| A. Pentland, R.W. Picard, and S. Sclaro#, "Photobook: tools for content-based manipulation of image databases," Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Storage and Retrieval of Image and Video Databases II, 1994. |
....data points and a query point in an m dimensional metric space, find the data point that is closest to the query point. Particular interest has centered on solving this problem in high dimensional spaces, which arise from techniques that approximate (see [15] complex data such as images (e.g. [7, 17, 18, 12, 18, 14, 16, 9, 3]) sequences (e.g. 2, 1] video (e.g. 7] and shapes (e.g. 7, 19, 16, 13] with long feature vectors. Similarity queries are performed by taking a given complex object, approximating it with a high dimensional vector to obtain the query point, and determining the data point closest to it ....
....to the query point. Particular interest has centered on solving this problem in high dimensional spaces, which arise from techniques that approximate (see [15] complex data such as images (e.g. 7, 17, 18, 12, 18, 14, 16, 9, 3] sequences (e.g. 2, 1] video (e.g. 7] and shapes (e.g. [7, 19, 16, 13]) with long feature vectors. Similarity queries are performed by taking a given complex object, approximating it with a high dimensional vector to obtain the query point, and determining the data point closest to it in the underlying feature space. In this paper, we study the nearest neighbor ....
A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Scalroff. Photobook: Tools for content based manipulation of image databases. In SPIE Volume 2185, pages 34--47, 1994.
....the information extracted from Yahoo Spain and then it automatically classifies photographs according to their captions. 4. 1 Categorization of Photographs Using Captions Search and categorization of photographs is the center of interest of an important research in the latest years (see, e.g. [3, 15, 16, 18, 22]) Using the information in the pictures (colors, shapes, etc. themselves leads to systems that perform much worse than using the text captions of the images or the text surrounding them [18] For instance, the image categorization system AdEater, designed to detect banners, makes use only of few ....
Pentland, A., Picard, R.W. and Sclaroff, S. (1994) Photobook: Tools for Content-Based Manipulation of Image Databases. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Electronic Imagic: Science and Technology-Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases II, SPIE.
....(IMACS) Such queries are decomposed and processed separately, thus leading to possibly more than one set of query results. The problem of compressing images while retaining content information has been addressed in Photobook, a browsing and database search tool developed at the MIT Media Lab [30,31]. Photobook supports query by textual analogies as well as query by example. Images are represented in a compact way through semantics preserving compression. The system measures image features such as brightness, edges, and texture, and selectively applies the Karhunen Loeve or Wold transform to ....
Pentland, A.; Picard, R.W.; Sclaroff, S. Photobook: Tools for content-based manipulation of image databases. In: Proc. of Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases II; Vol 2, 185, SPIE. Bellingham, Wash.; 1994:34-47.
....of unannotated images is gaining importance. Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) Systems are proposed to pass this tedious task to computer. Since early 1990 s, many systems have been proposed and developed, some of them are QBIC [11] WebSEEK [37] SIMPLIcity [42] MARS [21] Photobook [27], WALRUS [24] The process of annotating images is potentially error prone and tedious. Di#erent annotators may have di#erent perception on the same image and use di#erent words to describe it. and other systems for domain specific applications [18, 16] In CBIR systems, low level feature ....
A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Sclaro#. Photobook: tools for contentbased manipulation of image databases. In Proc. SPIE, volume 2185, pages 34--47, February 1994.
....other based on the physical morphological development of the embryo. Most of the current indexing and retrieval methods are generic. Some of the popular ones are IBM s Query By # This work was supported in part by funds from National Institutes of Health. Image Content (QBIC) 2] MIT Photobook [3], Columbia University s VisualSEEk [4] etc. These systems use color, shape and or texture information for indexing images. However, in the case of gene expression images, different colored stains are used and different patterns are formed with no specific color or texture signatures. Hence, color ....
A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Sclaroff, "Photobook: Tools for content-based manipulation of image databases," in Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Storage Retrieval for Image and Video Databases, 1994, vol. 2185, pp. 34--47.
....semantically equivalent words across di#erent languages. In order to solve these problems, CBIR is proposed to pass such tedious task to computer. Since early 1990 s, many CBIR systems have been proposed and developed, some of them are QBIC [6] WebSEEK [28] SIMPLIcity [30] MARS [17] Photobook [22], WALRUS [20] and other systems for some domain specific applications [13, 12] These systems are not designed to be distributed across di#erent computers in a network. One of the shortcomings is that the feature extraction, indexing and also the query processing are all done in a centralized ....
A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Sclaro#. Photobook: Tools for Content-based Manipulation of Image Databases. In Proc. SPIE, volume 2185, pages 34--47, February 1994.
.... to have a great impact on medical image databases [6] The unique characteristics of medical images hinder the direct adaptation of contentbased retrieval approaches, which are already in use for unstructured collections of images (e.g. within the Internet) Early systems, such as Photobook [7] or the Query By Image Content (QBIC) of IBM Inc. 8,9] model only a rudimentary understanding of image content. Recently introduced systems for medical image retrieval are text based [10,11,12] strongly rely on manual input [13] and or need to be tailored for a specific application and modality ....
Pentland A, Picard R, Sclaroff S: Photobook -- tools for content-based manipulation of image data-bases. Proceedings SPIE 2185:34--47, 1994.
....to individual user perceptions and understandings. In order to solve these problems, CBIR is proposed to pass such tedious task to computer. Since early 1990 s, many CBIR systems have been proposed and developed, some of them are QBIC [5] WebSEEK [28] SIMPLIcity [30] MARS [16] Photobook [21], WALRUS [19] and other systems for some domain specific applications [12, 11] In these systems, images are indexed by low level feature like color, texture and shape information which can be extracted easily using computer. These systems are not designed to be distributed across di#erent ....
A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Sclaro#. Photobook: Tools for Content-based Manipulation of Image Databases. In Proc. SPIE, volume 2185, pages 34--47, February 1994.
.... than discarding useful similarity information by employing only invariants, we be lieve that one should use a decomposition that preserves as much semantically meaningful and perceptually important information as is possible, while still providing an efficient encoding of the original signal [7]. Also parametric methods that describe certain object classes e.g. B spline surface patches of car prototypes, are excluded by requirement (5) since they require explicit assumptions about the category of curves to be represented. Requirement (2) that a universal shape similarity measure ....
A. Pentland, R. Picard, and S. Sclaroff. Photobook: Tools for content-based manipulation of image databases. Int. J. Computer Vision, 18:233-254, 1996.
....to describe each image in sufficient detail to be useful for searching. An alternate possibility is to make the content of the image itself searchable by abstracting some of its properties into a form that can be easily searched. Many image retrieval systems have adopted this approach [7] 13][18][27] by using image processing techniques to extract features that attempt to capture the users perception of images. When searching, the results of a users first search attempt rarely satisfy her information need [26] This can be due to many reasons. Any search system must first abstract the ....
A. Pentland, R. W. Picard and S. Sclarof, Photobook: Tools for Content-Based Manipulation of Image Databases, SPIE vol. l2185, 1994.
....reader is referred to excellent survey papers, more recently [14] 15] and earlier ones [16] 19] on different aspects of multimedia systems for a more complete review. There is a consensus among researchers on the need to incorporate semantic level representation into these and similar systems [20] [28] Photobook [20] describes images in terms of a small set of perceptually significant coefficients. Appearance, shape, and texture are used as the object, thing, or stuff descriptions. Smoliar and Zhang [21] seek for an environment for interacting with visual objects. In their ....
....excellent survey papers, more recently [14] 15] and earlier ones [16] 19] on different aspects of multimedia systems for a more complete review. There is a consensus among researchers on the need to incorporate semantic level representation into these and similar systems [20] 28] Photobook [20] describes images in terms of a small set of perceptually significant coefficients. Appearance, shape, and texture are used as the object, thing, or stuff descriptions. Smoliar and Zhang [21] seek for an environment for interacting with visual objects. In their application, they use color, ....
A. Pentland, R,. Picard, and S. Sclaroff, "Photobook: Tools for Content-Based Manipulation of Image Databases," in Proceedings of the IS4TfSPIE Conference on Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases II, Feb. 1994.
....There are some interesting systems which now enable to achieve an effective search guided by image content. We can distinguish two approaches for image retrieval. The first approach is search by similarity where the goal is to find images which are similar to an example given by the user (see [3] [4] [5] 6] 7] The other approach is called target search. The problem is to lead the system to the target image by validating a displayed set of images (see [8] 9] 10] The aim of this section is not to make an exhaustive survey of the existing systems in CBIR (the interested reader can ....
....on the local shape of the intensity surface. It provides an effective shape measurement, invariant in scale, in translation and in rotation, robust to noise, to occlusion and to small viewpoint changes. Another image representation is the eigenimage introduced by Pentland, Picard and Sclaroff in [4]. It is based on the calculation of the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix of the set of image features. The aim is to identify which features are the most effective for image recognition and thus it provides an efficient similarity measurement for object recognition. Instead of using a global ....
A. Pentland, R. Picard, and S. Sclaroff. Photobook: Tools for content-based manipulation of image databases. In SPIE Conf. on Storage and Retreval of Image Databases II, pages 34--47, San Jose, CA, Feb 6-10, 1994.
....There is an increasing trend toward digital image databases in photography, medicine, engineering, science and the entertainment industry. Given these growing amounts of digital imagery, content based retrieval (CBR) is becoming a subject of intense research in the image processing community [1] [2]. In this paper, we demonstrate a CBR application that is profitable to the industry and extends beyond conventional web searching CBR applications. We propose a CBR engine for the automated inspection of printed circuit boards. Typically in CBR, the similarity between two images is assessed by ....
A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Sclaroff, "Photobook: tools for content based manipulation of image databases," Proc. of the SP1E Conf On Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases-II, No. 2185, San Jose, CA, pp. 34-47, February 1994.
....this purpose, we investigated the use of general, robust image features to be used as indexes in a relational database. In contrast to similar approaches, these features will not characterize application specific aspects of the images but aim at a global, signal oriented description of the data [15]. The architecture is upgraded by image content extraction at data ingestion. Thus, we expect to achieve a high independence of the database from user applications and to gain additional flexibility. The indexing mechanism will be enhanced by a user oriented clustering algorithm. It adapts to ....
A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Sclaroff. Photobook: Tools for content-based manipulation of image databases. In W. Niblack and R. C. Jain, editors, Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases II, volume 2185, pages 34--47. SPIE, February 1994.
....region a feature vector is extracted. The set of all these vectors is organized in a database. The systems differ mainly in the feature that they extract, the organization of the access structure and the comparison of the index entries. Common feature vectors are based on colors [5] textures [11] , shape [12] and eigenvalues [18] Many of these content based retrieval techniques use either a global feature or a feature histogram approach to represent image content. The advantage of using histograms or global features is their invariance to rotation and translation. On the other hand ....
A. Pentland, R.W. Picard, and S. Sclaroff. Photobook: Tools for content-based manipulation of image databases. In Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases II, volume 2185 of SPIE Proceedings Series, pages 34--47, 1994.
....the work that is most related to what we propose. The references below are to be taken as examples of related work, not as the complete list of work in the cited areas. 1. 1 Related work on indexing images Many content based image retrieval (CBIR) systems have been developed since the early 1990s [11, 7, 20, 22, 18, 4, 25, 19, 6]. Most of the above mentioned projects aimed at general purpose image indexing and retrieval systems focusing on searching images visually similar to the query image or a query sketch. They do not have the capability to assign comprehensive textual description automatically to pictures, i.e. ....
A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, S. Sclaro, \Photobook: Tools for content-based manipulation of image databases," ##### ## ##### vol. 2185, pp. 34-47, San Jose, February 7-8, 1994.
....ontology [6] IMAGE RETRIEVAL WITH THE SIMPLIcity SYSTEM Many content based image retrieval (CBIR) systems have been developed since the early 1990s. Examples include the IBM QBIC System [7] developed at the IBM Almaden Research Center, the Photobook System developed by the MIT Media Lab [8], the VIRAGE System [9] developed by the Virage Incorporation, the VisualSeek System [10] developed at Columbia University, the systems [11] developed at U.C. Santa Barbara, the WBIIS and SIMPLIcity systems [4] developed at Stanford University, the Blobworld System [12] developed at U.C. ....
Pentland A., R. W. Picard, S. Sclaroff. Photobook: tools for content-based manipulation of image databases. Proc. SPIE. vol. 2185, pp. 34-47, February 7-8, 1994.
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A. Pentland, R.W. Picard, and S. Sclaro#, "Photobook: tools for content-based manipulation of image databases," Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Storage and Retrieval of Image and Video Databases II, 1994.
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A. Pentland, R. Picard and S. Sclaro# 1994, #Photobook: Tools for content-based manipulation of image databases," SPIE Conf. on Storage and Retrieval of Image and Video Databases II , 34#47.
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A. Pentland, R.W. Picard, and S. Sclaroff. Photobook: tools for content-based manipulation of image databases. In Proc. SPIE Conf. on Storage and Retrieval of Image and Video Databases II, 1994.
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A. Pentland, R.W. Picard, and S. Sclaroff. Photobook: tools for content-based manipulation of image databases. In Proc. SPIE Conf. on Storage and Retrieval of Image and Video Databases II, 1994.
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Pentland, A., Picard, R., Scarlo#, S.: Photobook: Tools for content-based manipulation of image databases. In: Proc. of Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases II, SPIE. Volume 2. (1994) 34--47
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Pentland, A., Picard, R. W., and Sclaroff, S. Photobook: Tools for content-based manipulation of image databases. In Proceedings of the SPIE Conference On Storage and Retrieval of Video and Image Databases (February 1994), vol. 2185, pp. 34--47.
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A. Pentland, R. Picard, and S. Sclaroff. Photobook: Tools for Content-based Manipulation of Image Databases. In Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Storage and Retrieval of Image and Video Databases II, pages 34--47, 1994.
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A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, S. Sclaroff, "Photobook: tools for content-based manipulation of image data-bases," Technical Report, Volume 255, MIT, Media Lab., (1993)
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A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Sclaro#., Photobook: Tools for contentbased manipulation of image databases, Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases (SPIE, ed.), 1994, pp. 34--47.
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A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Sclaroff, "Photobook: tools for content-based manipulation of image databases," in Proc. of the SPIE Conference, Storage and Retrieval of Image and Video Databases II, San Jose, CA, 1994.
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A. Pentland, R. Picard, S. Sclaroff, Photobook: tools for content based manipulation of image databases, Proc. SPIE: Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases II, vol. 2185, Santa Jose, CA, Feb. 1994.
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A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Sclaroff, "Photobook: Tools for content-based manipulation of image databases," presented at the SPIE Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Database, Feb. 1994.
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A. Pentland, R. Picard, S. Sclaro#, Photobook: tools for content-based manipulation of image database SPIE (Storage and retrieval of image & video databases I).
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A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Sclaroff. Photobook: Tools for content-based manipulation of image databases. In Proc. of SPIE Storage and Retrieval Image and Video Databases II, volume 2185, 1994.
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A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Sclaroff. Photobook: Tools for content--based manipulation of image databases. International Journal of Computer Vision, 18(3):233--254, June 1996.
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A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Sclaroff, "Photobook: tools for content-based manipulation of image databases," in Proc. of the SPIE Conference, Storage and Retrieval of Image and Video Databases II, San Jose, CA, 1994.
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Pentland, A., Picard, R.W., and Sclaroff, S. "Photobook: Tools for Content-Based Manipulation of Image Databases", Proc. Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases, SPIE, Bellingham, Washington, 1994, Vol. 2, 34-47.
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A. Pentland, R. Picard, S. Sclaro#, Photobook : Tools for content-based manipulation of image databases, International Journal of Computer Vision 18 (3) (1996) 233--254.
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A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Sclaroff, "Photobook: Tools for content based manipulation of image databases," Proc. SPIE, vol. 2185, pp. 34--47, 1994.
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A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Scarloff, "Photobook: Tools for content-based manipulation of image databases," Proc. SPIE Conf. on Storage and Retrieval of Image and Video Databases, Vol. 2, No.2, pp. 33-47, February 1994.
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A. Pentland, R. Picard, and S. Sclaro. Photobook: Tools for content-based manipulation of image databases. In Proc. of SPIE Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases II, pages 37-50, 1994.
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Pentland A., Picard R. W., Sclaroff S. "Photobook: Tools for Content-Based Manipulation of Image Databases", in Proc. of SPIE-94, pages 34-47, Bellingham, Washington, 1994.
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A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, S. Sclaro#, Photobook: Tools for content--based manipulation of image databases, International Journal of Computer Vision 18 (3) (1996) 233--254.
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A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Sclaro#, "Photobook: Tools for content--based manipulation of image databases," International Journal of Computer Vision 18, pp. 233--254, June 1996.
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A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Sclaroff. Photobook: Tools for content--based manipulation of image databases. International Journal of Computer Vision, 18(3):233--254, June 1996.
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Alex Pentland, Rosalind Picard, and Stanley Sclaroff, "Photobook: Tools for Content-Based Manipulation of Image Databases," IEEE Multimedia, pp. 73--75, July 1994.
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A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Sclaroff, "Photobook: Tools for content based manipulation of image databases," in Proc. SPIE, vol. 2185, Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases-II, San Jose, CA, Feb. 1994, pp. 34--47.
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A. Pentland, R. Picard, and S. Sclaro#, "Photobook: Tools for Content-Based Manipulation of Image Databases," in Proc. of the IS&T/SPIE Conf. on Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases II, Feb. 1994.
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Pentland, A., Picard, R., Scarlo#, S.: Photobook: Tools for content-based manipulation of image databases. In: Proc. of Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases II, SPIE. Volume 2. (1994) 34--47
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A. Pentland, R.W. Picard and S. Sclaroff. Photobook: Tools for Content-BasedManipulation of Image Databases. In Proc. SPIE Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Database, San Kose CA, Feb. 1994.
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A. Pentland, R. W. Picard, and S. Sclaro. Photobook: Tools for content-based manipulation of image databases. Int. J. Computer Vision, 18(3):233-254, 1996.
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A. Pentland, R.W. Picard, S. Sclaroff, "Photobook: Tools for Content-Based Manipulation of Image Databases", Proceedings SPIE Storage and Retrieval in Image and Video Databases, San Jose, 34-47, 1994.
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A. Pentland, R. Picard, and S. Sclaroff, "Photobook: Tools for Content-Based Manipulation of Image Databases, " IEEE Multimedia, Summer 1994, pp. 73-75.
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