Kendall E. A, Murali Krishna, P.V., Pathak, C.V. and Suresh, C.V. "Patterns of Intelligent and Mobile Agents," Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Autonomous Agents, pp. 92-9, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, May 1998.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   TOC   Related Articles   Check

....modelling. Multi Agent Systems are made up of intelligent agents . Unfortunately, there is no universally accepted definition of an agent. This is mainly because of the vast number of research teams in various domains using the same concept to build agents that have different capabilities [1]. As a result, each definition of the term is based on the inherent capabilities of the agent. However, most definitions agree that agents are software units that are designed to accomplish specific tasks on behalf of users and have the following attributes: Autonomy (acts without being invoked) ....

Kendall, E.A., Murali-Krishna, P.V., Pathak, C.V., Suresh, C.B.: Patterns of Intelligent and Mobile Agents. Proceedings of the Interantional Conference on Autonomous Agents (1998) 92-99

....format, which will then be transformed into XML representations of the agents (see section 5) This will provide an easy way to instantiate the target code from such a structured representation of data. 4 Patterns Regarding the patterns of agents, many works have been proposed (among the others, [20] [21 ] as already discussed, our concept of pattern addresses an entity composed of portions of design and the corresponding implementation code. We look at an agent as a composition of a base agent class and a set of task classes this is the structure. The behaviour expressed by the agents ....

Kendall, E. A., Krishna, P. V. M., Pathak C. V., Suresh, C. B.: Patterns of intelligent and mobile agents. Proc. of the Second International Conference on Autonomous Agents. Minneapolis, May 1998, 92-99

....mobility of agents. The methodology is depicted making use of a well known bookstore case study. A comparison with the Gaia and MaSE methodologies is also provided. 1 Introduction At present, several methods and representations for agent based systems have been proposed [1] 2] 3] 4] 22][23]. Robbins et al. 21] have defined the concept of fidelity, which is the distance between a model and its implementation. Thus, low fidelity models are problem oriented, whilst high fidelity models are more solution oriented. Since agents are still a forefront issue, some researchers have ....

....high fidelity models are more solution oriented. Since agents are still a forefront issue, some researchers have proposed methods involving abstractions of social phenomena and knowledge [1] 3] 4] low fidelity models) others have proposed representations involving implementation matters [2] 22][23] (higher fidelity models) There exists one response to these headways, which is to treat agent based systems the same as non agent based ones. However, we refuse this idea because we think it is more natural to describe agents using a psychological and social language. Therefore we believe that ....

Kendall, E. A., Krishna, P. V. M., Pathak C. V. and Suresh C. B. Patterns of intelligent and mobile agents. In Proc. Of the Second International Conference on Autonomous Agents, (Minneapolis, May 1998), 92--99.

....design environment that proves more productive of the general purpose ones. Index Terms CASE tools, Design Methodology, Multi Agent Systems, Software Engineering. I. INTRODUCTION EVERAL works can be found in literature about the design and representation of multi agents systems [21] 22] 23][24][25] 26] Some approaches propose representations involving abstractions of social phenomena and knowledge [21] 25] 26] obtaining an expressive representation of these aspects but maintaining a distance from the implementation level that introduces a difficulty in the production of the mal code ....

....the implementation level that introduces a difficulty in the production of the mal code solution. On the contrary some others maintain an high level of attention both for analysis steps and implementation issues but are less interested in the representation of the social aspects of the MAS [22] 23][24]. Massimo Cossentino is with the CERE CNR (Centro di Studi sulle Reti di Elaboratori Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) V.le delle Scienze c o Centro Univ. Calcolo, 90128 Palermo Italy. phone: 39 091.6566274; fax: 39.0916529124; e mail: cossenfinocere.pa. cnr. it) Colin Potts is with the ....

Kendall, E. A., Krishna, P. V. M., Pathak C. V. and Suresh C. B. Patterns of intelligent and mobile agents. In Proc. of the Second International Conference on Autonomous Agents, (Minneapolis, May 1998), 92-99.

....that are necessary for the achievement of the goal. Considerable work has been done in software engineering for defining software patterns (see e.g. 5] unfortunately, they do not place emphasis on social aspects. On the other hand, proposals of patterns that address social issues (see e.g. [1, 8]) are not intended to be used at an organizational level, but rather during implementation phases by addressing issues such as agent communication, information gathering from information sources, or connection setup. In the following, we present some social patterns that focus on social ....

Kendall, E., Murali Krishna, P. V., Pathak, C. V., and Suersh, C. B. Patterns of Intelligent and Mobile Agents. In Proc. of the 2nd lnt. Conf on Autonomous Agents, Agents'98, pages 929, St. Paul, USA, May 1998.

....of them, such as those identified in [Gam95, Pre95] can be incorporated into multi agent system architectures. Unfortunately, they focus on object oriented not on the inherent characteristics of agents. In the area of MAS, some work has been done in designing agent patterns, see for instance [Ari98, Deu99, Ken98]. However, these contributions focus on problems like how agents communicate one another, get information from an information sources, and establish a connection with a specific host. Differently, in Tropos, multi agent patterns are used for solving a specific goal at organization level. In the ....

E. Kendall, P.V. Murali Krishna, C. V. Pathak, and C.B. Suersh. Patterns of Intelligent and Mobile Agents. In K. Sycara and M. Wooldridge, eds., Proceedings of the 2 nd International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AGENTS-98), pages 92---98, New York, May 9---13, 1998, ACM Press.

....identified in [22,40] can be incorporated into agent system architectures. Unfortunately, they focus on object oriented not on the inherent intentional and social characteristics of agents. In the area of multi agent systems, some work has been done in designing agent patterns, see for instance [1,16,30]. However, these contributions focus on problems like how agents communicate one another, get information from information sources, and establish a connection with a specific host. Di#erently, in Tropos, social patterns are used for solving a specific goal defined at the architectural level ....

E. Kendall, P. M. Krishna, C. Pathak, and C. Suersh. Patterns of intelligent and mobile agents. In Proc. of the 2nd Int. Conf. on Autonomous Agents, Agents'98, pages 92--99, St. Paul, USA, May 1998.

....for the achievement of the goal. Considerable work has been done in software engineering for deCming software pattems (see e.g. Gam95, Pre95, Bus96] unfortunately, they do not place emphasis on social aspects. On the other hand, proposals of pattems that address social issues (see e.g. [Ari98, Deu99, Ken98]) are not intended to be used at an organizational level, but rather during implementation phases by addressing issues such as agent communication, information gathering from information sources, or connection setup. In the following, we present some social patterns that focus on social ....

E. Kendall, P.V. Murali Krishna, C. V. Pathak, and C.B. Suersh. "Patterns of Intelligent and Mobile Agents". In K. Sycara and M. Wooldridge, eds., Proceedings of the 2 "a International Conference on Autonomous Agents (Agents'98), pages 92--98, New York, May 1998, ACM Press.

....patterns have received considerable attention in Software Engineering [8, 17] and some of these could be adopted for MAS architectures. Unfortunately, they focus on object oriented rather than agent oriented systems. In the area of MAS, some work has been done in designing agent patterns, e.g. [1, 5, 11]. However, these contributions focus on agent communication, while we are interested in specifying how a goal is to be achieved at an organization level. In the following we present a micro level catalogue of often encountered multiagent patterns in the MAS literature. In particular, some of the ....

E. Kendall, P.V. Murali Krishna, C. V. Pathak, and C.B. Suersh. "Patterns of Intelligent and Mobile Agents". In Proc. of the 2 Int. Conf. on Autonomous Agents (Agents'98), pages 92---98, New York, May 1998.

....identified in [22,40] can be incorporated into agent system architectures. Unfortunately, they focus on object oriented not on the inherent intentional and social characteristics of agents. In the area of multi agent systems, some work has been done in designing agent patterns, see for instance [1,15,29]. However, these contributions focus on problems like how agents communicate one another, get information from an information sources, and establish a connection with a specific host. Di#erently, in Tropos, social patterns are used for solving a specific goal defined at the architectural level ....

E. Kendall, P. M. Krishna, C. Pathak, and C. Suersh. Patterns of intelligent and mobile agents. In Proc. of the 2nd Int. Conf. on Autonomous Agents, Agents'98, pages 92--99, St. Paul, USA, Oct. 1999.

....for the achievement of the goal. Considerable work has been done in software engineering for defining software patterns (see e.g. Gam95, Pre95, Bus96] unfortunately, they do not place emphasis on social aspects. On the other hand, proposals of patterns that address social issues (see e.g. [Ari98, Deu99, Ken98]) are not intended to be used at an organizational level, but rather during implementation phases by addressing issues such as agent communication, information gathering from information sources, or connection setup. In the following, we present some social patterns that focus on social ....

E. Kendall, P.V. Murali Krishna, C. V. Pathak, and C.B. Suersh. "Patterns of Intelligent and Mobile Agents". In K. Sycara and M. Wooldridge, eds., Proceedings of the 2 nd International Conference on Autonomous Agents (Agents'98), pages 92---98, New York, May 1998, ACM Press.

....it defines an agent that provides services for identifying and finding agents with specific capabilities. Other approaches for design patterns for mobile agents include the approach of Rana and 5 Biancheri [26] applying Petri Nets to model the meeting pattern of mobile agents. Kendall et al. [6] ( 19, 18] suggest a sevenlayer architecture pattern for agents, and sets of patterns belonging to each of the layers. The seven layers are: mobility, translation, collaboration, actions, reasoning, beliefs and sensory. The three lowest layers have patterns that select the mental model of the ....

Kendall E. A., Krishna P. V. M., Pathak C. V. and Suresh C. B. Patterns of intelligent and 7 mobile agents. In Proc. of the second international conference on Autonomous agents, pages 92--99, 1998.

....to support implementing these agents in Java. JAFMAS also provides the underlying agent framework for the implemented system. The actual messages that are passed, the types of agents, their attributes and functions and the internal reasoning of the agents have been implemented in this thesis. Kendall et al. 1998) present a collection of patterns for agents. Aridor and Lange (1998) describe several design patterns they found in mobile agent applications. Malyankar (1998) proposes a pattern template for representing design patterns for intelligent systems and in 13 particular, for e markets. Odell, ....

Kendall, E. A., Murali Krishna, P. V., Pathak, C. V. & Suresh, C. B. (1998). Patterns of Intelligent and Mobile Agents. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Intelligent Agents.

....Interaction Interface In a virtual world users and embodied agents 2 have a virtual body# giving them a physical existence in the virtual environment. The virtual embodiment of a user is called an avatar. Contemporary agent architectures are layered #Gen# nings# Sycara# # Wooldridge 1998# Kendall et al. 1998#. Low#level layers handle sensory input and reactive or built#in behaviors such as locomotion# reach# grasp# and attention. Mid#level layers control task execution and monitoring. High#level layers perform communication with other agents and task planning. Depending on the modeled sensors# the ....

Kendall# E.# Murali Krishna# P.# Pathac# C.# and Sureash# C. 1998. Patterns of intelligent and mobile agents. In Proc. Int. Conf. on Autonomous Agents# 92#99. ACM Press.

....task. Furthermore all processing is performed inside the gateway under control of the client, while Anetd starts external processes that are independent to a large extent. Mobile agent patterns Our list of motivations to use mobile code (Section 2) and some recent papers on agent design patterns (Kendall et al. 1998; Hulaas et al. 1999; Aridor and Lange, 1998; Tolksdorf, 1998) have very similar goals. As a matter of fact all these authors have started to report their experiences and to build catalogs of patterns in order to help others reusing successful designs. The difference with the present paper is ....

....a basic storage service of the messenger environment. aamasj.tex; 21 12 1999; 17:55; p. 28 29 When a client sends a request to the HTTP service in order to install a handler and subsequently uses the handler to adapt the answer it can be seen as an application of the Remote Configurator pattern of (Kendall et al. 1998). When a client sends a request to the HTTP service in order to install a filter and to apply it to Web data it resembles the Master Slave design pattern of (Aridor and Lange, 1998) because a potentially heavy computation is delegated to an external entity using mobile code. 7. Conclusion and ....

Kendall, E. A., P. V. Murali Krishna, C. V. Pathak, and C. B. Suresh: 1998, `Patterns of Intelligent and Mobile Agents'. In: Proceedings of the Autonomous Agents'98 Conference.

....space probe plan complex itineraries throughout their natural environment (respectively the Internet and outer space) sociability is only required (so far) for the Internet borne agent. As the use of agent technology becomes widespread, agent modeling methodologies [86] and agent design patterns [5, 53] are starting to emerge. 2.4.2 Architecture Most contemporary agents have a layered architecture [40, 52] Each layer has a specialized function: sensory, reactive, and deliberative. Other layers can provide specialized services such as real time control or communication. Information is gathered ....

Elizabeth A. Kendall, P. V. Murali Krishna, Chirag V. Pathak, and C. B. Suresh. Patterns of intelligent and mobile agents. In Katia P. Sycara and Michael Wooldridge, editors, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AGENTS-98), pages 92--99, New York, May 9--13 1998. ACM Press. 69

....outer space) sociability is only required (so far) for the Internet borne agent. As the use of agent technology becomes widespread, agent modeling methodologies [86] and agent design patterns [5, 53] are starting to emerge. 2.4. 2 Architecture Most contemporary agents have a layered architecture [40, 52]. Each layer has a specialized function: sensory, reactive, and deliberative. Other layers can provide specialized services such as real time control or communication. Information is gathered via the sensory layer and percolated up though the reactive and deliberative layers. Each of these two ....

E. Kendall, P. MuraliKrishna, C. Pathac, and C. Sureash. Patterns of intelligent and mobile agents. In Proc. Int. Conf. on Autonomous Agents, pages 92--99. ACM Press, May 1998.

....task. Furthermore all processing is performed inside the gateway under control of the client, while Anetd starts external processes that are independent to a large extent. Mobile agent patterns Our list of motivations to use mobile code (Section 2) and some recent papers on agent design patterns [8, 7, 1, 15] have very similar goals. As a matter of fact all these authors have started to report their experiences and to build catalogs of patterns in order to help others reusing successful designs. The difference with the present paper is that we concentrate specifically on the integration of services ....

....the agent is traveling is provided by a basic storage service of the messenger environment. When a client sends a request to the HTTP service in order to install a handler and subsequently uses the handler to adapt the answer it can be seen as an application of the Remote Configurator pattern of [8]. When a client sends a request to the HTTP service in order to install a filter and to apply it to Web data it resembles the Master Slave design pattern of [1] because a potentially heavy computation is delegated to an external entity using mobile code. 7. Conclusion and Outlook We have shown an ....

E. A. Kendall, P. V. Murali Krishna, C. V. Pathak, and C. B. Suresh. Patterns of intelligent and mobile agents. In Proceedings of the Autonomous Agents'98 Conference, 1998.

....perhaps by developing a new swathe of agent based patterns. A pattern is not a heuristic; rather, they are good tools for documenting models, designs and frameworks. They also happen to be good tools for analysis, and we have begun looking at patterns for these roles in house. In AA 98 conference, Kendall (1998) and Aridor Lange (1998) described work that began addressing this problem, although they emphasised pattern based methodologies for agent design at the source level. A more appropriate approach, championed by Kendall and others, utilises role based patterns that emphasise the problem and domain ....

Kendall, E.A., Murali Krishna, P.V., Pathak, C.V. & Suresh, C.B (1998), "Patterns of intelligent and mobile agents", Proc. Autonomous Agents 1998, pp. 92-99.

....because a process or activity identifies how things are to be done . Goals are important to agent based systems because agents are autonomous and proactive. Agents achieve goals on the behalf of users through their autonomous and proactive behavior. To identify goals from theuse cases, we should [14]: Identify the most top goal; Decompose it to the sub goals necessary to fulfill the top goal; Place the first set of sub goals as the first level goals ; Identify the next level of goals in a similar mode; Place them as the second level goals ; Derive all the goals in an ....

Kendall, E. A., Krishna M., Pathak C. V., and Suresh C. B.: Patterns of Intelligent and Mobile Agents. Agents '98, May, (1998).

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Kendall E., Krishna, P., et al, Patterns of Intelligent and Mobile Agents, Autonomous Agents, 1998.

.... context switching, and modularity, which facilitates extensibility and plug in or plug and play architectures [32] However, there is widespread realization in the object oriented community that a design and implementation that is solely class or component based has its limitations [9, 16]. The basis of the problem is that some kinds of behavior or functionality cross cut or are orthogonal to classes or components; these kinds of behavior appear in many components and are not easily modularized to a separate class. Aspects cut across or cross cut the units of a system s ....

....not easily modularized to a separate class. Aspects cut across or cross cut the units of a system s functional decomposition (objects) Examples provided in the literature are synchronization, exception handling, monitoring and auditing, quality of service, and many others. Research presented in [16] has produced extra language constructs and language processors (called Aspect Weavers) that can interleave or weave component and aspect definitions (programs) appropriately to formulate a unified and executable program (Figure 8) The Java based AOP environment (AspectJ TM ) from Xerox PARC ....

Kendall, E. A., P.V. Murali Krishna, Chirag V. Pathak, C.B. Suresh, "Patterns of Intelligent and Mobile Agents," Agents '98, May, 1998.

.... collaborators roles it interacts with external interfaces access to services relationships to other roles aggregation, generalization, refinement, role sequences Due to benefits in modularity, reuse, and portability, object oriented implementations are commonly employed for intelligent agents [4, 12, 18] There are also many patterns and models for intelligent agents that are based on extensions to object oriented techniques [10, 11, 12] As agents are extensions of objects, they encompass all the E. A. Kendall, Agent Roles and Role Models features that objects have, adding autonomous, ....

.... refinement, role sequences Due to benefits in modularity, reuse, and portability, object oriented implementations are commonly employed for intelligent agents [4, 12, 18] There are also many patterns and models for intelligent agents that are based on extensions to object oriented techniques [10, 11, 12]. As agents are extensions of objects, they encompass all the E. A. Kendall, Agent Roles and Role Models features that objects have, adding autonomous, proactive, social, reactive, and intelligent behavior. Therefore, the object role dimensions cited in Table 1 are not sufficient for ....

Kendall, E. A., P.V. Murali Krishna, Chirag V. Pathak, C.B. Suresh, "Patterns of Intelligent and Mobile Agents," Agents '98, May, 1998.

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Kendall E. A, Murali Krishna, P.V., Pathak, C.V. and Suresh, C.V. "Patterns of Intelligent and Mobile Agents," Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Autonomous Agents, pp. 92-9, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, May 1998.

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Kendall, E. A.; Krishna, P. V. M.; Pathak, C. V.; and Suresh, C. B. 1998. Patterns of intelligent and mobile agents. In Sycara, K. P., and Wooldridge, M., eds., Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Autonomous Agents (Agents'98), 92--99. New York: ACM Press.

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E.A. Kendall, P. Krishna, C.V. Pathak, C.B. Suresh, Patterns of Intelligent and Mobile Agents, Proceedings of the 2nd Int'l Conference on Autonomous Agents, ACM Press, New York, 1998, pp. 92 -- 99.

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Kendall, E.A., Krishna, P.V.M., Pathak, C.V., Suresh, C.B.: Patterns of intelligent and mobile agents. In Sycara, K.P., Wooldridge, M., eds.: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Autonomous Agents (Agents'98), New York, ACM Press (1998) 92--99

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Kendall, E. A., Krishna, P. V. M., Pathak C. V. and Suresh C. B. Patterns of intelligent and mobile agents. In Proc. of the Second International Conference on Autonomous Agents, (Minneapolis, May 1998), 92--99.

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Kendall, E. A., Krishna, P. V. M., Pathak C. V. and Suresh C. B. Patterns of intelligent and mobile agents. In Proc. of the Second International Conference on Autonomous Agents, (Minneapolis, May 1998), 92--99.

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E. Kendall, P. M. Krishna, C. Pathak, and C. Suresh, "Patterns of intelligent and mobile agents," in Proceedings of teh 2nd International Confernece on Autonomous Agents (AGENTS-98), (New York, New York, USA), pp. 92--99, May 1998.

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E. A. Kendall, P. V. Murali Krishna, C. V. Pathak, and C. B. Suresh. Patterns of Intelligent and Mobile Agents. In P. Sycara and M. Wooldridge, editors, Agents'98.ACM Press, May 1998.

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Kendall, E. A., Krishna, P. V. M., Pathak C. V. and Suresh C. B. Patterns of intelligent and mobile agents. In Proc. of the Second International Conference on Autonomous Agents, (Minneapolis, May 1998), 92--99.

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Kendall, E. A., Krishna, P. V. M., Pathak C. V. and Suresh, C. B. Patterns of intelligent and mobile agents. In Proc. Of the Second Intemational Conference on Autonomous Agents, (Minneapolis, May 1998), 92-99.

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Elizabeth A. Kendall, P. V. Murali Krishna, Chirag Pathak, C. B. Suresh. Patterns of Intelligent and Mobile Agents. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Autonomous agents, ACM, 1998. 92-99

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