Rao R, Pedersen J, Hearst M (1995) Rich interaction in the digital library. Commun ACM 38(4):29--39  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   ACM   TOC   Related Articles   Check

.... using the third dimension The VIBE approach also forms part of LyberWofid [Hemmje 94] where points of interest are restricted to appearing on the surface of a sphere. There has been a great deal of work on the topic of visualisation at Xerox PARC; this has been most recently published as [Rao 95] They have produced a rich set of systems within the Information Visualisation project, including the well known Perspective Wall, Cone Tree and Document Lens. These use 2 and 3 D graphics to promote the identification of understandable patterns within the data. They have produced ....

Rao, R., Pedersen, J.O., Hearst, M.A., Mackinlay, J.D., Card, S.K., Masinter, L., Halvorsen, P-K., and Roberston, G.G.:"Rich Interaction in the Digital Library", Communications of the ACM, 38 (4), April 1995.

....messages are not needed. More references to work on dynamic queries can be found in [9] At Xerox PARC in the last ten years a group of researchers has developed several information visualizations, with the aim of helping the users understand and process the information stored into the system [10, 11, 12, 13]. They have created the information workspaces , i.e. computer environments in which the information is moved from the original source, such as networked databases, and where several tools are at disposal of users for browsing and manipulating the information. One of the main characteristics of ....

....context approach, it is effective to provide animated transitions when changing the focus, so that the user remain oriented across dynamic changes of the display avoiding unnecessary cognitive load. The Perspective Wall [10] provides a good example. For other techniques developed at Xerox PARC see [11]. Numerous prototypes have been proposed for information visualization. The ones mentioned above are among those providing novel ideas that have inspired our work. A very good reference for a survey of information visualization techniques is [16] 3 Supported Tasks in Information Visualization ....

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Rao, R., Pedersen, J.O., Hearst, M.A., Mackinlay, J.D., Card, S.K., Masinster, L., Halvorsen, P.-K., and Robertson, G.G. (1995) "Rich interaction in the digital library", Communications of the ACM, 38 (4): 29-39.

....above is of the latter type, but the present research is concerned with the former. 3.1 TileBars, Scrollbars, and Other Visualizations That Show Feature Locations Among the best known visualizations of text document content in IR is TileBars . In addition to descriptions such as [13] and [18], an online demo of TileBars is available [3] Rao makes the thought provoking observation [18] The TileBars interface allows the user to make informed decisions about which documents and passages to view, based on the distributional behavior of the query terms in the documents. The goal is to ....

....TileBars, Scrollbars, and Other Visualizations That Show Feature Locations Among the best known visualizations of text document content in IR is TileBars . In addition to descriptions such as [13] and [18] an online demo of TileBars is available [3] Rao makes the thought provoking observation [18]: The TileBars interface allows the user to make informed decisions about which documents and passages to view, based on the distributional behavior of the query terms in the documents. The goal is to simultaneously and compactly indicate (i) the relative length of the document, ii) the ....

Rao, R., Pedersen, J., Hearst, M., Mackinlay, J., Card, S., Masinter, L., Halvorsen, P.-K., and Robertson, G. (1995). Rich Interaction in the Digital Library. CACM 38, 4, pp. 29-- 39.

....1994, 1996) The visual information seeking strategy is: overview first, zoom and filter, then detailson demand. Visualizations are also being created to show three dimensional search environments (Card, Robertson York, 1996) and to present text search results (Hemmje, Kunkel Willett, 1994; Rao et al. 1995; Wise et al. 1995) Research e#orts are being widely applied to visualization of web sites, traversal histories and search results (Tauscher Greenberg, 1997, this issue) While visualizations can be powerful they can also be complex and confusing, but research is improving our understanding of ....

RAO, R., PEDERSEN, J., HEARST, M., MACKINLAY, J., CARD, S., MASINTER, L., HALVORSEN, P. -K. &ROBERTSON, G. G. (1995). Rich interaction in the digital library. Communications of the ACM, 38, 29---39.

.... developed for interfaces which treat term sets (in the information retrieval sense, i.e. flat lists of index terms) as document surrogates: the focus of such designs is on visually presenting the distribution of terms across the document, and on mediating access to local context for a given term ([15], 7] Ultimately, however, these interfaces still offer only a direct link between two states, the document surrogate and its full form. With the migration of news delivery over the World Wide Web and the growth of information push vendors, we are beginning to see some methods for ....

R. Rao, J. O. Pedersen, M. A. Hearst, J. D. Macinlay, S. K. Card, L. Masinter, P.-K. Halvorsen, and G. G. Robertson. Rich interaction in the digital library. Communication of the ACM, 38(4):29--39, 1995.

....Figure 2 illustrates a ThemeView TM for the thematic space. Figure 1. Galaxies visualization of documents and document clusters within a textual database. Figure 2. ThemeView TM of CNN news and a Probe tool for analysis Within global information spaces we also must address digital libraries [39 41] and web information spaces [4245 ] WebTheme TM consists of a WWW harvesting and visualization server, which produces visual representations of the contents of WWW pages. WebTheme, Figure 3, is designed to operate in conjunction with the SPIRE text engine and a Netscape WWW server. Although ....

Rao, R., Pederson, J. O., Hearst, M. A., Mackinlay, J. D., Card, S. K., Masinter, L., Halvorsen, P. K., and Robertson, G. G. Rich interaction in the digital library. Communications of the ACM, 38, 4 (1995) pp. 29-39.

....recreating the semantics of some other domain. One is reminded of Cooper s (1995) notion of idioms: conventions in the user interface that need to be learnt (rather than analogically or metaphorically transferred) but only once. 2. 3 A BROADER PICTURE OF WHAT COMPUTER USE SHOULD BE LIKE Rao et al. (1995) make the case for what they call rich interaction in an information workspace an environment designed to support information work. The requirements they postulate include iterative query refinement (learning through the course of a session what to ask and how to ask it) source heterogeneity, ....

Rao R, Pedersen J, Hearst M, Mackinlay J, Card S, Masinter L, Halvorsen P-K, Robertson G (1995). Rich interaction in the digital library. Communications of the ACM 38(4):29-39.

....developed more slowly. Most of the information is still accessed with tools that were designed to handle smaller information worlds, using narrow, system centered design and old interface technology. Only in the last few years has research increased enough to bridge the gap (e.g. 2] 9] 11] 13][19]) This paper presents work by the Advanced User Interface group (AUI) of the University of Michigan Digital Library (UMDL) Project that joins this effort. The fundamental question is how to improve information gathering environments. Answering this question entails at least two sorts of work ....

Rao, Ramana, Pedersen, Jan O., Hearst, Marti A., Mackinlay, Jock D., Card, Stuart K., Masinter, Larry, Halvorsen, Per-Kristian, Robertson, George G. Rich Interaction in the Digital Library. Communications of the ACM; v 38 n 4 Apr 1995. pp. 29-39; 1995.

.... the result of the searches (e.g. Tilebars [Hearst, 1995] Envision [Heath et al. 1995] Other projects allow users to directly manipulate data, thus integrating search and display, e.g. dynamic queries [Ahlberg Shneiderman, 1994] continuous zooming [Bederson Hollan, overlays and lens [Rao, et.al. 1995]. DL and multimedia research has led to innovative interface widgets for specialized materials (e.g. video skims [Wachler et al. 1996] query previews [Doan et al. 1996] and zoomable maps [Smith, 1996] Improved tools have spurred human computer interaction researchers to apply interface ....

Rao, R. Pedersen, J, Hearst, M, Mackinlay, J., Card, S., Masinter, L., Halvorsen, P., Robertson, G., (1995). Rich interaction in the digital library, Communications of the ACM, 38(4), 29-39.

.... will probably have a variety of mechanisms for querying non textual data (e.g. hand drawn sketches, textures and colors, speech) and better user interfaces to enable users to visually manipulate retrieved information [Card, MacKinlay, Shneiderman 1999] Hearst 1997] Maybury, Wahlster 1998] [Rao et al. 1993], Tufte 1983] Hearst 1999] surveys visualization interfaces for information retrieval systems, with particular emphasis on Web based systems. A sampling of some exploratory works being conducted in this area are described below. These interfaces and their display systems, which are known under ....

Rao, R., Pederson, J., Hearst, M., Mackinlay, J., Card, S., Masinter, L., Halvorsen, P., Robertson, G., \Rich interaction in the digital library", Communications of the ACM, 36, 4 (Apr. 1993), 29-39.

....some ongoing work in building a user friendly remote client to pre existing library OPAC systems. Due to space constraint, we will not attempt to cover all the works, and we will only focus on clients that are designed to communicate with OPAC using the Z39.50 protocol. Readers can refer to [13] for frontends designed to visualize and query remote document servers. A Z39.50 client called DRA Find has been developed by the DRA organization[8] Like LibSearch, it runs on in the PC windows environment. On one hand, DRA Find demonstrates some interesting features such as annotating the ....

R. Rao etc., Rich Interaction in the Digital Library, Communications of the ACM 38(4), April 1995. Interfaces to Databases (IDS-3) 11

....Visualization. Providing a user with as much information as he or she needs to perform a task is an almost everpresent problem when designing computer applications. Many information visualization techniques have been developed and claim to give users efficient views of information (e.g. [5,7,11,13,15]) This problem often becomes more difficult with PDAs, as users often need access to almost the same information as they do on their desktop computers despite having only a fraction of the space of an ordinary display available. Several information visualization techniques have recently been ....

Rao, R., Pedersen, J.O., Hearst, M.A., Mackinlay, J.D, Card, S.K., Masinter, L., Halvorsen, P-K., and Robertson, G.G. Rich Interaction in the Digital Library. In Communications of the ACM, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 29-39, ACM Press, 1995.

.... good result scores highly in the ranking it does not matter if 100,000 results are returned. However, the proprietary ranking process is difficult for the user to understand. Though the use of visualisation techniques to communicate a richer meaning of the ranking to the user has been suggested (Rao et al. 1995), it has not been implemented in any commonly used tool. From a collaborative point of view, search engines are under utilised. The fact that many users search for the same or similar topics could have been used to enhance the results (by noting what previous users clicked on) or to facilitate ....

Rao, R., Pedersen, J., Hearst, M., Mackinlay, J., Card, S., Masinter, L., Halvorsen, P.-K., and Robertson, G. (1995). "Rich interaction in the digital library", Communications of the ACM, vol. 38, no. 4, pp 29-39.

....document collections. During a session with the system, a user is presented with a set of clusters. He chooses several of them as potentially interesting. The documents in these classes are pulled together and reclustered on the fly, to produce a set of clusters covering the reduced collection. In [5], this technique is also used to cluster retrieval results. 2.2 Clustering in Machine Learning Machine Learning is concerned with improving inference by automating knowledge acquisition and refinement. This process can be described as generalization from particular cases. It begins with objects ....

Rao, R., Pederson, J. O., Hearst, M. A., and others. Rich interaction in the digital library. Communications of the ACM. Vol. 38, No. 4. pp. 29-39; 1995. 19

.... searching by keywords is brittle and people rarely use the same keywords to describe resources (Furnas, Landauer et al. 1987) In the areas of web information systems and digital libraries, much work has been focused on improving resource location, either through improved searching and browsing (Rao, Hearst et al. 1995; Schatz, Mischo et al. 1999) or social filtering (Resnick and Varian 1997) Location tools are cognitive artifacts, and well designed tools help users to locate relevant resources and to gradually learn about the structure of the information space (Norman 1993) Scholarly archives are typically ....

Rao, R., J. O. Hearst, et al. (1995). "Rich Interaction in the Digital Library." Communications of the ACM ,38(4): 29-39.

....transform data sets into images that are easier to interpret for users. Often, graphical representations reveal features not visible in the original tabular displays [5, 31, 35] Various researchers in Information Visualization have shown that result sets of queries should be presented visually [1, 20, 30]. With the TileBars system [19] Hearst showed that it is important to show many, if possible all, parameters of the result set simultaneously and compactly. Beard [4] introduced graphical views of geospatial metadata and argued that these views should facilitate the quick comparison of individual ....

R. Rao, J. O. Pedersen, M. Hearst, et al. Rich Interaction in the Digital Library, Comm. ACM, Vol. 38, No. 4, 29-39, April 1995.

....which aims to resolve some of these issues. The idea for our system can be traced back to early information retrieval systems which were not necessarily Web targeted. These prototypes have a visualization interface for examining contents of large data bases and digital libraries [4] 5] 12] 19] [25], 30] 31] Recently, development of visualization tools speci cally designed for examining Web document databases is increasing; examples include tools for mapping Web sites, i.e. visualizing hot links between sites and the organizational hierarchy within an individual user or group s home ....

Rao, R. et al., \Rich interaction in the digital library", Comm. of the ACM, No. 36, Apr. 1993, pp. 29-39.

....focus) while the rest is still available, but at a smaller size (the context) An overview and further references can be found in [2] One important type of information is text documents. Focus context methods suitable for visualizing documents include the perspective wall and the document lens [3]. With the growth of the Internet s World Wide Web, finding methods to visualize information available on the web is becoming increasingly important. Applications that use focus context techniques to present WWW based information include the hyperbolic tree browser [3] and Pad [1] FLIP ZOOMING ....

....wall and the document lens [3] With the growth of the Internet s World Wide Web, finding methods to visualize information available on the web is becoming increasingly important. Applications that use focus context techniques to present WWW based information include the hyperbolic tree browser [3] and Pad [1] FLIP ZOOMING Our focus context technique is called flip zooming because users can flip through a document like the pages in a book. It was inspired by some previously developed focus context methods, most notably the document lens. However, unlike the document lens it does not ....

Rao, R., Pedersen, J. O., Hearst, M. A., Mackinlay, J. D, Card, S. K., Masinter, L., Halvorsen, P-K., Robertson, G. G, Rich Interaction in the Digital Library, Communications of the ACM, vol. 38 no. 4, 1995.

....working with networked information systems. For example, users are often unable to formulate specific questions, and they realize what they are trying to ask and how to ask it by browsing the system. This process has been called progressive querying in [CCL94] and iterative query refinement in [RPH95]. Moreover, users often consult multiple sources with different contents, forms, and methods of access. The same holds for searching in structured relational database system, for which the SQL language has become a widespread standard. With SQL, users perform queries that specify matches on ....

....features can be requested as users gain experience with the system. 1. 1 Visualizing Meta information Several authors agree that users interacting with huge amount of unknown and various information find extremely useful some meta information on the following different aspects of the stored data [RPH95]: 1) content, that is, what information is stored in the source; 2) provenance, which refers to how the information in the source is generated and maintained, whether it is a public source or a personal archive, how frequently it is maintained, etc. 3) form, i.e. the schemes for the items in the ....

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Rao R., Pedersen J.O., Hearst M.A., Mackinlay J.D., Card S.K., Masinster L., Halvorsen P.-K., and Robertson G.G., Rich interaction in the digital library, Communications of the ACM, 38 (4), 1995, pp. 29-39

....in information retrieval in unobtrusive ways. Queries are notoriously difficult to formulate and brittle to execute. People cannot generally articulate specifications for the information they want. They need to see what is available and then gradually focus in on a set of interesting results [18]. Simply browsing through large 6 information spaces, however, has its own pitfalls. People get distracted and lost; they lack an overview and focus [7] TCA provides a classroom Profiler (Figure 5, far right blue window) for teachers to specify the characteristics of their classrooms. The ....

Rao, R., J. O. Hearst, J. D. Mackinlay, S. K. Card, L. Masinter, P. K. Halvorsen and G. G. Robertson, "Rich Interaction in the Digital Library," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 38, pp. 29-39, 1995.

....has dramatically expanded the palette of display techniques. For example, LyberWorld (Hemmje et al., 1994) displays document icons inside a circle, with terms around the circumference pulling the documents towards themselves; the terms can be moved and the strengths of their pulls varied. Rao et al. (1995) describes such techniques as tilebars, perspective walls, cone trees, and document lenses. Search interfaces should also provide helpful messages to support progressive refinement. For example, if a stop word or misspelling is eliminated from a search input window, or stemmed terms, partial ....

Rao, Ramana, Pedersen, Jan, Hearst, Marti, Mackinlay, Jock, Card, Stuart, Masinter, Larry, Halvorsen, Per-Kristian, and Robertson, George (1995). Rich Interaction in the Digital Library. CACM 38, 4, pp. 29-39.

....Users are seen as searchers of information and problem solvers in a certain cognitive space. Their interaction with the IRS is not limited to a simple interface for sending queries and receiving results, but is based on an informationseeking environment[17, 10, 11] or an information workspace[19]. This environment assists the user in defining and planning his her tasks, developing a search strategy, monitoring the progress, analysing results, re formulating queries 21st BCS IRSG Colloquium on Information Retrieval, Glasgow, 1999 Document Clustering for Mediated Information Access and ....

.... combine searching and browsing, as searching can identify starting points for browsing, while browsing may reveal unexpected aspects of the domain and may suggest keywords for searching[5, 15] Consequently, much work has gone into developing interfaces that support visualisation and browsing[19, 7]. Some authors eliminate searching completely and have proposed new retrieval paradigms, which focus either on the organised display of all documents[14] or on progressive refinement of the information need while exploring the information space[4] However, clustering and visualizing the entire ....

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R. Rao, J. O. Pedersen, M. A. Hearst, J. D. Mackinlay, S. K. Card, L. Masinter, P.-K. Halvorsen, and G. G. Robertson. Rich interaction in the digital library. Communications of The ACM, 38(4):29--39, April 1995.

....importance in DLs. Active documents [Zellweger 1992] which combine processes with more traditional document components, are likely to become more common. As interfaces become more supportive of human tasks, information visualizations and rich interactions supported by extensive processing [Rao et al. 1995] will become the norm. Users a#ect the DL by means of functions that act upon the information in the library in some known fashion. These functions may be persistent, opportunistic, cooperative, and goal based. Several functions may be involved in satisfying a user s information need within a DL; ....

Rao, R., Pedersen, J. O., Hearst, M. A., Mackinlay, J. D., Card, S. K., Masinter, L., Halvorsen, P.-K., and Robertson, G. G. 1995. Rich interaction in the digital library. Commun. of the ACM 38, 4 (Apr.), 29--39.

.... Other important technical challenges which will affect the traditional information retrieval process arise from the need for distributed storage, distributed retrieval [2] multimedia retrieval, richer interaction between users and their information sources and, iterative query refinement [3]. An on going research effort at the University of Sunderland aims to design and implement an agent based hypermedia model which is grounded on the Dexter hypertext reference model [4] It will support open distributed hyperinformation systems, that is information systems which make use of a ....

Ramana R., J. O. Pedersen, Marti A. Hearst., et al. Rich Interaction in the Digital Library. Communications of the ACM, 38(4), 1995, 29-39.

....and the shape of the current manuscript (the one that the user is currently looking at) and of the other manuscripts which are related to it and correspond to its context. The document structure is visualized by means of a 3D representation that is based on the Perspective Wall paradigm [11] [5]. This model has been adapted to our research domain in the following ways. First, it must be noted that the structure of the documents we have to deal with is generally of a bi dimensional nature. In the case of ancient works, several variants of manuscript pages are generally available. In the ....

R. Rao et al. Rich interaction in the digital library. Communications of the ACM, 38-4:29--39, 1995.

....users can utilize the links, perhaps representing relationships between documents, to discover related documents that might be found using a query. Implementations include utilizing the Dewey Classification hierarchy to browse a library catalogue [All94] and reference citations to browse articles [RPH95]. MeSHbrowse [KS95] is an interface for browsing a medical terminology hierarchy containing arbitrary interrelationships (meta data) as an index to a medical image digital library. Another structuring method organizes information by defined textual and numerical attributes. Doan applies dynamic ....

R. Rao, J. Pedersen, M. Hearst, J. Mackinlay, S. Card, L. Masinter, P. Halvorsen, and G. Robertson. Rich Interaction in the Digital Library. Communications of the ACM, vol 38, #4, pg 29-39, April 1995.

....to the current MultiSurf architecture. Another interesting area for further research is how to use visualization effectively in this query mediated browsing approach. Clustering may help in visualizing concepts and documents [4] Scatter gather (a layout strategy recently developed at Xerox Parc [14]) may also be used to structure visualization maps. Since the Web and associated Internet resources are still evolving, it is unclear how searching and overviewing functions will eventually be integrated into Web exploration. However, MultiSurf represents an interesting alternative to the current ....

R. Rao, J.O. Pedersen, M.A. Hearst, J.D. Mackinlay, S.K. Card, L. Masinter, P-K. Halvorsen, and G.G. Robertson. Rich interaction in the digital library. Communications of the ACM, 38(4):29--39, 1995.

....While our system incorporates retrieved multimedia objects into user defined presentations, the information retrieved by InfoHarness is converted to a system generated combination of HTML forms and hyperlinks, which are then viewed using the Mosaic browser. The system developed at Xerox PARC [23] uses a variety Figure 18: Style sheet window from Delaunay MM . of 3D displays and integrates an algorithm for the effective browsing of a large collection of documents. Two important differences are our emphasis on user defined layouts and the availability of our interface over the Web. We ....

R. Rao et al. Rich Interactions in the Digital Library. Communications of the ACM, 38(4):29--39, April 1995.

....ease of use. 4.Related Works There are several related works. Hemmje displayed documents in a 3D space whose axes were keywords. The scale of these axes could be changed [Hemmje et al. 1994] Rao showed several displaying methods such as the corn tree and the perspective wall using 3D techniques[Rao et al. 1995]. The hyperbolic tree browser, which is described in his paper, uses perspective to show the relationship between words. Shneiderman made a data visualization system with a dynamic query interface. The data in this system was housing data, such as distance from capital city, price of land and so ....

R. Rao, J.O. Pedersen, M.A. Hearst, J.D. Mackinlay, S.K. Card, L. Masinter, P. Halvorsen and G.G. Robertson, Rich interaction in the digital library, Communications of the ACM, Vol.38, No.4, pages29-39, 1995.

....are limited in the amount of information that they can manipulate; they often have difficulty detecting patterns in and deriving meaning from information. To address this problem, researchers at XEROX PARC have developed an information workspace known as the Information Visualizer (IV) 14] [65]) The IV provides a framework for several visualizations that incorporate computer graphics , systems architecture, and cognitive psychology. A key design principle is that many parts of a task can be off loaded from the user s cognitive system onto their perceptual system, thus enabling more ....

....a framework for several visualizations that incorporate computer graphics , systems architecture, and cognitive psychology. A key design principle is that many parts of a task can be off loaded from the user s cognitive system onto their perceptual system, thus enabling more rapid processing. [65]. The project s UI design goals are derived from six observations about information processing systems: the benefit of hierarchical system organization . the high cost variability of information storage, for both finding and assimilating information . the user s tendency to locality of ....

Ramana Rao, Jan O. Pedersen, Marti A. Hearst, Jock D. Mackinlay, Stuart K. Card, Larry Masinter, Per-Kristian Halvorsen, and George G. Robertson, "Rich Interaction in the Digital Library." In Communications of the ACM. New York: ACM, 1995. pp. 29-39.

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R. Rao, J. O. Pedersen, M. A. Hearst, J. D. Mackinlay, S. K. Card, L. Masinter, P.-K. Halvorsen, and G. G. Robertson, "Rich interaction in the digital library," Communications of the ACM, vol. 38, pp. 29--39, 1995.

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Rao R, Pedersen J, Hearst M (1995) Rich interaction in the digital library. Commun ACM 38(4):29--39

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Rao, R., Pedersen, J. O., Hearst, M. A., Mackinlay, J. D., Card, S. K., Masinter, L., Halvorsen, P.-K. & Robertson, G. G. (1995), `Rich interaction in the digital library', Communications of the ACM 38(4), 29--39.

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Rao, R., Pedersen, J.O., Hearst, M.A., Mackinlay, J.D., Card, S.K., Masinter, L., Halvorsen, P-K., and Robertson, G.G. Rich interaction in the digital library. In Communications of the ACM, pp. 29-39, Vol. 38, No. 4, ACM Press, 1995.

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Rao, R., Pedersen, J.O., Hearst, M.A., Mackinlay, J.D, Card, S.K., Masinter, L., Halvorsen, P-K., and Robertson, G.G. Rich Interaction in the Digital Library. In Communications of the ACM, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 29-39, ACM Press, 1995.

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Rao, R., Pedersen, J. O., Hearst, M. A., Mackinlay, J. D, Card, S. K., Masinter, L., Halvorsen, P-K., Robertson, G. G, (1995), Rich Interaction in the Digital Library, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 38 No. 4

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R. Rao, J. Pedersen, M.Hearst et al.: Rich Interaction in the Digital Library. Communications of the ACM, 38(4), 1997, pp. 29-39.

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Rao, R., Pedersen, J.O., Hearst, M.A., Mackinlay, J.D., Card, S.K., Masinter, L., Halvorsen, P.-K. and Robertson, G.G. Rich interaction in the digital library, Communications of the ACM, 38(4), 1995, pp. 29-39.

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Rao, R., et al. "Rich Interaction in the Digital Library", Communications of the ACM, April 1995 Vol. 38 No. 4 29-39

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Ramana Rao, Jan O. Pedersen, Marti A. Hearst, Jock D. Mackinlay, Stuart K. Card, Larry Masinter, Per-Kristian Halvorsen, and George G Robertson. Rich Interaction in the Digital Library. Communications of the ACM, 88(4):29--39, April 1995.

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