. Readers generate marks in different places: on the document, in a separate notebook, or sometimes on loose leaf paper or note ....

....and used gestures rather than annotations. The collaborative text editor MATE [13] interprets free form ink revision marks as editing commands at the user s request, or allows users to specify their own interpretation. XLibris Reader s Notebook is similar to the ink property index in Dynomite [22], but XLibris organizes the underlying document, not just the ink. The Lectrice project at DEC SRC [4] designed and built a document reader intended to be an alternative to reading on paper. However, Lectrice did not provide free form digital ink annotation or support active reading. The ....

Wilcox, L.D., Schilit, B.N., and Sawhney, N. (1997) Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook. In Proceedings of CHI97 (Atlanta, Georgia, March 1997), ACM Press, pp. 186-193.

....that can be acquired as a by product of normal activity. The first is derived from notes taken while viewing the media. Text notes taken while simultaneously recording or viewing the media are linked with the media via time stamps [12] Handwritten annotations can be similarly obtained [19][22]. The second type of annotation is useful in situations such as usage testing where it is common to produce a text transcription of the video taped testing sessions. Speech recognition techniques [21] are used to automatically align the transcription with the spoken text contained in the media, ....

....with each line of text. These time stamps are correlated with the recorded media, thus providing annotation. Text notes can be taken while the media is being recorded, or while viewing previously recorded media. Handwritten notes from a pen computer can also be associated with the meeting, as in [22] and [19] However, since handwriting recognition is slow, text retrieval in these systems is based on manually entered text keywords rather than on the handwritten notes themselves. 3.2. Transcription Alignment It is common to transcribe certain audio recordings for later study. For example, ....

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L. Wilcox, B. Schilit, N. Sawhney, "Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook", Proceedings of CHI 97 , ACM, Atlanta, GA, March 1997, pp. 186-193.

....The PARCTab [20] was an early handheld CSCW system that supported a simple shared drawing application. This showed that small devices could be used collaboratively. There has also been research in portable, handwritten note taking and audio recording systems, such as Filochat [21] and Dynomite [22]. Handwritten notes written with these systems can be used to access audio that was recorded when they were created. The simplicity of these note taking interfaces and the automatic recording of audio context makes these systems very similar, in spirit, to NotePals. NotePals, however, uses even ....

Wilcox, L.D., B.N. Schilit, and N.N. Sawhney. Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook. In Proceedings of Human Factors in Computing Systems. Atlanta, GA. pp. 186-193, March 22-27 1997.

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Wilcox, L. D., Schilit, B. N., and Sawhney, N. (1997). Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook. Proceedings of CHI '97. ACM Press, pp. 186-193.

....anywhere on the page, and record audio as unstructured streams. Typically, the ink and audio are correlated by time so that playing a selected ink stroke will play from the corresponding point in audio. Examples of such ink and audio note taking systems are NoTime [7] Filochat [19] Dynomite [20] and Audio Notebook [17] When the user wishes to edit or browse the ink or audio data, the lack of structure becomes limiting. The challenge is to provide computational support to dynamically group the ink and audio data into units that are useful for user interaction. For digital ink and audio, ....

....to manipulate multimedia data; for example, to delete a word in handwritten text or to mark a spoken sentence in audio. In this paper, we describe a novel technique for dynamic grouping of ink and audio data for user interaction. It has been implemented in the current generation of the Dynomite [20] ink and audio note taking system. Dynomite runs on a pen based notebook computer with Windows 95. In addition to providing time synchronized ink and audio notes, the Dynomite system allows properties, or data types, to be added to specific ink for the purpose of indexing. Dynomite also allows ....

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Wilcox, L. D., Schilit, B. N., and Sawhney, N. Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook. Proceedings of CHI'97. ACM, New York, pp. 186-193.

....unburdens note takers from the tedious task of copying down information from presentation slides. While there exist a number of research systems that employ various combinations of pen based devices in conjunction with audio and or video ( 1] 2] 8] 10] 11] 12] 14] 15] 16] 17] [18], 19] the use of digital video as a medium that users in meetings can interact with and incorporate into their notes has not been explored. We have designed and built a highly interactive clientserver system called NoteLook to support multimedia note taking in meetings with digital video and ....

....of the room activity and presentation material. It is necessary to separate the system into components in order to provide the note taker with a lightweight application. In contrast, when working with digital audio and ink, a stand alone system is sufficient (e.g. Audio Notebook [14] or Dynomite [18]) To achieve a lightweight form factor for the note taking application component, wireless pen based notebook computers can be used, and the heavyweight components that process the video and manage the video sources can be hidden away from the users by placing them outside the meeting room. 2.2 ....

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Wilcox, L. D., Schilit, B. N., and Sawhney, N. Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook. Proceedings of CHI '97. ACM Press, pp. 186-193.

....for communication and the interface does not afford rich delivery of information content. Similarly most cellular telephones do not retain much personal information about their users or their context of use and offer a limited interface to access services easily. Mobile audio devices [2] 3][4] with personalized information, localized computing and richer interaction mechanisms certainly point towards audio interfaces and applications for wearable audio computing. Audition can be used to enhance an environment with timely information as well as provide a sense of peripheral awareness ....

Wilcox, Lynn D., Schilit, B. N., Sawhney, N. "Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook". Proceedings of CHI '97, March 1997, pp. 186-193.

....of both worlds: the freeform input of paper, and the search and organizational capabilities of computers. Whereas PDAs and portable computers redefine the notetaking process, Dynomite enhances traditional paper notetaking. As part of the design process we observed how people use paper notebooks [6]. This helped us understand the affordances of paper where freeform input, spatial layout, and even doodles (for their visual cues) are an integral part of the note taking process. The study pointed out ways we could improve the note taking process, and generated the following design goals for a ....

L. Wilcox, B. Schilit, N. Sawhney. Dynomite: A dynamically organized ink and audio notebook. Technical Report FXPAL-TR96-011, FX Palo Alto Laboratory, Inc., 3400 Hillview Ave., Bldg 4, Palo Alto, CA. 94304.

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Wilcox, Lynn D., Bill N. Schilit, Nitin Sawhney. "Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook". Proceedings of CHI '97, March 1997, pp. 186-193.

....interaction similar to email. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) offer the benefit of personal applications in a smaller size. However, they generally utilize penbased graphical user interfaces which are not ideal when the user s hands and eyes are busy. Hand held [Stifelman93, Roy96] and mobile [Stifelman96, Wilcox97] audio devices with localized computing and richer interaction mechanisms certainly point towards audio interfaces and networked applications for a new personal information platform, Wearable Audio Computing (WAC) Roy97] Wearable auditory interfaces can be used to enhance an environment with ....

....for the author but slow and tedious for the listener. Speech is sequential and exists only temporally; the ear cannot browse around a set of recordings the way the eye can scan a screen of text and images. Hence, techniques such as interactive skimming [Arons93] non linear access and indexing [Stifleman93, Wilcox97] and audio spatialization [Mullins96] must be considered for browsing audio. Design for wearable audio computing requires (1) attention to the affordances and constraints of speech and audio in the interface (2) coupled with the physical form of the wearable itself. The physical design and social ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Wilcox, Lynn D., Bill N. Schilit, and Nitin Sawhney. Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook. Proceedings of CHI '97, March 1997, pp. 186-193.

....rich delivery of information content. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) offer personal applications in a smaller size, yet they generally utilize pen based graphical user interfaces, which are not ideal when the user s hands and eyes are busy such as while driving. Hand held [2, 3] and mobile [4, 5] audio devices with localized computing and richer interaction mechanisms certainly point towards audio interfaces and networked applications for a new personal information platform, Wearable Audio Computing (WAC) 6] Auditory displays can be used to enhance an environment with timely information ....

Wilcox, Lynn D., Bill N. Schilit, Nitin Sawhney. "Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook". Proceedings of CHI '97, March 1997, pp. 186-193.

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Wilcox, L. D., Schilit B. N. and Sawhney N. (1997): Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook. Proceedings of Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '97, 186-193, ACM Press.

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L. D. Wilcox, B. N. Schilit, and N. Sawhney, "Dynomite: A dynamically organized ink and audio notebook," in Proceedings of CHI'97, 1997, pp. 186--193.

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Lynn D. Wilcox, Bill N. Schilit, and Nittin Sawhney. Dynomite: A dynamically organized ink and audio notebook. In Proceedings of CHI'97, pages 186--193, 1997. 26

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L. Wilcox, B. Schilit, and N. Sawhney. Dynomite: A dynamically organized ink and audio notebook. In CHI, pages 186--193, New York, 1997. ACM.

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Wilcox, L., Schilit, B.N., and Sawhney, N. Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook. In the Proceedings of CHI

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Wilcox, L.D., Schilit, B.N., Sawhney, N. (1997) Dynomite: A Dynamically organized Ink and Audio Notebook.Proc. of CHI'97, 186-193.

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L.D. Wilcox, B.N. Schilit, and N. Sawhney, "Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook," Proc. CHI 97, ACM Press, New York, 1997 pp. 186-193.

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L. D. Wilcox, B. N. Schilit and N. Sawhney (1997). Dynomite: a dynamically organized ink and audio notebook. Proceedings of CHI'97, Atlanta, ACM Press. pp. 186--193.

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