Kokinov, B.: A Hybrid Model of Reasoning by Analogy. Chapter 5. in: K. Holyoak & J. Barnden (eds.) Analogical Connections, Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol.2, Ablex Publ. Corp., Norwood, NJ (1994)  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....to learn the structure; ironically, providing more information (i.e. the relation names) would make Analogator unable to generalize across domains. The second group of traditional connectionist models are those focused on process. Barnden s ABR Conposit (1994) Eskridge s ASTRA (1994) and Kokinov s AMBR (1994) are all complex, hybrid analogy making systems revolving around connectionist mechanisms. All of them incorporate spreading activation and marker passing as methods of coordinating processing between symbolic and connectionist Chapter 6: Comparisons with other Models of Analogy Making 129 ....

Kokinov, B. (1994). A hybrid model of reasoning by analogy. In Holyoak, K. and Barnden, J. (Eds.) Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, Volume 2: Analogical Connections, pages 247-320. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.

....Holyoak and Thagard (1989) use a connectionistic approach, their principal model of AR is a localist connectionist network. There are, however, models that embrace both the symbolic and the connectionistic dimension of knowledge representation and manipulation. For example, Eksridge (1994) and Kokinov (1994) combines the two dimensions into hybrid models of AR. In most these cases, a connectionist network is used to represent the associative relevance among the knowledge elements, that is, to maintain a long term memory. Symbolism and connectionism: A unified model of AR As discussed by several ....

....into hybrid models of AR. In most these cases, a connectionist network is used to represent the associative relevance among the knowledge elements, that is, to maintain a long term memory. Symbolism and connectionism: A unified model of AR As discussed by several authors (e.g. Eksridge 1994; Kokinov 1994; Holyoak et al. 1994) connectionism contributes to a broader understanding of the diverse processes of AR, both seen from a cognitive and from a computational point of view. Moreover, as reported by Dinsmore (1992a) AR has the potential to close the gap between symbolism and connectionism. As ....

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Kokinov, B. N. (1994). A hybrid model of reasoning by analogy. In K. J. Holyoak and J. A. Barnden (Eds.), Analogical Connections, Volume 2 of Advances in connectionist and neural computation theory, Chapter 5, pp. 247--318. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

....the semantic matrix captures the semantic similarities between the symbolic components of the role models. Importantly, both levels of descriptions are combined and integrated dynamically in the proposed algorithm. There have been some attempts to develop hybrid models of AR (e.g. Eksridge 1994; Kokinov 1994). Most of these models are based on localist connectionist networks. This paper is organized into five sections. Next, in Section 2, the structural and semantic information that constrain the analogical mapping of role models are discussed. In Section 3, a hybrid model of analogical mapping is ....

Kokinov, B. N. (1994). A hybrid model of reasoning by analogy. In K. J. Holyoak and J. A. Barnden (Eds.), Analogical Connections, Volume 2 of Advances in connectionist and neural computation theory, Chapter 5, pp. 247--318. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

.... is the impact of carefully chosen derivational information on analogical transfer and adaptation performance ffl Can adaptation schemas be found in human analogical problem solving How do they compare with reformulations triggered by failed justifications ffl Can context, as addressed in [8], be modelled by derivational information ffl How do explanations as addressed in [15] compare with justifications ffl Which experimental techniques can (nearly) exclude mental reference to derivational information that cannot be observed as opposed to explicit reference For research that ....

B.N. Kokinov. A hybrid model of reasoning by analogy. In K.J. Holyoak and J.A. Barnden, editors, Analogical Connections, volume 2 of Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, pages 247--320. Ablex, 1994.

....has its internal dynamics, and by Douglas Hofstadter [15] where the Slipnet is also dynamically changing its structure as well as the codelets run with various probability depending on the context as represented in the workspace. 2.3. AMBR: A Context Sensitive Model of Analogy Making AMBR [17, 18, 23, 34] is a model of human problem solving built upon the DUAL architecture. The program has semantic knowledge about various concepts and general facts as well as a number of past problem solving episodes from everyday kitchen life. A target problem is presented to the program and it has to find its ....

....often retrieved and mapped than normally. In the immersion heater condition the case of heating water with an immersion heater is much more often retrieved and successfully mapped (20 ) than normally (6 ) These results qualitatively correspond to the data obtained in an psychological experiment [17, 18] where subjects primed with immersion heated increased the solution of a target problem (a much more complicated one) involving an analogy to the immersion heater case from 14 to 44 . 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 wtp bf gp ihc mtf icf bpf fdo stc sff erw gwb no context egg ....

Kokinov, B.: A Hybrid Model of Reasoning by Analogy. Chapter 5. in: K. Holyoak & J. Barnden (eds.) Analogical Connections, Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol.2, Ablex Publ. Corp., Norwood, NJ (1994)

.... Levandowsky, Kirsner, Bainbridge, 1989) In problem solving various forms of context effects have been demonstrated: functional fixedness (Maier, 1931, Dunker, 1945) set effects (Luchins, 1942) lack of transfer from previous problem solving experience (Gick Holyoak, 1980) priming effects (Kokinov, 1990, Schunn Dunbar, 1996) effects of casual elements of the environment (Maier, 1931, Kokinov Yoveva, 1996) In decision making various context effects have been demonstrated: framing effects the effects of alternative descriptions, e.g. percentage died or saved; effects of alternative ....

Kokinov, B. (1994a) A Hybrid Model of Reasoning by Analogy. Chapter 5. in: K. Holyoak & J. Barnden (eds.) Analogical Connections, Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol.2, Ablex Publ. Corp.

....perception induced context are usually called simply context effects. There are many experiments on priming effects on perception, categorization, language comprehension, sentence completion, etc. Some experiments performed by the first author have demonstrated priming effects on problem solving (Kokinov, 1990, 1994a) with very clear dynamic properties: the priming effects disappear in the course of time according to an exponential law. Complementary, in the current work we are interested in context effects on problem solving. A cognitive architecture DUAL has been proposed with a special emphasis on ....

....in a forest by a river and you want to heat up some water. You have only a knife, an axe and a match box. You have no containers of any kind. You could cut a vessel of wood but it would burn up if placed above the fire. How would you boil your egg using this wooden vessel Originally presented in (Kokinov, 1990) This problem was presented in the following experimental conditions. In the control condition subjects received only the textual description of the problem, while in the context condition they received a color picture in addition (Figure 2 presents a gray scale copy of it) There are many stones ....

Kokinov, B. (1994a) A Hybrid Model of Reasoning by Analogy. Chapter 5. in: K. Holyoak & J. Barnden (eds.) Analogical Connections, Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol.2, Ablex Publ. Corp.

....is paid on priming and context effects on highlevel cognitive processes, like reasoning and problem solving. Some experiments performed by the author demonstrate similar influence on problem solving, e.g. Kokinov, 1989] has demonstrated priming effects on question answering (fact retrieval) [Kokinov, 1990, 1994a] has demonstrated priming effects on problem solving, and [Kokinov Yoveva, to appear] have demonstrated context effects on problem solving. These experiments provide evidence that both the perceived and memorized contexts are not empty sets. 2.2. What are the boundaries of context ....

....to say in advance. On the other hand, the concepts being active at the beginning of the problem formulation or problem understanding processes (i.e. having some residual activation as result of recently perceived objects or recently solved problems) can also influence the problem solving process [Kokinov, 1990, 1994] and therefore are part of the memorized context. Again, it is difficult to establish which the particular members of the memorized context are in a particular problem solving process. As experiments have shown various entities influence the cognitive process to different degrees producing ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Kokinov, B. (1994a) A Hybrid Model of Reasoning by Analogy. Chapter 5. in: K. Holyoak & J. Barnden (eds.) Analogical Connections, Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol.2, Ablex Publ. Corp.

....without providing an explicit hint. Thus Spencer and Weisberg (1986) showed that when the time period between the learning experience and its possible use in problem solving is short enough (45 sec. than there is a trend (although nonsignificant one) toward transfer even in uninformed subjects. Kokinov (1990) demonstrated priming effects on problem solving which lasted for more than 10 minutes, i.e. within this period uninformed subjects successfully accessed knowledge which otherwise turned out to be inaccessible. Still stronger results were obtained by Schunn and Dunbar (1996) who demonstrated the ....

Kokinov, B. (1994a) A Hybrid Model of Reasoning by Analogy. Chapter 5. in: K. Holyoak & J. Barnden (eds.) Analogical Connections, Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol.2, Ablex Publ. Corp.

....number of Lisp program steps that each agent is allowed to execute before a switch to the stack group of another agent takes place, which leads to a highly implementation dependent measure of simulated time. This version of DUAL has been used in modelling similarity judgement [16] analogymaking [13], and deductive reasoning [15] A new portable Common Lisp version is currently under development. In this version, an implementation independent measure of simulated time is provided. Simulation of parallelism is achieved by having the agents perform their symbolic operations by executing them ....

Kokinov, B. (1994) A Hybrid Model of Reasoning by Analogy. Chapter 5. in: K. Holyoak & J. Barnden (eds.) Analogical Connections, Adv. in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol.2, Ablex .

.... rather than at the macro level (i.e. it does not consist of separate symbolic and connectionist modules) This architecture has emerged from a long term experience in modelling various cognitive processes: memory [7] similarity judgements [9] language understanding [10] analogical reasoning [11]. 2. THE DUAL COGNITIVE ARCHITECTURE: AN OVERVIEW A cognitive system built on the DUAL cognitive architecture consists of a large number of highly interconnected hybrid agents (called DUAL agents) each of which can perform a specific task and or represents some specific knowledge. The DUAL ....

....not active at all, will be found dissimilar. This explains also the non transitivity and nonsymmetry of human judgements of similarity. For more detail as well as for models of other types of similarity see [9] 7.2. Analogical reasoning A computational model of analogical reasoning, called AMBR [11], has been developed. The simulation system solves problems in the area of cooking and boiling water, eggs, etc. in the kitchen or in the forest. The knowledge base of the simulation program contains about 300 nodes and 4,000 links. There are about 10 situations related to water, three of which ....

Kokinov, B. (in press). A Hybrid Model of Reasoning by Analogy. In: Holyoak, K. & Barnden, J. (eds.) Analogical Connections, Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol. 2, Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publ. Corp.

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B. Kokinov, A Hybrid Model of Reasoning by Analogy. In: Holyoak, K. & Barnden, J. (eds.) Analogical Connections, Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, 2, (Ablex Publ. Corp., Norwood, NJ, in press).

....model the process of partial access, access with distortions, blending (Turner Fauconnier, 1995) and interference. A previously solved problem can influence the course of problem solving in an even more subtle way by priming some concepts or situations which then trigger a particular solution (Kokinov, 1990, Schunn and Dunbar, 1996) The AMBR model can be used to analyze such cases. It has already been successfully applied for predicting priming and context effects (Kokinov, 1994c) Priming effects are an example of the influence of access on mapping which is the opposite direction of the one ....

Kokinov, B. (1994c). A hybrid model of reasoning by Analogy. In K. Holyoak and J. Barnden (Eds.), Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory. Vol. 2: Analogical Connections. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corp.

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Kokinov, B. N. (1992). A hybrid model of reasoning by analogy. In Barnden, J. and Holyoak, K., editors, Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, volume II: Analogical Connections. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.

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