Kokinov, B.: The Context-Sensitive Cognitive Architecture DUAL. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ (1994)  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....1995; Defays, 1995; McGraw Hofstadter, 1996) In these programs, WM and LTM are presented as distinct, although continually interacting, memory structures. There is certainly a need to integrate these two memory structures in a more direct way. One attempt along these lines has been produced by Kokinov (1994). Summary and Conclusion I hope to have shown some of the difficulties associated with any attempt to isolate representation from the processing, an almost ubiquitous practice in attempting to model human cognition on a computer. I have indicated a number of well known programs whose operation ....

Kokinov, B. (1994). The context-sensitive cognitive architecture DUAL. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

....1993; French, 1995; Defays, 1995; McGraw, 1996) In these programs, WM and LTM are presented as distinct, although continually interacting, memory structures. There is certainly a need to integrate these two memory structures in a more direct way. One attempt along these lines has been produced by Kokinov (1994). One of the serious drawbacks of these programs is their inability to learn over the course a series of interactions with their environment. The long term memory structures in these programs are hand coded. However, this is not acceptable for agents that are to become truly autonomous. They must ....

Kokinov, B. (1994). The context-sensitive cognitive architecture DUAL. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

....the interaction to stimuli not directly related to the problem at hand. Finally, there is (3) internal versus external, which differentiates the context of the world from the internal mental state of the system. Kokinov then argues for a theory of implicit, intrinsic, internal context [11] In [12], a basic implementation of DUAL is presented, in the form of the associative memory based reasoning system (AMBR) He then presents some ideas on how AMBR approaches 12 02 00 10 some analogy problems, but we must note that it currently cannot escape from criticism of the hollowness of its ....

KOKINOV, B.N.: The context-sensitive cognitive architecture DUAL. In: Proceedings of the 16 th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale, NJ, 1994.

....work on formalization of context in logic. Another area of strong interest is natural language processing computational linguistics. This area, for example, accounts for twelve of the 33 papers in the CONTEXT 97 conference. Work has also been done on cognitive models of context. This includes Kokinov s (1994) DUAL cognitive architecture, Kolodner s (1984) model of human episodic memory (the basis for CMB s memory and one of the origins of c schemas) and Ozturk and Aamodt s (1997) case based diagnostic program. Feltovich, Johnson, Moller, and Swanson (1984) considering the development of human ....

Kokinov, B. N. (1994). The context-sensitive cognitive architecture DUAL. In Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.

....dynamic theory of context is not bound to a symbolic computational interpretation, it can possibly be implemented in connectionist or dynamic systems terms where no differentiation between data and operations will be necessary. 2.2. DUAL: A Dynamic Context Sensitive Cognitive Architecture DUAL [19, 20, 22, 35] is a general cognitive architecture which has been developed with the dynamic theory of context in mind and it provides a basis for modeling context sensitive cognitive processes. This is a massively parallel and highly decentralized system consisting of micro agents each of whom represents a ....

Kokinov, B.: The Context-Sensitive Cognitive Architecture DUAL. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ (1994)

....and Psychological Experiments The basic motivation for developing DUAL and AMBR is to propose architectures and models that will reflect both human ability to perform specific tasks (in AMBR s case analogical problem solving) and the dynamics of that performance. Psychological experiments (Kokinov, 1990) have demonstrated strong priming effects on problem solving. Moreover, they have demonstrated a particular dynamics of these priming effects: the degree of that effects decreases in the course of time according to an exponential law, i.e. the memory induced context changes in a continuous ....

Kokinov, B. (1994c). The Context-Sensitive Cognitive Architecture DUAL. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.

.... Levandowsky, Kirsner, Bainbridge, 1989) In problem solving various forms of context effects have been demonstrated: functional fixedness (Maier, 1931, Dunker, 1945) set effects (Luchins, 1942) lack of transfer from previous problem solving experience (Gick Holyoak, 1980) priming effects (Kokinov, 1990, Schunn Dunbar, 1996) effects of casual elements of the environment (Maier, 1931, Kokinov Yoveva, 1996) In decision making various context effects have been demonstrated: framing effects the effects of alternative descriptions, e.g. percentage died or saved; effects of alternative ....

Kokinov, B. (1994b) The Context-Sensitive Cognitive Architecture DUAL. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.

....perception induced context are usually called simply context effects. There are many experiments on priming effects on perception, categorization, language comprehension, sentence completion, etc. Some experiments performed by the first author have demonstrated priming effects on problem solving (Kokinov, 1990, 1994a) with very clear dynamic properties: the priming effects disappear in the course of time according to an exponential law. Complementary, in the current work we are interested in context effects on problem solving. A cognitive architecture DUAL has been proposed with a special emphasis on ....

....in a forest by a river and you want to heat up some water. You have only a knife, an axe and a match box. You have no containers of any kind. You could cut a vessel of wood but it would burn up if placed above the fire. How would you boil your egg using this wooden vessel Originally presented in (Kokinov, 1990) This problem was presented in the following experimental conditions. In the control condition subjects received only the textual description of the problem, while in the context condition they received a color picture in addition (Figure 2 presents a gray scale copy of it) There are many stones ....

Kokinov, B. (1994c) The Context-Sensitive Cognitive Architecture DUAL. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.

....a global financial crisis. subject will be able to spontaneously find an analogous base (which we know he she knows) is that this process depends on his her preliminary internal state which is typically not related to the current problem, but is related to recently performed activities. Thus Kokinov (1990) demonstrated priming effects on analogical problem solving (as well as on other types of reasoning) which have a very dynamic nature, namely they are very powerful immediately after the priming event and decrease in the course of time and eventually disappear after a short period of time (in this ....

Kokinov, B. (1994a). The context-sensitive cognitive architecture DUAL. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

....is paid on priming and context effects on highlevel cognitive processes, like reasoning and problem solving. Some experiments performed by the author demonstrate similar influence on problem solving, e.g. Kokinov, 1989] has demonstrated priming effects on question answering (fact retrieval) [Kokinov, 1990, 1994a] has demonstrated priming effects on problem solving, and [Kokinov Yoveva, to appear] have demonstrated context effects on problem solving. These experiments provide evidence that both the perceived and memorized contexts are not empty sets. 2.2. What are the boundaries of context ....

....to say in advance. On the other hand, the concepts being active at the beginning of the problem formulation or problem understanding processes (i.e. having some residual activation as result of recently perceived objects or recently solved problems) can also influence the problem solving process [Kokinov, 1990, 1994] and therefore are part of the memorized context. Again, it is difficult to establish which the particular members of the memorized context are in a particular problem solving process. As experiments have shown various entities influence the cognitive process to different degrees producing ....

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Kokinov, B. (1994c) The Context-Sensitive Cognitive Architecture DUAL. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.

....without providing an explicit hint. Thus Spencer and Weisberg (1986) showed that when the time period between the learning experience and its possible use in problem solving is short enough (45 sec. than there is a trend (although nonsignificant one) toward transfer even in uninformed subjects. Kokinov (1990) demonstrated priming effects on problem solving which lasted for more than 10 minutes, i.e. within this period uninformed subjects successfully accessed knowledge which otherwise turned out to be inaccessible. Still stronger results were obtained by Schunn and Dunbar (1996) who demonstrated the ....

Kokinov, B. (1994c) The Context-Sensitive Cognitive Architecture DUAL. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.

....the Slipnet have varying activation levels, the structures in the Workspace have varying strengths, the processing units ( codelets ) have varying urgencies. However, the topology of the Slipnet is fixed and does not change during the functioning of the system. The cognitive architecture DUAL [14, 15], the focus of this paper, has (for the time being) very limited learning capabilities, but is provided with mechanisms that determine dynamically which units take part in each computation and is capable of changing dynamically the pattern of interaction between the processing units by building ....

....that each agent is allowed to execute before a switch to the stack group of another agent takes place, which leads to a highly implementation dependent measure of simulated time. This version of DUAL has been used in modelling similarity judgement [16] analogymaking [13] and deductive reasoning [15]. A new portable Common Lisp version is currently under development. In this version, an implementation independent measure of simulated time is provided. Simulation of parallelism is achieved by having the agents perform their symbolic operations by executing them as if instantaneously, at ....

Kokinov, B. (1994) The Context-Sensitive Cognitive Architecture DUAL. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.

....unrelated to the current problem but can nevertheless have an influence on how it is solved. This memory state is characterized by the person s currently active concepts, generic facts, rules, particular past episodes, goals, plans, and so on. In an attempt to partially control this memory state, Kokinov (1990, 1994a) carried subjects through a series of problem solving tasks. The problems were chosen from a variety of domains (algebra, geometry, physics, commonsense, etc. so that there were no apparent relations among them. The problems were presented to the subjects one by one and in different ....

.... improvements and new mechanisms resulting into a new version of the model called here AMBR2 (Kokinov, 1998; Kokinov, Nikolov, Petrov, 1996; Petrov, 1998; Petrov Kokinov, 1998, 1999) In parallel with the modeling efforts, various psychological experiments tested some predictions of the model (Kokinov, 1990, 1992; Kokinov Yoveva, 1996; Kokinov, Hadjiilieva, Yoveva, 1997; Kokinov, 1998) The AMBR research program has always followed a number of methodological principles which have provided strategic guidance in our efforts to understand human cognition (Table 3) These principles set some very ....

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Kokinov, B. (1994c). The context-sensitive cognitive architecture DUAL. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

....model the process of partial access, access with distortions, blending (Turner Fauconnier, 1995) and interference. A previously solved problem can influence the course of problem solving in an even more subtle way by priming some concepts or situations which then trigger a particular solution (Kokinov, 1990, Schunn and Dunbar, 1996) The AMBR model can be used to analyze such cases. It has already been successfully applied for predicting priming and context effects (Kokinov, 1994c) Priming effects are an example of the influence of access on mapping which is the opposite direction of the one ....

Kokinov, B. (1994a). The context-sensitive cognitive architecture DUAL. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

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