T. R. G. Green. Cognitive dimensions of notations. In A. Sutcliffe and L. Macaulay, editors, People and Computers V: Proceedings of the Fifth Conference of the British Computer Society Human-Computer Interaction Specialist Group, pages 443--460. Cambridge University Press, 1989.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....[MS99] Although the underlying principles are similar, their motivation is slightly di#erent. It is not their intention to formalise UML; rather their goal is to use graphical notations to facilitate formal specification within B. The modelling tool Rose [Rat] can be used to reduce viscosity [Gre89] to easily and quickly explore the design of a system and hence to identify a workable model with appropriate abstractions before translating it to B. Since their immediate goal is not the formalisation of UML they are not constrained to work with the whole of UML but restrict themselves to a ....

T. R. G. Green. Cognitive dimensions of notations. In A. Sutcli#e and L. Macaulay, editors, People and computers V: Proceedings of the Fifth Conference of the British Computer Society Human-Computer Interaction Specialist Group. Cambridge University Press, 1989.

....of cognitive support types. These include frameworks and summaries by Tweedie [26] and Narayanan et al. 14] Another collection of related works consider generalizable, high level cognition related design issues. The most prominent of these is probably the cognitive dimensions framework [8, 3] (CDs) The CDs are intended to represent orthogonal dimensions of usability tradeoffs in notational systems [8] The CDs framework itself seems essentially orthogonal to RODS. Each class of cognitive support identified by RODS generates design considerations for notational systems. Thus the CDs ....

....Another collection of related works consider generalizable, high level cognition related design issues. The most prominent of these is probably the cognitive dimensions framework [8, 3] CDs) The CDs are intended to represent orthogonal dimensions of usability tradeoffs in notational systems [8]. The CDs framework itself seems essentially orthogonal to RODS. Each class of cognitive support identified by RODS generates design considerations for notational systems. Thus the CDs may be a very helpful resource for identifying design tradeoffs while reasoning about cognitive support. A third ....

T. R. G. Green. Cognitive dimensions of notations. In A. Sutcliffe and L. Macaulay, editors, People and Computers V: Proceedings of the Fifth Conference of the British Computer Society HumanComputer Interaction Specialist Group, pages 443--460. British Informatics Society, Cambridge University Press, 1989.

....et al. 11] traced the causes of maintenance errors from the properties of a displayed program to the comprehension strategy employed by their subjects. This sort of method of reasoning backwards from artifacts to cognitive models has proven to be very useful. The cognitive dimensions framework [5 7] is a prominent attempt at codifying general design principles from this type of analysis. It serves as an instructive lesson in creating widely applicable advice for designers using cognitive models of task performance. The cognitive dimensions framework defines a set of abstract features (the ....

....applied to any similar design problem. The cognitive dimensions can point out potential prob lems because they relate features of the artifacts to a model of how the user performs their tasks (specifically, the user is modeled as solving their problems in an opportunistic and exploratory fashion [5]) It is worthwhile dwelling for a moment on the source of their descriptive power: it is the causal linking of the properties of the artifact and the user model that can be seen to generate the design issues identified by the cognitive dimensions. All reasoning about the adequacy or relative ....

Green, T. R. G. Cognitive dimensions of notations. In Proceedings of the HCI'89 Conference on People and Computers V, A. Sutcliffe and L. Macaulay, Eds., British Informatics Society, Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 443--460.

....by predecessor artifacts. On both counts, there are opportunities to improve the conversation with appropriate concepts and vocabulary. In particular, one would like to be able to introduce a widely usable set of concepts and terms for cognitive aspects of the problemsolving processes of the user [257, 262,272] (Chapter 5) and for the cognitive support offered by the tools (Chapter 6) These concepts and terms might have helped Olga and Bart to communicate more succinctly. They could short circuit reiteration, cascading clarifications, and arguments over unimportant details. The particular vocabulary ....

....frameworks Table 2.7: Arguments for a realistic pursuit of cognitive support theories individual was needed. Thus it may be enough to produce decent approximations of relatively few psychological phenomena. Approach: Start with relatively gross approximations and build broad brush theories [257] initially. Then iteratively refine the theories. Detail can be added if or when it is required; the application oriented theories can follow advances in the basic sciences when they occur. There is no hope for the theory. Point: There is no hope that complete and accurate theories can be built ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Green, T. R. G. Cognitive dimensions of notations. In HCI'89 [747], pp. 443--460.

....creates a change in the context in which the map is embedded[9] Such changes are usually additive changes, which extend the map to cover places originally blank, and the change, occasionally, is radical. 2.2. Medium and Cognitive Dimensions Wood uses Green s notion of cognitive dimensions[10,11] to consider the properties of notations and media for sketching[12] Using cognitive dimensions, he illustrates interesting relations between medium and processes of sketching. In chart of these relations we can see that paper gives a lot of properties which generating process required, but word ....

Green, T. R. G. Cognitive dimensions of notations. In Sutcliffe, A. and Macaulay, L., editors, People and Computers V, Cambridge University Press, 1989, 443-450.

....study. Section 3 exhibits and analyses the results, and the final section puts the case study into perspective and draws some conclusions. 2. Preview of case study The work reported in this paper is a continuation of a questionnaire based study that utilised Green s Cognitive Dimensions framework (Green, 1989), Green Petre, 1996) to analyse the usability of theorem proving assistants (TPAs) The framework comprises a set of dimensions or generic attributes that are relevant to successful interaction in terms of influencing how the user think about the system and their tasks. The dimensions were ....

Green T.R.G. (1989) Cognitive Dimensions of Notations, People and Computers V : 443-460, Edited by Sutcliffe A. and Macaulay L.

....by comparing the computational efficiencies between different diagrams based on how knowledge is represented and by dealing with the direct manipulation of diagrams than just reasoning with given diagrams. This paper also extends the current framework of cognitive dimensions of notational systems (Green, 1989; Green and Petre, 1996) with respect to two aspects. First, this paper identified important diagrammatic representation factors (i.e. decomposition and layout organization) that may be regarded as the underlying design rationale behind the cognitive dimensions of notations. The cognitive model ....

Green, T. R. G. (1989). Cognitive Dimensions of Notations, In A. Sutcliffe and L. Macaulay (Eds.), People and Computers V, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 443-460.

....since the complaint made by Shneiderman in 1980 that Computer scientists . make broad claims for the simplicity, naturalness, or ease of use of new computer languages or techniques, but do not take advantage of the opportunity for experimental confirmation (Shneiderman 1980, p. xiii) 6 Green (1989, 1991; Green and Petre, 1996) has introduced the cognitive dimensions of notations framework as discussion tools descriptions of the artifact user relationship intended to raise the level of discourse. The following description of cognitive dimensions summarizes a more complete treatment ....

Green, T.R.G. (1989) Cognitive dimensions of notations. In A. Sutcliffe & L. Macaulay (Eds.), People and Computers V. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 443-460.

....matched, representation is one which clearly captures the key features of the represented artifact and furthermore simplifies various desired reasoning tasks. It has been demonstrated in [7, 20, 22] that pragmatic features of diagrammatic representations (termed secondary notations by Green [6]) significantly influence their interpretation. A particular concern of the exploration of [11] was the importance of accounting for such pragmatic aspects of diagrams in considering when they are well matched. Wait Move Start Brake Halt true Alarm Checks ChkFault Fault level=FloorCall ....

T. R. G. Green. Cognitive dimensions of notations. In A. Sutcli#e and Macaulay, editors, People and Computers V, pages 443--460. Cambridge University Press, 1989.

....that the most e#ective representations are those which are well matched to what they represent, in the context of particular reasoning tasks. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated in [43, 110, 112] that pragmatic features of diagrammatic representations (termed secondary notations by Green [42]) play a significant role in achieving such matching. Earlier work at Edinburgh [47] informed by these previous analyses and the results of psychological studies of individual di#erences in users responses to various representations and reasoning tasks [105, 128] explored in general terms the ....

T R G Green. Cognitive dimensions of notations. In A Sutcli#e and Macaulay, editors, People and Computers V, pages 443--460. Cambridge University Press, 1989. 148

....concerns features and properties which impact upon the cognition of the user. These more cognitive studies have typically studied either users of highly specialised diagrams (such as Venn diagrams, and simple visual programming languages [BWGPss,Goo99,SO91,ZN94] or generic HCI issues [BG99,Gre89,Pet95] Our approach is based on the studies of [GLS98,Gur99] which seek to unify the two dimensions of these earlier studies. More recent work has demonstrated the potential, and benefits, of formalising certain pragmatic aspects of diagrammatic software engineering languages [GT99] We are not ....

T R G Green. Cognitive dimensions of notations. In Sutcliffe and Macaulay (eds) People and Computers V. pages 443460, CUP, 1989.

.... educational potential of logic software, Kadoda [13] compared features available across a wide range of theorem provers (some of which might be used in educational settings) using a standard questionnaire given to program users and developers, and based on the vocabulary of cognitive dimensions [11]. Van Ditmarsch [5] meanwhile, compared five natural deduction proof assistants using issues such as how proofs are displayed, bias towards either forward or backward reasoning, and the availability of help. However, in order to address the question of how precisely Jape might assist learning, ....

Green, T. R. G. "Cognitive Dimensions of Notations" in Winder, R. & Sutcliffe, A. (Eds.) People and Computers V, p. 443-460, Cambridge University Press (1989)

....degree on interpretation by an observer. The observer can quickly change the interpretation and, once satisfied, commit the relations (in the case of a spreadsheet, by adding formulas) Green reaches a similar conclusion by viewing the process of programming as opportunistic planning in design[46]. He stresses the pertinence of the modifiability of notations. Consequently, a substrate that supports the creation of domain oriented environments must include mechanisms to support the modifiability of notations. Furthermore, the construction paradigm underlying the substrate should avoid the ....

....at the same time provides a high degree of leverage by being problem solving oriented rather than domain oriented. That is, the substrate supports the exploratory nature of problem solving, the design and the maintenance of problem specific spatio temporal representations, and opportunistic design [46]. These principles hold true for a large number of domains. All of these points are elaborated in the next section on programming as problem solving. A different challenge posed to the Agentsheets construction paradigm arises from the dynamic nature of many of the application domains anticipated. ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Green, T. R. G., "Cognitive Dimensions of Notations," Proceedings of the Fifth Conference of the British Computer Society, Nottingham, 1989, pp. 443-460.

....the computational efficiencies between different diagrams based on how knowledge is represented and also by dealing with direct manipulation of diagrams rather than just reasoning with given diagrams. 31 This paper also extends the current framework of cognitive dimensions of notational systems (Green, 1989; Green and Petre, 1996) with respect to two aspects. First, this paper identified important diagrammatic representation factors (i.e. decomposition and layout organization) that may be regarded as the underlying design rationale behind the cognitive dimensions of notations. The cognitive model ....

Green, T. R. G. (1989). Cognitive Dimensions of Notations, In A. Sutcliffe and L. Macaulay (Eds.), People and Computers V, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 443-460.

....in a suitable way to avoid biases, misunderstanding and other possible troubles in its processing. In particular, from Cognitive Ergonomics [8, 14] we are aware of the crucial role representation plays in human inference. Even in RE, some works have already been completed about what notation [6, 7, 11, 10, 13, 3] may be more suitable to help the untrained eye to better understand notes and specifications. According to Definition 9 and the five strategies we pointed at in the last section, we deliver the abstract structure through which the engineer can approach the UVT as an active stakeholder, without ....

Green, T.R.G., "Cognitive Dimensions of Notations". In: A.G. Sutcliff and McCaulay L.A. (Eds.), People and Computers (HCI 89), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989.

....levels at which user system interaction may be described correspond to the lexical, syntactic and semantic levels of linguistic activity. Such multi level views of interaction are relevant to our study of user prover interaction. Theories about the usability and effectiveness of representations (Green, 1989, 1991) and studies of the nature of programming (Wiedenbeck, 1985) Davis, 1991) are also important. 2 Interacting with HOL The current study aims to produce a broad characterisation of the behaviour of experienced users of the HOL proof system (Gordon and Melham, 1993) HOL is an interactive ....

Green, T.R.G. (1989) Cognitive dimensions of notations. in People and Computers V, eds.

....Complete system descriptions tend to be massive whether in graphics or text [p64] 2. 2 An explanation in terms of cognitive dimensions Their primary claim is that these observations are to be expected on the basis of Fitter and Green s [1979] criteria for information accessibility; or from Green s [1989] cognitive dimensions, some of which refine the Fitter and Green criteria. Fitter and Green state five criteria, whose satisfaction contributes to information accessibility in a given diagrammatic notation: relevant information should be presented in a perceptual form; redundant recoding should ....

....idiomatic phrases in natural language, rather than unanalysable words. DRAFT: January 3, 1995 18 6. 3 Comparison with cognitive dimensions Petre and Green [1992:50] initially argue that the themes which emerged in their interviews are predictable from Fitter and Green s [1979] criteria, or from Green s [1989] cognitive dimensions framework. They ultimately suggest [pp65 7] that four aspects of the data are most important: Information access Notations and their support tools should make the information conveyed as obvious as possible. Escape from formalism Where tasks require information to be ....

Green, T. R. G. [1989] Cognitive dimensions of notations. In A. Sutcliffe and L. Macaulay (eds.) People and Computers V. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

....particular, it revealed hitherto unnoticed weaknesses in viscosity, hidden dependencies and (quite unexpectedly to the designer) imposed look ahead. The results of the planned user studies will further evaluate how close Pursuit comes to its intended goals. 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank T.R.G. Green for his help and guidance with the cognitive dimension analysis. We also thank Mitch Dsouza, Jade Goldstein, David Hendrey, Bonnie John, David Kosbie, David Kurlander, James Landay and Marian Petre for enriching comments on this work. 11 ....

T.R.G. Green (1989). Cognitive Dimensions of Notations. In A. Sutchiff and L. Macaulay, editors, People and Computers V, pages 443--460. Cambridge University Press.

....definitive specification. Using multiple heterogeneous representations in a design process does raise some methodological issues. In particular, we may need to consider the twin problems of consistency and veracity. Briefly, the consistency problem, closely allied to the concept of viscosity (Green 1989), is one of managing change and propagating the effects of change throughout a representation or collection of representations. The veracity problem is that of making sure that all the different models are veracious representations of the same reality. In dealing with consistency, it may be ....

Green, T. R. G. (1989). Cognitive dimensions of notations. In A. Sutcliffe and L. Macaulay (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth Conference of the BCS HCI Special Interest Group, pp. 443--460. Cambridge University Press.

....of ERs in problem solving or related activities. In addition to everyday examples, it is well known that ERs are effective aids to problem solving for a range of more formal problem types. These include analogical reasoning (Beveridge Parkins, 1987) classification of hierarchical information (Greene, 1989), vector arithmetic (Katz Anzai, 1990) algebra word problems (Singley, Anderson, Gevins Hoffman, 1989) programming (Merrill, Reiser, Beekelaar Hamid, 1992) logical and analytical reasoning (Gardner, 1983; Barwise Etchemendy, 1995; Cox, Stenning Oberlander, 1994; Stenning Oberlander, ....

.... stem but not the questions . Hence they rush into 9 Part of Farallon Inc. s MediaTracks package. 10 Total time spent on solution, time spent on problem comprehension, time to construct the ER, use of ER (read off) and question answering. 27 ER construction, often demonstrating what Green (1989) has termed premature commitment to an unsuitable ER form or modality. Previous research has highlighted the problem comprehension stage as being critical in the problem solving process (Proudfit, 1981; Hall et al. 1989; Reed Ettinger, 1987; Schwartz, 1971; Polich Schwartz, 1974) Proudfit ....

Green, T.R.G. [1989] Cognitive dimensions of notations. In A. Sutcliffe & L. Macaulay (Eds.), People and Computers V , Cambridge University Press.

....of evaluation. Traditional empirical techniques (considered in section 2) have been the most common form evaluation technique within this area, though are often difficult to interpret in terms of the cognitive impact of the system. A very promising technique is the analysis of Cognitive Dimensions (Green, 1989; 1990) which has been used to describe a 3D graphical representation of Prolog (Ford, 1996) as well as visual programming languages (Green and Petre, 1996) A Cognitive Dimension analysis takes the form of a thought experiment by which the designer of a system can evaluate the interface and ....

Green, T. R. G. (1989). Cognitive Dimensions of Notations. In A. Sutcliffe and L. Macaulay (Eds.), People and Computers V. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

....goal in designing Viz was to provide a descriptive mechanism for understanding and explaining the diverse notations and methodologies underlying existing software visualization environments. Our re implementation based approach is in contrast to the current literature (Eisenstadt et al. 1990; Green, 1989; Green, 1990; Myers, 1990; Price et al. 1992) which focusses on cognitive and notational dimensions and practical categories. The amount of effort involved in our approach is of the same order of magnitude as category or dimension based approaches. Each of the example systems was constructed ....

Green, T. R. G. (1989). Cognitive Dimensions of Notations. In A. Sutcliffe & L. Macaulay (Eds.), People and Computers V (pp. 443-460). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

....are represented. Finally, PVL representations are integrated throughout the system This improves feedback and forms a closer union between the system and the program representation. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK Pursuit is implemented[6] in Garnet. The system was evaluated along cognitive dimension[1] and the findings incorporated into its design[3] User studies are evaluating how well Pursuit helps users automate tasks. In these studies, users construct programs using Pursuit. The results will be compared with users doing the same tasks in the visual shell, but with programs being ....

T.R.G. Green. Cognitive Dimensions of Notations. In People and Computers V, pages 443--460.

....of ERs in problem solving or related activities. In addition to everyday examples, it is well known that ERs are effective aids to problem solving for a range of more formal problem types. These include analogical reasoning (Beveridge Parkins, 1987) classification of hierarchical information (Greene, 1989), vector arithmetic (Katz Anzai, 1990) algebra word problems (Singley, Anderson, Gevins Hoffman, 1989) programming (Merrill, Reiser, Beekelaar Hamid, 1992) logical and analytical reasoning (Barwise Etchemendy, 1994; Cox, Stenning Oberlander, 1994; Stenning Oberlander, in press) ....

....However, the time course analysis of the current study reveals that students typically spend only 10 of the total time on problem reading and ER selection. Also, subjects often read only the problem stem but not the questions . Hence they rush into ER construction, often demonstrating what Green (1989) has termed premature commitment to an unsuitable ER form or modality. 5.4.2 ER selection stage In the switchER study, subjects prior knowledge about a wide range of ERs was assessed by means of a ER taxonomising (card sort) task administered before they attempted the reasoning problems using ....

Green, T.R.G. [1989] Cognitive dimensions of notations. In A. Sutcliffe & L. Macaulay (Eds.), People & Computers V, Cambridge University Press.

....Viscosity The difficulty of modifying a proof is largely determined by the viscosity of the notation in which the proof is recorded. Viscosity is one of Green s cognitive dimensions, a suite of qualitative measures for broad brush analysis of computer languages with respect to user tasks, see [Gre89, Gre90] Viscosity is defined as resistance to local changes and has two different types. One is repetitiousness viscosity, where to achieve the desired goal, instead of a single action A we have to perform a string of virtually identical actions a1, a2, a3, This is the problem with ....

T. R. G. Green. Cognitive dimensions of notations. In A. Sutcliffe and L. Macaulay, editors, Fifth Conference of the BCS HCI Special Interest Group, volume V of People and Computers, pages 443--460. Cambridge University Press, 1989.

....is likely to require further changes to restore an internally consistent state, neither of which were issues in our experiment. Designers of VPL experiments for which these are potential issues might need to supplement the CW with other evaluative techniques, such as Green s Cognitive Dimensions [7 8]. Thus, while the results of our case study can be taken as strong support within a circumscribed area, the exact definition of its boundaries require further study. Also, outside that circumscribed area, other techniques may and probably will be needed. 6.2 Advantages We observed several ....

T. R. G. Green. Cognitive Dimensions of Notations. In A. Sutcliffe and L. Macaulay (Eds.) People and Computers V. Cambridge Univ. Press. 1989, 443-460.

....and in the design of domestic central heating controllers. In short, unlike any other HCI technique I know of, it is explicitly concerned with the internal structure of information and how that structure affects usability. I call this framework the cognitive dimensions of notations [9] because, although I am not entirely happy with any of the words neither cognitive , nor dimension , nor notation that seems to be the best phrase going. And although I take credit for many of the ideas, I must make it clear that many others have collaborated, criticised, clarified, and ....

Green, T. R. G.(1989) Cognitive dimensions of notations. In A. Sutcliffe and L. Macaulay (Eds.) People and Computers V. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 443-460

....method that is specifically intended to evaluate systems such as programming languages; that is, systems in which creative design is an important activity and in which complex structures are being built and modified. That system is called the Cognitive Dimensions framework. First described by Green (1989) in rather general terms, it was applied to a sample of visual programming environments by Green and Petre (1995) and has subsequently been applied to a wide range of usability problems (Green Blackwell 1998) We describe here how that system can be applied to musical editing systems. Cognitive ....

Green, T.R.G. (1989). Cognitive dimensions of notations. In A. Sutcliffe & L. Macaulay (Eds.), People and Computers V. Cambridge University Press.

No context found.

T.R.G. Green, #1989#. Cognitive Dimensions of Notations. In A. Sutchi# and L. Macaulay, editors, People and Computers V, pages 443#460. Cambridge University Press.

....that designers ask. And finally, GOMS and similar HCI approaches have not so far been applied to notational issues, such as whether to use identifier declarations in a programming language; the HCI approach has concentrated on interactive situations, rather than to notational design. Green [28], 30] presented an alternative approach, called cognitive dimensions of notations , as a framework for a broad brush assessment of almost any kind of cognitive artifact. Unlike many other approaches, the cognitive dimensions framework is task specific, concentrating on the processes and ....

Green, T. R. G. (1989) Cognitive dimensions of notations. In A. Sutcliffe and L. Macaulay (Eds.) People and Computers V. pp 443-460. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

....an analysis in cognitive terms of the symbol systems used to create graphs, and much of this work would be directly applicable to typical software visualisations. Oberlander (1996) has similarly carried out a semantic analysis of graphical design notations that extends the Cognitive Dimensions of Green (1989) and Green and Petre (in press) particularly the use of secondary notation by designers (Petre and Green, 1992) He considers the ways in which certain arrangements of graphical elements carry with them further implications. This analysis is derived from Grice s maxims of communication a ....

Green, T. R. G. (1989) Cognitive dimensions of notations. In A. Sutcliffe and L. Macaulay (Eds. ) People and Computers V. Cambridge University Press.

....The claim is that data centered approaches such as ERMIA achieve a better abstraction of the whole human computer system. Lastly, there are broad brush approaches, based on natural language concepts comprehensible to nonspecialists, such as the cognitive dimensions of notations explored by Green (1989) and DIVA (Descriptions of Interactive Visual Artefacts) developed by Tweedie (1995) In these approaches, such high level ideas as viscosity are used to characterise the properties of an artefact, and the role of ERMIA is to provide an explanation and a definition of the concepts. 28 In ....

Green, T. R. G. (1989) Cognitive dimensions of notations. In A. Sutcliffe and L. Macaulay (Eds.) People and Computers V. Cambridge University Press.

No context found.

T. R. G. Green. Cognitive dimensions of notations. In A. Sutcliffe and L. Macaulay, editors, People and Computers V: Proceedings of the Fifth Conference of the British Computer Society Human-Computer Interaction Specialist Group, pages 443--460. Cambridge University Press, 1989.

No context found.

T. R. G. Green, "Cognitive Dimensions of Notations," in People and Computers V, A. Sutcliffe and L. Macaulay, Eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989, 443-460.

No context found.

T.R.G. Green, "Cognitive Dimensions of Notations," In People and Computers V, (eds.) A. Sutcliffe and L. Macaulay, 443-460. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, (1989).

No context found.

, People and Computers V: Designing for Usability, Proceedings of HCI'89, September, Nottingham, 443-460. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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