D. Bowman, D. Koller, L. Hodges, "A Methodology for the Evaluation of Travel Techniques for Immersive Virtual Environments," Virtual Reality: Research, Development, and Applications, 3(2), 1998, pp. 120-131  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....than switching between different screens. It would be thus interesting to contrast these different approaches to BEV in more detail. It should also be noted that the paths in our VEs were twodimensional (i.e. horizontal with turns) as we are used with corridors in everyday life. Research [3], 4] that studied navigation with (less familiar) three dimensional paths (i.e. those moving 0 100 200 300 400 CTRL STS BEV Figure 4. Mean time to complete the task. along all three principal axes, including the vertical one) showed that adding a third dimension to the paths significantly ....

....an interesting direction of research in integrating STS with other empowerments concerns the possibility of moving through walls. While in our experiment users were constrained to stay within the corridors as it is typical of some VE applications (e.g. training, games, other researchers [3], 4] have investigated navigation scenarios where collision detection was disabled, allowing users to freely move through walls to gain spatial knowledge of the VE. The addition of STS to those scenarios could prove worthwhile: indeed, when users cannot see what lies behind a wall, they are ....

Bowman, D. A., Koller, D., and Hodges, L. F. A Methodology for the Evaluation of Travel Techniques for Immersive Virtual Environments. Virtual Reality: Research, Development, and Applications, 3(2), 1998, pp. 120-131.

....research and are beginning to apply and expand upon those methods for VEs. A few efforts have been reported to date; however, user centered design and usability evaluation in VEs as a practice still lags far behind what is needed. One reported work on user based evaluation in VEs is Bowman et al. [1], who investigated an aspect of navigation in VEs and present a framework for evaluating travel (viewpoint motion control) The framework supports a methodology for evaluating different VE travel techniques and for appropriately matching travel techniques with virtual applications. Several ....

Bowman, D, Koller, D, and Hodges, LF. (1998). "A Methodology for the Evaluation of Travel Techniques for Immersive Virtual Environments". Virtual Reality: Journal of the Virtual Reality Society, 3, pp. 120-131.

....threads relating to virtual reality, navigation, collaboration, and usability engineering. Techniques for independent travel or locomotion around a scene have been studied by Bowman (see e.g. 2] and have resulted in a taxonomy and methodology to aid in the evaluation of travel techniques [3]. Darken [6, 5] has explored issues related to wayfinding and map usage, including navigational cues within a virtual environment. A number of groups have developed novel, general travel techniques or application specific navigation methods; these include the Worlds in Miniature interface by ....

.... influence leadership in collaborative virtual environments and found the level of visual immersion to be a significant factor [17] Finally, our work benefits from usability engineering techniques that have only recently been applied to virtual reality applications in a systematic way (see e.g. [3]) Gabbard and Hix have drawn together an extensive taxonomy of VR usability characteristics [7] that has provided useful guidance. Hix et al. illustrated in depth, user centered design for a specific application [11] We have adopted their overall approach of using expert heuristic evaluation ....

D. Bowman, D. Koller, and L. Hodges. A methodology for the evaluation of travel techniques for immersive virtual environments. Virtual Reality: Journal of the Virtual Reality Society, 3:120--131, 1998.

.... and Holloway [22] employ constraints in view selection, while expert knowledge is utilized by Billinghurst and Savage [1] wayfinding strategies in general are analyzed in Darken and Sibert [5] while viewpoint control and locomotion in immersive environments have been studied by Bowman, et al. [2, 3]. Other work by Ware and Fleet [26] focuses on the nature of flying modes of navigation, and Pierce et al. 21] observe the manner in which image plane interaction can be exploited for getting around the scene. An exhaustive analysis of usability characteristics, including navigation methods, ....

D. Bowman, D. Koller, and L.F. Hodges. A methodology for the evaluation of travel techniques for immersive virtual environments. Virtual Reality: Journal of the Virtual Reality Society, 3:120--131, 1998.

....usability research and are beginning to apply and expand upon those methods for VEs. A few efforts have been reported to date; however, user centered design and usability evaluation in VEs as a practice still lags far behind what is needed. One reported work on user based evaluation in VEs is [1], who investigated an aspect of navigation in VEs and present a framework for evaluating viewpoint motion control, or travel. The framework supports a methodology for evaluating different VE travel techniques and for appropriately matching travel techniques with virtual applications. Several ....

Bowman, D., Koller, D., and Hodges, L. (accepted for publication), "A Methodology for the Evaluation of Travel Techniques for Immersive Virtual Environments", Virtual Reality: Research, Development, and Application.

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D. Bowman, D. Koller, L. Hodges, "A Methodology for the Evaluation of Travel Techniques for Immersive Virtual Environments," Virtual Reality: Research, Development, and Applications, 3(2), 1998, pp. 120-131

....are instantly teleported to the target destination) than after using any of three other continuous motion techniques. Our initial investigations led us to realize that performance differences could be influenced by a wide variety of factors other than the interaction technique. In our latest work [13], we describe an expanded evaluation framework, which explicitly includes outside factors in the model of performance. Outside factors include task characteristics (e.g. distance to travel, number of turns in the path) environment characteristics (e.g. number of obstacles, level of visual ....

.... path) environment characteristics (e.g. number of obstacles, level of visual detail) system characteristics (e.g. rendering style, frame rate) and user characteristics (e.g. length of reach, experience with VE technology) We also performed a fourth experiment (for details, see Bowman et al. [13]) incorporating this expanded framework. In it, we compared three direction selection techniques ( gaze, pointing, and torso directed) on the amount of information users could gather while traveling. Twenty six subjects traveled along paths and attempted to gather as much information as possible ....

D. Bowman, D. Koller & L. Hodges (1998) A methodology for the evaluation of travel techniques for immersive virtual environments. Virtual Reality: Research, Development, and Applications 3, 120---131.

....factors, such as the user s level of visual acuity, his spatial ability, or his technical background. Finally, we model system characteristics, including the frame rate, rendering style, or the use of a virtual body representation. For more complete lists of outside factors, see (Bowman, Koller, Hodges, 1998). 2.5 Previous Related Experiments We have previously completed four experiments comparing various travel techniques within the context of this formal evaluation framework. Two of them are particularly relevant to the discussion of our spatial orientation experiment below. Our first spatial ....

....except in the case where velocity was infinite (the 9 user was instantly teleported to the target location) This jumping technique caused significantly more disorientation in users. A second experiment focused on the user s ability to gather information while traveling through a VE (see Bowman, Koller, Hodges, 1998, for a detailed description) We compared three steering techniques (methods for selecting the direction of motion) which used the user s gaze direction, pointing direction, or torso direction. We simultaneously varied the dimensionality of the environment (travel was in one, two, or three ....

Bowman, D., Koller, D., & Hodges, L. (1998). A Methodology for the Evaluation of Travel Techniques for Immersive Virtual Environments. Virtual Reality: Research, Development, and Applications, 3(2), 120-131.

....the low cognitive load they place on the user during travel the user can take note of spatial features during travel because the system is controlling motion. Constrain the user s travel to fewer than three dimensions if possible to reduce cognitive load. Our information gathering experiment (Bowman, Koller, Hodges, 1998) showed that the higher the dimensionality of the path the user travels, the more likely he is to forget information seen along that path. Many VE applications allow the user to fly in three dimensions, even when it is not necessary. A simple constraint that keeps the user on the ground plane ....

Bowman, D., Koller, D., and Hodges, L. (1998). A Methodology for the Evaluation of Travel Techniques for Immersive Virtual Environments. Virtual Reality: Research, Development, and Applications, 3(2), 120-131.

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D. Bowman, D. Koller, and L. Hodges, "A methodology for the evaluation of travel techniques for immersive virtual environments," Virtual Reality: Res., Develop., Applicat., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 120--131, 1998.

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D. A. Bowman, D. Koller, and L. F. Hodges. A methodology for the evaluation of travel techniques for immersive virtual environments. Virtual Reality, 3:120--131, 1998.

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Bowman, D., D. Koller, and L. Hodges, A Methodology for the Evaluation of Travel Techniques for Immersive Virtual Environments. Virtual Reality: Research, Development and Applications, 1998. 3(2): p. 120-131.

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