Reingold, E.M., & Merikle, P.M. (1988). Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness, Perception and Psychophysics, 44, 563-575.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....and unconscious influences. In other words, no task is process pure. Two methodological approaches that specifically attempt to overcome Cleeremans: Int. Encyc. Social and Behavioral Sciences 9 the conceptual limitations of the dissociation logic have been developed. The first was introduced by Reingold Merikle (1988), who suggested that the search for absolute measures of awareness should simply be abandoned in favor of approaches that seek to compare the sensitivity of direct measures and indirect measures of some discrimination. Direct measures involve tasks in which the instructions make explicit ....

Reingold, E.M., & Merikle, P.M. (1988). Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness, Perception and Psychophysics, 44, 563-575.

....based on dissociations between measures of implicit learning and awareness that satisfy both of their information and sensitivity criteria. However, there are many reasons to doubt that any task could satisfy both criteria (see Jim nez et al. in press, for a discussion) Indeed, authors such as Reingold and Merikle (1988; see also Merikle Reingold, 1991) have argued that it may be impossible to identify a single measure that is simultaneously (1) exhaustively sensitive to the relevant contents of awareness and (2) exclusively sensitive to this knowledge, because we have no way of ascertaining that tasks are ....

....relevant contents of awareness and (2) exclusively sensitive to this knowledge, because we have no way of ascertaining that tasks are processpure, and because we do not yet have a clear theoretical understanding of awareness. Hence, instead of requiring that absolute criteria of awareness be used, Reingold Merikle (1988) suggest that a more productive strategy may be one that consists of comparing the sensitivity of various measures of the same relevant conscious information. They start by assuming that discrimination tasks in general may involve both relevant conscious information as well as some kind of ....

Reingold, E.M. & Merikle, P.M. (1988). Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness. Perception and Psychophysics, 44, 563-575.

....and indirect measures 2 Abstract Comparing the relative sensitivity of direct and indirect measures of learning is proposed as the best way to provide evidence for unconscious learning when both conceptual and operative definitions of awareness are lacking. This approach was first proposed by Reingold Merikle (1988) in the context of subliminal perception. In this paper, we apply it to a choice reaction time task in which the material is generated based on a probabilistic finite state grammar (Cleeremans, 1993) We show (1) that participants progressively learn about the statistical structure of the stimulus ....

....of unconscious processing (Schacter, Bowers Booker, 1989) In all these cases, one is faced with the necessity of formulating an explicit theory of awareness and of incorporating valid operational indices of awareness into the theory. Many authors (e.g. Allport, 1988; Marcel Bisiach, 1988; Reingold Merikle, 1988; Velmans, 1991) have suggested that this task is far from easy, and some of them (e.g. Reingold Merikle, 1988) have explored the theoretical and methodological flaws underlying the widespread assumption that some given measure of performance may be taken as an absolute index of awareness ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Reingold, E.M. & Merikle, P.M. (1988). Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness. Perception and Psychophysics, 44, 563-575.

....BELGIUM axcleer ulb.ac.be Abstract Comparing the relative sensitivity of direct and indirect measures of learning is proposed as the best way to provide evidence for unconscious learning when both conceptual and operative definitions of awareness are lacking. This approach was first proposed by Reingold Merikle (1988) in the context of subliminal perception. In this paper, we apply it to a choice reaction task in which the material is generated based on a probabilistic finite state grammar (Cleeremans, 1993) We show (1) that subjects progressively learn about the statistical structure of the stimulus material ....

....1991, hereafter C McC) and discuss which challenges these data pose for the model. Many authors have explored the theoretical and methodological flaws underlying the widespread assumption that some given measure of performance may be taken as an absolute index of awareness (e.g. Jacoby, 1991; Reingold Merikle, 1988). For instance, Reingold Merikle (1988) hereafter R M, have argued that it may be impossible to consider some index of performance both as an exhaustive and as an exclusive measure of relevant conscious knowledge, because we have no way of ascertaining that tasks are process pure, and because ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Reingold, E.M. & Merikle, P.M. (1988). Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness.

Online articles have much greater impact   More about CiteSeer.IST   Add search form to your site   Submit documents   Feedback  

CiteSeer.IST - Copyright Penn State and NEC