P. Noll, "Wideband speech and audio coding," IEEE Commun., pp. 34--44, Nov. 1993.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....from 32 to 448 kbit s per channel. The operating modes of MPEG 1 include single channel, dual channel, stereo, and joint stereo. The dual channel mode is useful for bilingual programs, while the joint stereo mode encodes signals by exploiting the redundancy that is present in a stereo signal [24], 26] The MPEG 2 standard provides the additional sampling frequencies of 16, 22.05, and 24 kHz, and adds multichannel coding capabilities while maintaining backward compatibility with MPEG 1 [35] Aside from the MPEG 2 enhancements, MPEG 1 and MPEG 2 are structurally similar. For the remainder ....

.... efficient and it allows for flexibility in the design of the prototype filter to be used in the filter bank [18] Additionally, aliasing terms introduced in the analysis filter bank are canceled in the synthesis filter bank, leaving quantization noise as the main source of coding error [24]. A problem with the polyphase filter bank is that the subbands are uniformly spaced, resulting 16 in inadequate frequency resolution and a poor match to the critical bands [8] As described in Section 2.2, the critical bandwidths increase as the center frequency of the critical bands increases. ....

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P. Noll, "Wideband Speech and Audio Coding," IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 34--44, Nov. 1993.

....the embedded watermark is inaudible while having the maximum possible energy. Maximizing the energy of the watermark adds robustness to attacks. An author representation which solves the deadlock problem: An author is represented with a pseudorandom sequence created by a pseudo random generator [13] and two keys. One key is author dependent, while the second key is signal dependent. The representation is able to resolve rightful ownership in the face of multiple ownership claims. A dual watermark. The watermarking scheme uses the original audio signal to detect the presence of a watermark. ....

....which occur simultaneously, are close together in frequency, the stronger masking signal may make the weaker signal inaudible. The masking threshold of a masker depends on the frequency, sound pressure level (SPL) and tone like or noiselike characteristics of both the masker and the masked signal [13]. It is easier for a broadband noise to mask a tonal, than for a tonal signal to mask out a broadband noise. Moreover, higherfrequency signals are more easily masked. The human ear acts as a frequency analyzer and can detect sounds with frequencies which vary from 10 to 20 000 Hz. The HAS can be ....

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P. Noll, Wideband speech and audio coding, IEEE Commun. Vol. 31 (11) (November 1993) 34---44.

....A. Definition Wideband audio is a term used to refer to the portion of audible sound that the person of average hearing is in normal contact with. Sounds above this region may be audible, but are not regularly experienced. As Figure 1 shows, wideband audio occupies a region from 20Hz to 20kHz [Noll93]. The figure demonstrates that sounds at lower frequencies must have a higher pressure level to be heard. AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA AAAA ....

P. Noll, "Wideband Speech and Audio Coding," IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 31, No. 11, pp. 206-218, Dec., 1994.

....of an actual speech coder, entropy coding in addition to PUBLISHED IN OCT 1996 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING 44(10) 2423 2438. 15 quantization coding, actual bit rates rather than coe#cient counts, and psychoacoustic distortion measures rather than PSNR should all be investigated [36], 37] 38] Nevertheless, the use of the rate distortion measures studied in this report does not invalidate the following key results and conclusions obtained with regard to data compression. First, for speech compression in particular, the cosine packet transform (which incorporates a ....

P. Noll, "Wideband speech and audio coding," IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 34--44, Nov. 1993.

....Internet browsing. Other services that are believed to be of some importance in the future are fax and image transmission, video conferencing, electronic billing, positioning, audio, low resolution video, and pure data transmission. It is already clear, judging from evolving standards (see e.g. [1 3]) that these services will require different data rates, quality of service (bit error rate) and data rate variability. Furthermore, some services are delay sensitive and some are not. Hence, a communication system should be designed with a high amount of flexibility regarding the data rate and ....

P. Noll, "Wideband speech and audio coding," vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 34--44, Nov. 1993.

....Internet browsing. Other services that are believed to be of some importance in the future are fax and image transmission, video conferencing, electronic billing, positioning, audio, low resolution video, and pure data transmission. It is already clear, judging from evolving standards (see e.g. [1 3]) that these services will require different data rates, quality of service (bit error rate) and data rate variability. Furthermore, some services are delay sensitive and some are not. Hence, a communication system should be designed with a high amount of flexibility regarding the data rate and ....

P. Noll, "Wideband speech and audio coding," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 34--44, Nov. 1993.

....simultaneously are close together in frequency, the stronger masking signal will make the weaker masked signal inaudible. The masking threshold of a masker depends on the frequency, sound pressure level (SPL) and tone like or noise like characteristics of both the masker and the masked signal [23]. It is easier for a broadband noise to mask a tonal, than for a tonal signal to mask out a broadband noise. Moreover, higher frequency signals are more easily masked. Temporal masking refers to both pre and post masking. Pre masking effects render weaker signals inaudible before the stronger ....

....signals inaudible before the stronger masker is turned on, and post masking effects render weaker signals inaudible after the stronger masker is turned off. Pre masking occurs from 5 20 msec. before the masker is turned on while post masking occurs from 50 200 msec. after the masker is turned off [23]. Using the frequency masking information of the HAS, we can shape the spectral characteristics of the watermark. Processing of impulsive signals such as castanets can cause audible pre echos. Similarly, we can use temporal masking information to eliminate these effects. 2.2. Frequency Masking: ....

P. Noll, "Wideband speech and audio coding," IEEE Comm. Mag., pp. 34--44, November 1993.

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P. Noll, "Wideband speech and audio coding," IEEE Commun., pp. 34--44, Nov. 1993.

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Noll P (1993) Wideband speech and audio coding. IEEE Commun Mag 33--44

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