Hans Eriksson, "Mbone: the multicast backbone," Communications of the ACM, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 54--60, 1994.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   ACM   TOC   Related Articles   Check

....extra implementation e ort. Author for contact 1 Introduction Distribution of live digital video on wide area computer networks is becoming increasingly important for future applications like video conferencing, distance learning, and tele commuting. The Internet Multicast Backbone (MBone) [1] is already popular and allows people from anywhere on the planet to exchange modest quality video and audio signals. However, a fundamental problem with nearly all large computer networks is that network capacity (bandwidth) varies extremely from one network segment to another. Not all receivers, ....

....For synthesis (reconstruction) the wavelet has the following formulas: GL = 1z GH = 1z 3z where GL is low and GH the high frequency part. Instead of using the z transform notation, we represent the lters more compactly by using only their coecients (represented by vectors, e.g. HL = [ 1 3 3 1]) in the remainder of this paper. 2.1.2 The 2D Wavelet Filter The above de nitions apply to one dimension. The lter therefore needs to be applied twice to an image to produce the 4 desired subbands. Because this lter is (bi)orthogonal, there is no correlation between the horizontal and ....

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Hans Eriksson. MBONE: The Multicast Backbone. Communications of the ACM, 37(8), 1994.

....approximation. We finally evaluate the impact of routing algorithms on the performance of reliable multicast transmission and propose a realistic generic model for a multicast tree. Key words: Reliable Multicast, MBONE, Multicast Routing, Performance Evaluation, ARQ 1 Introduction The MBONE [1] has given raise to a number of conferencing applications such as vat, ivs, or vic where timely delivery is most important and packet loss can be tolerated. However, there is another class of dissemination oriented applications where reliable multicast delivery from one source to many receivers is ....

Hans Eriksson, "MBONE: The multicast backbone," Communications of the ACM, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 54--60, Aug. 1994.

....receivers dynamically join or leave the group during transmission time, numerous other ones, like newspaper distribution or file transfers, are designed for static groups of receivers, which remain unchanged throughout the entire transmission. IP Multicast [4] which forms the basis of the MBone [6, 16] provides scalable, but not reliable multicast. Reliability requires that either data packets are acknowledged by the receivers (ACKs) or that packet losses are reported using negative acknowledgments (NACKs) For larger groups of Please send all correspondence to E. Biersack receivers (100s or ....

Hans Eriksson. MBONE: The multicast backbone. Communications of the ACM, 37(8):54--60,

....loss can be caused by non reductive, benign events in the network, such as an addition of a new link. 1 Introduction Stephen Deerings Ph.D. dissertation and the ensuing work in IETF on multicast protocols were the foundation for IP multicast [1, 2, 3] The subsequent establishment of Mbone [4] positioned IP multicast as an emerging, powerful IP technology supporting a range of new, primarily multimedia applications. To address the inherent scalability problems of this technology, Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode (PIM SM, 5] was developed, and it is the most widely used ....

Hans Eriksson. MBONE: The multicast backbone. Communications of the ACM, 37(8), August 1994.

....Internet network can be reserved (e.g. using protocols as RSVP [12] The Internet Gateway can also include functionality that enables it to operate as a proxy server, where frequently accessed data requests can be cached. Multicast connections for audio or video streams over the Internet MBONE [14,15] or real time protocols (e.g. RTP [13] can also be used to support the delivery of real time multimedia data to the end user. According to DAVIC [9] an interactive multimedia server should contain the following four core service elements: the Service Gateway Element which is a broker for the ....

Hans Erikson. "MBONE: The Multicast Backbone", Communications of the ACM, Vol. 37, No. 8, August 1994.

....to be transmitted. This problem becomes harder when applications have Quality of Service [1] requirements like bandwidth or delay. The calculation and construction of the distribution tree has to take these constraints into account. The current Internet infra structure for Multicast is the MBONE [2]. Hosts join multicast groups through IGMP [3] to the local router and routers join the distribution tree using some standardized multicast routing protocol like DVMRP [4] and MOSPF [5] for source based trees or CBT [6] and PIM [7] if center based trees are being used. All These protocols use a ....

Hans Eriksson. MBONE: The Multicast Backbone. Communications of the ACM, 37(8):54--60, August 1994.

....sessions. This protocol is the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and is described by Handley et al. 19] 2 . This splitting of session relevant information into two separate protocols has been caused by the uncoordinated development of the mbone (a good overview of the mbone is given by Eriksson [14]) which originally was only used for multicasting sessions with a simple session announcement protocol (SDP v1) Since a more powerful support of group communications (at least for tightly coupled sessions) also needs a way to identify users and groups of users, we believe that a different design ....

Hans Eriksson. MBone: The Multicast Backbone. Communications of the ACM, 37(8):54--60, 1994.

....users to sessions. This protocol is the Simple Conference Invitation Protocol (SCIP) and is described by Schulzrinne [22] This splitting of session relevant information into two separate protocols has been caused by the development of the mbone (a good overview of the mbone is given by Eriksson [6]) which originally was only used for multicasting sessions with a simple session announcement protocol (SDP v1) Since a more powerful support of group communications also needs a way to identify users and groups of users, we believe that a new design than the one currently being in use for the ....

Hans Eriksson. MBone: The Multicast Backbone. Communications of the ACM, 37(8):54--60, 1994.

....may be distributed easily. Audio and video have been sent over networks for some time, but this is now moving beyond the specialised video conferencing protocols used by industry, such as H. 261[Lio91] and the experimental transmissions made by the Internet community using IP multicast [Eri94, Tou94] and moving into the realm of the consumer for both local and wide area use. What the users can do in a local area network setting, they now want to do in a wide area setting. Yet these networks have very different characteristics. For example, local area networks have high bandwidth and ....

Hans Eriksson. MBONE: The Multicast Backbone. Communications of the ACM, 37(8):54--60, August 1994.

.... The Multicast Backbone (MBONE) infrastructure developed for audio video conferencing over the internet provides different tools for participating in on going multicast video audio sessions, encoding local video and multicasting it in a conference, and recording an active session locally [60, 73]. However, no tools exist to record and playback an MBONE session from a remote server. Also, MBONE was designed to be used in the internet at large where bandwidth is scarce and majority of the hosts are PCs with minimal computing power. 28 ffl Guaranteed CPU access in the server OS: Several ....

Hans, Erik, "MBone: The Multicast Backbone,", Communications of ACM, Vol. 37, pp. 54-60, August 1994.

....multicasting, but only a few routers were made multicast capable. This was so because the set up was such that it became difficult to convert all routers to support multicasting overnight. To support multicasting, a virtual network called MBONE was developed to run on top of the physical Internet [20, 35]. As a first experiment on MBONE, Scalable Multicast 5 IETF conducted its first two audiocast in which live audio and video were multicast from the IETF meeting site to destinations all around the world. There are a large number of networks in the Internet which directly support IP multicast. ....

....key factors in determining the scalability Scalable Multicast 6 R Router Unicast Tunnel Multicast Capable Router Router which does not supports multicasting R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 Network 1 Network 2 Network 3 Figure 1.3: Tunnelling of multicast protocols. Presently MBONE [20, 14] provides support for multicasting. As the popularity of MBONE is increasing, many new multicast applications are emerging, each application having its own QoS requirements. Earlier there were only a few receivers or members involved in a particular session but with the growth of MBONE, more and ....

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Hans Eriksson. Mbone:the multicast backbone. Communication of the ACM, 37(8), Aug 1994.

....system CORAL : a multi server distant cooperative learning system is described in section 4 and 5. Section 4 shows the design and implementation of this system, and section 5 identifies the implementation issues of the system. Finally conclusion is given in section 6. 2. Overview of MBone[8,9,10] MBone, short for Multicast Backbone[11] is a virtual network over the Internet. It has been in existence since early 1992 and was named by Steve Casner of the Information Science Institute, University of Southern California. The first story of MBone was begun from two IETF(Internet Engineering ....

Hans Eriksson, "MBone: The Multicast Backbone," Communication of The ACM, August 1994, Vol. 37, No. 8, pp 54-60.

....by which a routing tree can be constructed within the network, on which multicast messages will be disseminated. Several proposals have been made for multicast routing tree construction in the Internet, including DVMRP[155] CBT[22] PIM[50] and GUM[148] It was not until the advent of the MBone[33, 63] that a multicast service[58] became widely available on the Internet. The current state of multicast can be described with respect to the Internet layering model[43] Network Layer: Current multicast routing proposals focus on generic routing tree construction protocols[53, 56] Specifications ....

....for multicast. Deering s work in multicast over datagram networks set the foundation for the development of the necessary techniques for Internet multicast, including work in multicast routing[55, 56] and host extensions[54] for multicast support. 20 2.1. 1 Multicast Backbone (MBone) The MBone[33, 63, 99, 106] project set out to deploy multicast by constructing a virtual multicast topology on top of the existing Internet. Considering the size of the Internet, wide scale upgrade of every router and host to multicast capability was impossible; therefore, the MBone was constructed piece meal by upgrading ....

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Hans Eriksson. MBone: The multicast backbone. Communications of the ACM, 37(8):54--60, August 1994.

....distribution, audio video conferences, and audio video broadcasts where data sent by the source is destined to multiple receivers. During the last decade, multicast routing and multicast delivery have evolved from being a pure research topic [1] to being experimentally deployed in the MBONE [2] to being supported by major router manufacturers. As a result, the Internet is becoming increasingly multicast capable. Multicast routing establishes a tree that connects the source with the receivers. The multicast tree is rooted at the sender and the leaves are the receivers. Multicast delivery ....

Hans Eriksson, "MBONE: The multicast backbone," Communications of the ACM, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 54--60, Aug. 1994.

....multiple unicast routings where every unicast routing requires a copy of the message. Multicast routing is now implemented through the multicast backbone (Mbone) which is a virtual network overlay of the IP (Internet Protocol) Internet comprising hosts and networks with multicast capabilities [4, 13, 19, 35]. The IP Internet only supports besteffort connectionless (unreliable) communication. It s fine for some applications, including video or teleconferencing and video on demand services. But reliable communication support is the primary requirement for some other applications, such as distribution ....

Hans Eriksson. MBONE: The Multicast Backbone. Communications of the ACM, 37(8):54--60, August 1994.

....work. Web based technology has provided a path for the most significant mechanism for supporting collaboration, though the granularity of the interaction is essentially at the file document level. 1 Though there is clearly adequate technology for many forms of group interaction (e.g. MBone [11], chat rooms, etc. computers and networks have not provided the level of utility to users that has been done by other group oriented technologies such as the telephone. Elsewhere we described barriers to the effective use of distributed systems for supporting collaborative work [30] Briefly, the ....

Hans Eriksson. MBONE: The multicast backbone. Communications of the ACM, 37(8):54--60, August 1994.

....the estimate of Paxson s algorithm grows as the skew grows, and thus the algorithm does not satisfy Property 3. D. Measurement In this section we determine how each algorithm performs when applied to actual measurements. We collected several traces of delay measurements on the Internet and MBone [15] between November 14, 1997, and December 21, 1997. Table II provides a brief description of these traces. The clocks of the end hosts were not synchronized in all traces. We used constantlength UDP packets whose payloads consisted of a sequence number and a timestamp, and they were sent out at ....

Hans Eriksson, "MBONE:the multicast backbone," Communications of ACM, vol. 37, no. 8, August 1994.

....there are several technologies in the Internet that implement a true push distribution using multicast. WebCanal [24] is used to distribute presentations, software updates, etc. TIBCO [25] is used to distribute stock market quotes and finance information. The Muse protocol[26] uses the MBONE [27] to distribute articles on the USENET. Recently, there have been other proposals to push popular and frequently changing documents using a Continuous Multicast Push [16] 28] LSAM [15] assigns one multicast group to a certain category of documents (e.g. Winter Games) document updates for ....

Hans Eriksson, "MBONE: The multicast backbone," Communications of the ACM, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 54--60, Aug. 1994.

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Hans Eriksson, "Mbone: the multicast backbone," Communications of the ACM, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 54--60, 1994.

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Hans Erikson. MBONE: The multicast backbone. Communications of the ACM, 37(8):54-60, August 1994.

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Hans Eriksson, "Mbone: the multicast backbone," Communications of the ACM, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 54--60, 1994.

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Hans Eriksson. MBONE: The Multicast Backbone. Communications of the ACM, 37(8):54-- 60, August 1994.

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Hans Erikson. "MBONE: The Multicast Backbone", Communications of the ACM, August 1994, Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 54-60

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Hans Eriksson, `MBONE: The multicast backbone', Communications of the ACM, 37(8), 54--60 (1994).

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Hans Eriksson, "MBONE: The Multicast Backbone", in Communications of the ACM, August 1994, Vol. 37, No.8, pp. 54-60.

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