Hughes, J., Randall, D. and Shapiro, D. (1992) "Faltering from ethnography to design", Proc. of CSCW '92, pp. 115-122, Toronto: ACM.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....monitoring . This enables a smoother and more efficient cooperation than if every action has to be explicitly messaged to those who are considered to need to know, perhaps overlooking those who might benefit from knowing what is going even if it does not immediately affect them at the time [3, 16]. This also allows new members of the group to rapidly learn how the work is performed without as much explicit tutoring [17, chapter 6] Coworkers often consciously utilise these methods to convey information to others by exaggerating speech and gestures [15] The explicit representation of users ....

John A. Hughes, David Randall, and Dan Shapiro. Faltering from ethnography to design. In Turner and Kraut [22], pages 115--122.

....for much of our behaviour in the real world [20] Ethnography was developed originally as a means of examining the lives and customs of other cultures. More recently, it has been applied by the computer science and information systems community to look at social interaction around technology [21,22,23]. Ethnography is characterised by data that is gathered from a range of sources, and emphasis is placed on its study within a context. Unlike the experimental method, the ethnographic approach allows the analyst to reveal complexity, rather than stripping it away. Van Maanen [16] describes it as ....

....day to day situation (p. 540) In nature, it entails bringing something from the setting to the analysis, and the fieldworker attempts to understand the way that activity is understood and practised by its participants. The intention of the ethnographic analysis is to show how work is organised [22] by the team. It has been used to examine the social organisation of groups and has become a valuable and increasingly commonly used tool in the analysis of workplace activity for systems design [21,22,24] The detailed investigative work of the ethnographic approach to data collection allows us ....

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Hughes, J.A., Randall, D. & Shapiro, D. Faltering from ethnography to design. CSCW 92: sharing perspectives. Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. ACM Press, 1992, pp 115-122.

.... ends we employ empirical techniques derived from Conversation Analysis or CA [e.g. 14] which to our knowledge has not been attempted before in studying CVEs or other VR technologies, though CA has had some influence in HCI and CSCW in enabling detailed studies of interaction in the workplace [10], the impacts of new computer based technologies on talk at work [8] as well as in motivating technical design choices [3] and assisting in the analysis of the design process itself [4] Accordingly, we seek to add to this literature while extending it to the study of a novel setting (a ....

....tools and Virtual Reality for CSCW are considered on the basis of these findings and in the light of debates over ethnography in system development. Introduction: Ethnography in CSCW Ethnographic work has become highly influential in CSCW. Although there are many different species of ethnography [10, 14], most share a commitment to the descriptive, non quantitative study of the details of everyday work practices in real world settings as they are played out in real time, withwhere at all possiblean extensive period of contact between the researcher and the researched. Within CSCW, ethnographic ....

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Hughes, J., Randall, D. & Shapiro, D. 1992. Faltering from ethnography to design. Proc. CSCW'92.

....design in general, and CSCW in particular, are outlined in considering the notion of instances of language game concepts in their natural settings of use. 2 In adopting an ethnographic attitude, which will not be explicated here as it has been frequently documented elsewhere (e.g. Suchman, 1987; Hughes et al. 1992; Kensing Simonsen, 1997) I outline one possible way in which an adequate real world understanding of work and organisation might be produced and utilised in design. The distinctive character of the ethnographic attitude I advocate is elaborated through a brief consideration of two sociological ....

.... of practice on occasions of design instruct us to pay attention to the routine interaction of staff and the ways in which they produce, utilise and transform information through the practiced uses of artefacts in the course of works performance (Suchman Trigg, 1991; Heath Luff, 1992; Hughes et al. 1992). Without disagreement, indeed in the spirit of further development, I want to pose the question what more do we need to do in order to develop an adequate appreciation of the local production of organisation on any occasion of workoriented design; what more might going about generating such an ....

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Hughes, J., Randall, D., Shapiro, D. (1992) Faltering from Ethnography to Design, Proceedings of the 1992 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW 92), 115-122, Toronto, Canada: ACM Press.

....between gathering data and producing findings through analysis of the data gathered: data may be analysed in multiplicity of ways for a multiplicity of purposes. Through its orientation to the social organisation of current practice, ethnomethodology has achieved some prominence in system design [64, 34, 35, 36]. In respect of these achievements, participatory design turned to this particular brand of ethnography as a (potentially) complementary means of getting hands on current practice [65, 9, 10, 62, 40, 41] SOME PROBLEMS WITH ETHNOGRAPHYS CANDICACY Despite achieving considerable prominence within ....

....of effective organisational change through design as anybody can change practice. If one is not aware of the social characteristics of the job which are work s guarantee however, design may well fail or worse, impinge upon working life in ways that are detrimental to workers and business alike [34, 36, 53]. Motivated by change, participatory designers frequently emphasise the need to take action and intervene. Intervening in the absence of sufficient knowledge of enacted practice can hardly be construed as best practice in any respect [62] To require that an approach to understanding and getting ....

Hughes, J.A., Randall, D., Shapiro, D. (1992) Faltering from Ethnography to Design, Proceedings of CSCW 92, Toronto, Canada: ACM Press.

....to as articulation work. This is not simply because a working division of labour is maintained in some passive sense through interaction. It also reflects the way in which workplace tasks and subtasks are articulated in the sense of being constituted and defined through the process of interaction. Hughes et al. 1992) propose a similar analysis; the separation, individuation and combination of activities is accomplished in an accountable way through a collectively developed, negotiated and evolving knowledge and practice (p.117) Perhaps the most radical proposal in this spirit is Jirotka et al. s (1992) ....

....communication phenomena are, however, not readily addressed by CM based analyses. One problem relates to the observation of distinct semantic communities within a workplace (Robinson and Bannon, 1991; Schmidt and Bannon, 1992, Savage 1987) For example, in their study of air traffic control rooms Hughes et al. 1992, 1993) noted the use of a local set of communicative conventions, including the use of artifacts such as flight strips, that amount to a domain dialect. Although in part, these local sub languages reflect differences in expertise Healey (1997, in prep) and Garrod and Doherty (1994) have shown ....

Hughes, J. A., Randall, D. and Shapiro, D. 1992. Faltering from Ethnography to Design. In Turner, J. and Kraut, M. (eds.)Proceedings of CSCW `92.. 115-122 New York: ACM Press.

....the Spurlock Museum have led us to believe that procedures to allow for error recovery are at least as important in system design as methods for attempting error prevention. We see parallels between our study in a museum and various other studies of very different kinds of work. Hughes et al. [21] note how a robust, reliable and trustable system for air traffic control arose from the activities of fallible individuals and technologies. The successful operation of this system depended on the seemingly inefficient cross checking activities of air traffic control employees in much the same ....

Hughes, J.A., Randall, D. and Shapiro, D. Faltering from ethnography to design. In Proceedings, CSCW'92, (Toronto, 1992), ACM Press, 115-122.

....synchronous communication. 3. 3 Research Design and Data Collection Since virtual teams evolve through different phases depending on the stages of the design project, we used a multi method longitudinal study design (Menard 1991) 5 1) Ethnographic observation (Geertz 1973; Harvey Myers 1995; Hughes et al. 1992; Orlikowski Robey 1991) of all 89 one hour teleconferences and the three in person team meetings (at the kickoff, at mid project, and at the end) 2) Panel questionnaire surveys of the eight team members at the three stages in the project: inception, for each of the 40 weeks during, and at the ....

Hughes, J. A., Randall, D., and Shapiro, D. "Faltering from Ethnography to Design," in CSCW '92: Proceedings of the 1992 ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work: Sharing Perspectives, ACM Press, New York, 1992, pp. 115-123.

....Figure 6: The project involves traditional inductive and deductive methods, observing behavior in real world settings and generating theoretical frameworks, in conjunctive with participatory design to create and evaluate prototypes. 4 Like the studies of English air traffic control (Hughes et al. 1992, Bentley et al. 1992) we use a combination of ethnography and design. However, our studies center around keeping rather than replacing flight strips and we use design activities to help controllers to innovate, not just evaluate. Ethnographic Study We studied team 9 West from the Athis Mons ....

Hughes, J.A., Randall, D. & Shapiro, D. (October, 1992) Faltering from Ethnography to Design. In Proceedings of CSCW '92, ACM Conference on ComputerSupported Cooperative Work. (pp. 115-122) Toronto, Ontario: ACM Press.

....as terminal sectors. In such cases, enabling the controller to enter the new level directly, either by writing or with a keypad, is likely to be more efficient. Controllers work in a time pressured, interrupt driven environment. The resulting high cognitive load makes data input more difficult [4,11] and may end up slowing controllers down. Systems such as GRIGRI [3] and its successor, GRIOT, explore alternates to the mouse and keypad. GRIGRI recognizes particular symbols drawn directly on a touch sensitive screen displaying the RADAR image. The resulting interaction is more natural and less ....

Hughes, J.A., Randall, D., Shapiro, D. Faltering from Ethnography to Design. In Proceedings of CSCW '92, ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. (pp. 115-122) October, 1992 Toronto, Ontario: ACM Press.

....the need to replace paper strips. An important group focuses on controller error and seek to change the existing work practices to increase safety. Sociologists, a different group of social scientists, are more interested in the social and historical context of the work. Harper et al. 1991) and Hughes et al. 1992) emphasize how the context of the work is essential for understanding both the controller s activities and the role of paper flight strips. For example, Bressolle et al. 1995) has demonstrated that when traffic levels increase, controllers speak to each other less often and write more on the ....

....system. Cognitive ergonomists who seek to find and prevent errors may undervalue successful work practices and underestimate the risks involved in changing them. Sociologists may offer many interesting insights into the context and practice of air traffic control but, with a few exceptions, e.g. Hughes et al. 1992, rarely influence system design. There is, of course, another important perspective: that of the air traffic controllers themselves. Air traffic controllers like paper flight strips. The interface is familiar, easy to use, helps controllers instantly understand the current state of the traffic ....

Hughes, J.A., Randall, D. & Shapiro, D. (October, 1992) Faltering from Ethnography to Design. In Proceedings of CSCW '92, ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. (pp. 115-122) Toronto, Ontario: ACM Press.

....to documents, in the same way it applies to the control of people image. For instance, taking a document while someone is reading it is considered impolite. This also has been observed in situations like air traffic control, with the role of the are paper strips that represent aircraft routes [12][2] This shows how the nature of objects, the way they are manipulated, the place and time where and when it happens and the standard social rules combine to convey social perception, and thus a form of coordination. In the next section, we focus on object exchange, and how it can be used to ....

J. Hughes, D. Randall, and D. Shapiro. Faltering from ethnography to design. Proceedings of ACM CSCW'92, pages 115-122. ACM Press, Nov. 1992.

.... project (Suchman, 1993) an ethnographic study of ground operations at an airport; Heath s analyses of the use of visible and audible actions to implicitly coordinate work in a London Underground control room (Heath and Luff, 1992) analyses of complex coordination in air traffic control (Hughes, Randall, and Shapiro, 1992 and 1993) and a study of workflow on the factory floor in the print industry (Bowers, Button, and Sharrock, 1995) With respect to the objectives of this article, it should not go unnoticed that, even though the research focus is the everyday organisation of work, much of this empirical work ....

HUGHES, J.A., RANDALL, D., and SHAPIRO, D. (1992). Faltering from ethnography to design. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on CSCW. ACM Press, pp.115-122.

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Hughes, J., Randall, D. and Shapiro, D. (1992) "Faltering from ethnography to design", Proc. of CSCW '92, pp. 115-122, Toronto: ACM.

No context found.

Hughes J A, Randall D and Shapiro D (1992) Faltering from Ethnography to Design. Proceedings of CSCW '92, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. (ACM, New York, pp115-122)

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Hughes, J., Randall, D. & Shapiro, D. (1992). Faltering from ethnography to Design. In Proceedings of CSCW92 (pp. 115-122). ACM Press, New York.

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Hughes, J. Randall, D. and Shapiro, D. (1992). Faltering from ethnography to Design. Proc. of CSCW'92. ACM Press, New York.

No context found.

Hughes, J., Randall, D. & Shapiro, D. (1992). Faltering from ethnography to Design. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'92), ACM Press, New York.

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Hughes, J. A., Randall, D. & Shapiro, D Faltering from ethnography to design. In: J. Turner & R. Kraut (eds.) Sharing Perspectives. Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Toronto. pp. 115-122, 1992.

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Hughes, J.A., Randall, D. and Shapiro, D. Faltering from ethnography to design. Proc. Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW `92), ACM Press (1992), 115-122.

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Hughes, J.A., Randall, D., and Shapiro, D., Faltering from Ethnography to Design, in Proc. CSCW'92, ACM Press, Toronto, Canada.

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Hughes J A, Randall D and Shapiro D (1992) Faltering from Ethnography to Design. Proceedings of CSCW '92, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. (ACM, New York, pp115-122)

No context found.

Hughes, John A., David Randall, and Dan Shapiro. Faltering from Ethnography to Design. In Proceedings of ACM CSCW'92 Conference on Computer- Supported Cooperative Work, 115-122. ACM, 1992.

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Hughes, J.A., Randall, D. & Shapiro, D. (1992) Faltering from ethnography to design. CSCW 92: sharing perspectives: Proceedings of the Conference on Computer supported Cooperative Work, October 31 to November 4, Toronto, Canada. Turner & Kraut (Eds.). N.Y.: ACM Press. p. 115-122.

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Faltering from Ethnography to Design, Proceedings of CSCW '92, pp 115 -- 122, Toronto: ACM Press.

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