Pamela Zave. A compositional approach to multiparadigm programming. IEEE Software, 6(5):15--25, 1989.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....programming, multi paradigm environment, adaptive automata. 1. INTRODUCTION Existing programming paradigms usually adhere to particular classes of problems. In order to handle complex and interdisciplinary problem, it should be convenient to use more than one paradigm in the application. [1] Multiparadigm environments may be used to allow users to handle different pieces of programs, written in a variety of paradigms and styles without leaving their programming environment. 2,3] The same idea applies for maintenance tasks in which existing programs are to be modified or extended ....

Zave, Pamela, A compositional Approach to Multiparadigm Programming, AT&T Laboratories, IEEE Software -- September 1989.

....productivity. 3. Separate processes or modules. The system is decomposed into modules, and each module is programmed in a language that supports the most appropriate paradigm. One possibility for linking the modules is to having modules in different languages executed as independent processes [27]. They are synchronized by transfers of data between the modules. If the synchronization requirements and data transfers are sufficiently simple, however, the procedure call mechanism augmented with code to convert the representations of parameters may suffice. An interface description language ....

P. Zave, "A Compositional Approach to Multiparadigm Programming." IEEE Software (Sept. 1989), pp. 15-25.

....the parts that control concurrent interaction, ideally in a way that does not hinder power or expressiveness[1] Computation and concurrencyspecifications should be expressible in their own notations, and they should be easily composed. We view this as a classic multi paradigm specification problem [21]. In this view, partial specifications can be composed if there is some shared vocabulary (usually a set of common variables) using which one partial specification may influence or be influenced by another [22] In the universe model, this shared vocabulary is the set of condition variables of all ....

P. Zave. A Compositional Approach to Multiparadigm Programming. IEEE Software 6 (5) (1989).

....design and employs a declarative, constraint based, model of interface layout. The task model, on the other hand, expresses explicit sequencing within the global control of the system and employs a process notation. The problem of binding models is actually a problem of multi paradigm composition[106]. Zave argues that in such situations, conceptual structures other than the familiar inter language procedure call are necessary for composition. The conceptual structure we used views the realization of different models as processes and their binding as synchronizing composition. In her work on ....

.... models defined top down (as is done in Mastermind ) whereas the connection oriented approach is natural for composing models defined bottom up (as is done in Paterno s interactor approach) Of course, constraint oriented composition requires a different way of thinking about software synthesis[106]. Zave[105] suggests synthesizing a program by applying a series of transformations to an initial abstract program. Each transformation in the series incorporates a different constraint. Successive transformations enrich a program from an abstract specification into a concrete executable ....

Pamela Zave. A compositional approach to multiparadigm programming. IEEE Computer, 9

....issues such as reusability, compositionality and extensibility became of paramount importance. Thus, in order to deal with all these requirements of programming in the large applications, the notions of multilinguality and heterogeneity came into play. Multilingual or multiparadigm programming ([73]) is able to support a number of diverse paradigms and provide interoperation of these paradigms while at the same time isolate unwanted interactions between them. Furthermore, a multilingual or multiparadigm programming environment aims at accommodating the diverse execution models and 3 ....

P. Zave, "A Compositional Approach to Multiparadigm Programming", IEEE Software, Sept. 1989, pp. 15--25.

....Software Development Concepts and Tools Problem Requirements Analysis and Definition Requriements Definition System Design System Architecture Component Design Algorithms Implementation Software System Figure 1. Stepwise refinement according to the life cycle paradigm (see [30]) component specifications in order to achieve the design of the algorithmic structure of the system components. The process supports a successive reduction in complexity of both the design process and the product itself. The algorithms are then translated into a programming language and tested ....

Zave P (1989) A Compositional Approach to Multiparadigm Programming. IEEE Software, September 1989

....permission of the copyright holder. Our research goal is the development and subsequent exploitation of a unifying framework for expressing the inter relationship between system architectures and program paradigms. Such a framework could provide a solid basis for multiparadigm program development [30]. In particular, we are interested in multiparadigm programming environments, that allow a programmer to express a system using the most suitable paradigms. Absolute portability of the resulting implementations is not our goal as efficient implementations are closely tied to the underlying ....

....are grouped into specific architecture paradigms. In trying to define the notion of a programming paradigm the most common definition found, is that of a model or approach in solving a problem [15] or the system architecture encompassing definition of way of thinking about computer systems [30]. A more general definition is given in [25, p. 21] where paradigms are described as rules for determining classes of languages according to some testable conditions. These conditions can be based on a number of abstraction criteria, such as the structure of a program or its state, or the ....

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Zave P (1989) A compositional approach to multiparadigm programming. IEEE Software, 6: 15--25. This article was processed using the L A T E X macro package with LLNCS style

....of standard or useful predicates that can be composed to cheaply build parts of the system to be designed; e.g. 127] ffl data rule base: most Prolog implementation allow to save the knowledge base. In this way it is possible to use a Prolog process as a cheap database system. For instance, in [203] a complex software system was described which included a database component written in Prolog and interfaced with components written in other languages. All these techniques rely upon extralogical features of Prolog. First order logical systems do not allow the direct manipulation of their ....

P. Zave. A Compositional Approach to Multiparadigm Programming. IEEE Software, 6(5):15--27, September 1989. 42

....Aggregation Dialog State Machines Synchronous Message passing Orthogonal Composition Figure 2. Multi paradigm action implementations jor components are expressed with programming languages from different families or paradigms. Zave has called this the multi paradigm programming problem [24]. 2.2. Multi agent user interface architectures The Mastermind approach to model composition builds on prior work in multiagent user interface architectures, which provide design heuristics for structuring interactive systems. These architectures describe interactive systems as collections of ....

P. Zave. A compositional approach to multiparadigm programming. IEEE Software, 6(5), September 1989.

....as a structuring mechanism for integrating other paradigms. In our approach object orientation is used externally to the multiparadigm programming system in order to structure and encapsulate its components. Finally, an approach that can be used for integrating arbitrary paradigms is described in [Zav89]. It concentrates however more on the aspects of validation and verification of the resulting system, and less on the structure of it. Functional Imperative Object Oriented Logic Distributed Constraint Number of languages 23 10 9 8 10 7 5 4 5 Table 2: Number of languages found for the ....

Pamela Zave. A compositional approach to multiparadigm programming. IEEE Software, 6(5):15--25, September 1989. 13

....code implemented on different machines. This was not considered in this work 6 Related Work A number of researchers have worked on a common framework which can be used to combine different formalisms. This includes both theoretical work on the foundations [AC94] and more practical applications [Zav89, ZJ93] Most of the existing work, however is focusing on how to combine different specification notations. In our work we wish to enable a heterogeneous combination of a specification language and an implementation language. In this area related work can be found in the Larch community [JGW85] ....

Pamela Zave. A Compositional Approach to Multiparadigm Programming. IEEE Software, pages 15--25, September 1989.

....This case was not considered in this work but is supported in the IPTES Project. 6 Related Work A number of researchers have worked on a common framework which can be used to combine different formalisms. This includes both theoretical work on the foundations [3] and more practical applications [27, 28]. Most of the existing work, however is focusing on how to combine different specification notations. In our work we wish to enable a heterogeneous combination of a specification language and an implementation language. In this area related work can be found in the Larch community [17] An ....

Pamela Zave. A Compositional Approach to Multiparadigm Programming. IEEE Software, pages 15--25, September 1989.

....express many different properties, the different languages have different specialties. Therefore, one approach to formal specification is to use different specification languages to express different properties of the program, so that each desired property is ex41 pressed as concisely as possible[Zav89] By creating a common framework and representation for mappings, the multiple specifications can be checked for consistency and completeness. 6 Conclusion In this paper, we have proposed an informal framework of the properties of representation mappings and applied that framework to several ....

Pamela Zave. A compositional approach to multiparadigm programming. IEEE Software, 6(5):15--25, September 1989. A Ada Interface to a Stack package IntStack is -- -- An example interface to an integer stack

....used by parallel architectures. Our research goal is the development and subsequent exploitation of a unifying framework for expressing the inter relationship between system architectures and program paradigms. Such a framework could provide a solid basis for multiparadigm program development [30]. In particular, we are interested in multiparadigm programming environments, that allow a programmer to express Jurg Gutknecht Editor, Programming Languages and System Architectures International Coneference, pages 191 207, Zurich, Switzerland, March 1994. Springer Verlag. Lecture Notes in ....

....are grouped into specific architecture paradigms. In trying to define the notion of a programming paradigm the most common definition found, is that of a model or approach in solving a problem [15] or the system architecture encompassing definition of way of thinking about computer systems [30]. A more general definition is given in [25, p. 21] where paradigms are described as rules for determining classes of languages according to some testable conditions. These conditions can be based on a number of abstraction criteria, such as the structure of a program or its state, or the ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Zave P (1989) A compositional approach to multiparadigm programming. IEEE Software, 6: 15--25. This article was processed using the L a T E X macro package with LLNCS style

....application implemented in different programming languages, selected to suit the particular application function or architecture. This has been recently referred to as multi paradigm programming function or architecture. This has been recently referred to as multi paradigm programming [45] but that description fails to indicate the need for (and benefits of) providing a configuration [45] but that description fails to indicate the need for (and benefits of) providing a configuration framework in which to integrate these heterogeneous components. Component interfaces should ....

....application function or architecture. This has been recently referred to as multi paradigm programming function or architecture. This has been recently referred to as multi paradigm programming [45] but that description fails to indicate the need for (and benefits of) providing a configuration [45] but that description fails to indicate the need for (and benefits of) providing a configuration framework in which to integrate these heterogeneous components. Component interfaces should framework in which to integrate these heterogeneous components. Component interfaces should be specified in a ....

P.Zave, "A Compositional Approach to Multi-Paradigm Programming", IEEE Software, P.Zave, "A Compositional Approach to Multi-Paradigm Programming", IEEE Software, September 1989. Configuration Programming 18 19/8/91

....by Taubner [36] In those situations where distributed systems are more conveniently specified in some other model, a translator can be used. The use of translators in an analysis tool is common as it is unlikely that there is a single computational model suitable for specifying all applications [43]. A limitation of the interface construction algorithm is that it may, in some situations, generate interface processes which are not sufficiently precise to eliminate all forbidden behavioural traces in the composite LTS of a subsystem. Since the effectiveness of the contextual CRA depends on the ....

P. Zave. A Compositional Approach to Multiparadigm Programming. IEEE Software (1989), 15-25.

.... view integration in software development environments (e.g. Meyers 1991) with generic or meta CASE tools (e.g. Alderson 1991) with specification and design methods (e.g. Jackson 1990) with research on 26 multiple perspectives (e.g. Robinson 1989) and with multi paradigm development (e.g. Zave 1989). There are also relevant contributions in method modelling (e.g. Potts 1989) formal specification of requirements (e.g. Hagelstein 1988) and distributed systems development (Kramer 1990) Short of reviewing all these areas it is difficult to provide a detailed comparative analysis of the ....

Zave, P. (1989); A Compositional Approach to Multi-Paradigm Programming; IEEE Software, 6, 5, pp 15-25.

....issues such as reusability, compositionality and extensibility became of paramount importance. Thus, in order to deal with all these requirements of programming in the large applications, the notions of multilinguality and heterogeneity came into play. Multilingual or multiparadigm programming ([73]) is able to support a number of diverse paradigms and provide interoperation of these paradigms while at the same time isolate unwanted interactions between them. Furthermore, a multilingual or multiparadigm programming environment aims at accommodating the diverse execution models and mechanisms ....

P. Zave, "A Compositional Approach to Multiparadigm Programming", IEEE Software, Sept. 1989, pp. 15-25.

.... information) and resolve conflicts (if and when it is necessary to do so) Although we examine the application of ViewPoints for requirements specification, we further argue that requirements engineering from multiple perspectives, multiparadigm specification [63] and multiparadigm programming [40, 62], are all facets of the same generic (multiple perspectives) problem. We begin by presenting an overview of the ViewPoints framework emphasising its organisational nature and decentralised architecture. The next section describes the method engineering process within the ViewPoint framework, which ....

P. Zave (1989); "A Compositional Approach to Multiparadigm Programming"; Software, 5(5): 1525, September 1989; IEEE Computer Society Press.

....Model Dialogue Application Presentation Presentation Dialogue Application Module Module Module Figure 1: Model based code generation community[2, 1] address this obstacle by representing models as agents defined in a process algebra (Section 2. 2) Researchers in the Software Engineering community[27, 28] address similar problems with multi paradigm specifications and describe a technique called composition by conjunction that solves the problem. These approaches deal with specifications only. Our solution to the model composition problem uses the agent based representation of models, suggested by ....

....action, each process can be thought of as adding a constraint to the occurrence of that action[4] This style of expressing behavior is often called constraintoriented specification. Constraint oriented specification has been used to rigorously define composition in multi paradigm specifications[27]. A multi paradigm specification is one in which a system is described by multiple partial specifications written in different notations. Zave and Jackson[28] represent partial specifications as constraints in firstorder predicate logic and note how logical conjunction specifies the simultaneous ....

P. Zave. A compositional approach to multiparadigm programming. IEEE Computer, September 1989.

....by Taubner [28] In those situations where concurrent systems more conveniently specified in some other model, a translator can be used. The use of translators in an analysis tool is common as it is unlikely that there is a single computational model suitable for specifying all applications [35]. The effectiveness of the method depends on the interface processes, which can be either supplied by users or derived by tools. The correctness criteria of interface specifications are identified so that a transparent interface can be added to the original system without changing its global ....

P. Zave. A Compositional Approach to Multiparadigm Programming. IEEE Software (1989), 15-25.

.... area of research, where many have acknowledged the need to use multiple languages or notations for specifying, or even implementing large and complex systems [Wile 1986; Petre Winder 1988; Zahniser 1993] In fact, much of the work in the so called area of multi paradigm software development [Zave 1989; Meyers Reiss 1991] is greatly dependent on a deep understanding of the different languages or notations used in the different specification or programming paradigms. A critical review of multiparadigm development techniques is deferred to chapter 3. Finally, it is worth noting that software ....

....respectively) Chapter 3 Separating and Integrating Concerns 49 for integration. Finally the notion of a software development paradigm is becoming an increasingly feasible criterion for separation. This is particularly so with multi paradigm software development systems becoming more common [Zave 1989; Meyers Reiss 1991; Spinellis 1994] A paradigm refers to a development approach characterised by its view and representation of a system and the world in which that system operates. Examples of software specification and programming paradigms include the functional, logic, object oriented and ....

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Zave, P. (1989); "A Compositional Approach to Multiparadigm Programming"; Software, 5(5): 15-25, September 1989; IEEE Computer Society Press.

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Pamela Zave. A compositional approach to multiparadigm programming. IEEE Software, 6(5):15--25, 1989.

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Pamela Zave. A compositional approach to multiparadigm programming. IEEE Software, 6(5):15--25, September 1989.

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Zave P. (1989); A Compositional Approach to Multi-Paradigm Programming; IEEE Software, September 1989.

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