M.-A. D. Storey, F. D. Fracchia, and H. A. Muller. Cognitive design elements to support the construction of a mental model during software exploration. In International Workshop on Program Comprehension, pages 17--28, 1997.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....limit the size of this paper, we do not further describe Moose, but rather point the reader to the referenced articles. 3.5 Interactive Facilities Once the visualization is rendered on the screen, the user not only wants to look at it, he also wants to interact with it. According to Storey et al. [33] this helps to reduce the cognitive overhead of any visualization. Figure 7. CodeCrawler at work. The context menus are dynamically built depending on the entity or relationship that is selected. In Figure 7 we see CodeCrawler at work. In CodeCrawler the HotDraw framework provides for direct ....

....Cooper [7, 8] Jef Raskin [28] and Jeff Johnson [20] The interactive facilities a software visualization tool provides heavily influence the quality of the tool in terms of reverse engineering. Storey et al. provide a list of 14 cognitive design elements needed for a reverse engineering process [33]. We deduce from that list that if a tool features direct manipulation it can facilitate navigation by providing directional and arbitrary navigation, while at the same time it reduces disorientation effects by reducing the effort for user interface adjustment. Put in simple words we can say that ....

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M.-A. D. Storey, F. D. Fracchia, and H. A. M uller. Cognitive design elements to support the construction of a mental model during software exploration. Journal of Software Systems, 44:171--185, 1999.

....Online Preprint nitive models: start with (or build) a model of the activity of interest and then examine the cognitive processes and knowledge used for opportunities for redistribution. Efforts to categorize the basic tasks and design goals by analyzing the models (cf. the work of Storey et al. [12]) can improve the effort focusing capability of the models. 4 Conclusions and Future Work We argued that existing cognitive models can be used to reason forwards during design, but that in order to do so they must be augmented with a means of reasoning about how and why tool features aid the ....

Storey, M.-A. D., Fracchia, F. D., and Muller, H. A. Cognitive design elements to support the construction of a mental model during software visualization. In Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Program Comprehension (May 28-- 30 1997.

....to places in the documentation that address a specific part of the program. As note, the Java Elucidator can be categorised as a software exploration tool, aimed at reducing the documentation reader s (a programmer or a reviewer) cognitive overhead when studying the program and documentation [19]. 2.1. Working with the Java Elucidator Both the documentation and the program are presented as online documents in an ordinary web browser. The documentation and the program are not in physical proximity as in Literate programming, but typed links are used to provide navigational proximity ....

M.-A.D. Storey and F.D. Fracchia and H.A Muller, "Cognitive design elements to support the construction of a mental model during software visualization", In Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Program Comprehension March 1997, pp.17-28.

....source code. A trip that often will disturb the reading. If, the reader must constantly switch from a tutorial to an example program in order to follow references the reader will be constantly interrupted and risk losing concentration. Such switching between views should be avoided as argued in [23], which addresses a hierarchy of cognitive issues to consider during design of software exploration tools. Furthermore, a source code extract is always accompanied by a link to the source code extract in its original context. This is illustrated in figure 6, where a link called code context is ....

Storey, M.-A.D. & Fracchia, F. & Muller, H.. Cognitive design elements to support the construction of a mental model during software visualization. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Program Comprehension, pages 17--28, March 1997.

....for the lucidator: The lucidator could support reuse of documentation through some kind of inheritance. 2.3.2 Cognitive models In this section we will look at an approach, which eventually will lead us to another categorization of documentation. This is based on Storey, Fracchia, and Muller [Storey et al. 1997], which introduce three cognitive models for program comprehension. In this context, a cognitive model is a mental approach you adopt to understand already written source code. This is a reengineering approach compared to Sametinger who suggests a way to document code. Storey et al. presents the ....

....the authors have a number of suggestions, which can be seen as guidelines for creating templates and views to support the different cognitive models. To enhance top down comprehension, they suggest that we provide an adequate overview of the system architecture at various levels of abstraction [Storey et al. 1997, p. 22] We will elaborate on the difference between reading and writing documentation in the following sections. From the concept of cognitive models we conclude that: There exists a number of different ways to read and comprehend source code and the corresponding documentation. 2.4 ....

Storey, M., Fracchia, F., and Muller, H. (1997). Cognitive design elements to support the construction of a mental model during software visualization. In Fifth International Workshop on Program Comprehension (IWPC '97), pages 17--28. IEEE.

....the two is not effective the user needs to do manual adjustments. As an example, a programmer who needs to consult the documentation while writing source code, must switch to the documentation tool and start navigating to the relevant place in the documentation. This should be avoided as argued in [25], which addresses a hierarchy of cognitive issues to consider during design of software exploration tools. A solution to these problems is to integrate documentation support in the programming environments. Good IDE support for documentation can provide several convenient features reliving the ....

M.-A. Storey, F. Fracchia, and H. Muller. Cognitive design elements to support the construction of a mental model during software visualization. In In Proceedings of the Fifth Iternational Workshop on Program Comprehension, pages 17--28, March 1997.

....and industry. This effectiveness can be expressed in the form of a simple equation: Effectiveness = suitability for task(s) suitability of representation, metaphor, and mapping based on the underlying data. A simple example of where current work that applies to software visualisations [2] falls short is that the display is considered to only be 2D, thus many of the issues surrounding 3D navigation and orientation are not addressed, and the answers to the existing criteria could be misleading if the number of graphical dimensions are not taken into consideration. Another is through ....

M.-A. D. Storey, F. D. Fracchia, and H. A. Mller, "Cognitive Design Elements to Support the Construction of a Mental Model During Software Visualization", Proceedings of the 5 th IEEE International Workshop on Program Comprehension, pp17-28, May 2830, 1997.

....different types in many concrete representations, usually not designed with software comprehension in mind. A common approach to cope with understanding problems consists in providing the software engineers with reverse engineering and visualization tools in order to reduce the cognitive effort [28]. These tools make it possible, for a given perspective, to extract a subset of the software entities, focusing on a subset of a software model. Visualization techniques are then used to produce suitable graphical representations. Software exploration tools enable software engineers to navigate ....

....a given perspective, to extract a subset of the software entities, focusing on a subset of a software model. Visualization techniques are then used to produce suitable graphical representations. Software exploration tools enable software engineers to navigate between view or between perspective [28]. Many tools have been proposed (e.g. Rigi [21] PBS [13] CIA [2] Hy [20] Moose [25] CodeCrawler [5] Imagix [14] Spool [24] SeeSoft [6] TkSee [18] Dali [17] Some techniques have been integrated into commercial CASE tools, including for instance call graphs or class inheritance ....

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M.A. Storey, F.D. Fracchia, H.A. Mller, "Cognitive design elements to support the construction of a mental model during software exploration", Proc. of the 5th International Workshop on Program Comprehension, IEEE, May 1997.

....Software continues to increase in size and complexity and whilst the program comprehension theories may support this growth, the tools and techniques developed for helping maintainers do not keep up with the speed, and size of change. 2. 2 Features of Program Comprehension Tools Storey et al. [9] identified a hierarchy of cognitive issues that are important when considering what facilities a program comprehension tool should include. They identify the fact that software exploration tools can be likened to hypermedia document browsers. Because of this a hierarchy of hypermedia cognitive ....

M.-A. D. Storey, F. D. Fracchia, and H. A. Mller, Cognitive Design Elements to Support the Construction of a Mental Model During Software Visualization, Proceedings of the 5 th IEEE International Workshop on Program Comprehension, pp17-28, May 28-30, 1997.

....tools has been undertaken. Many approaches are based on design pattern recognition in programs (Rich and Waters, 1989) as well as structural or behavioral visualization (Pauw et al. 1998) Others have also taken a cognitively motivated approach to the development of comprehension tools (Storey et al. 1997). The main contribution of this research is an approach that closely links program comprehension to program visualization. I seek to examine how programmers think about programs, and use this knowledge to present more effective program views through DR. JONES magic lens. The goal is to better ....

....if the code writer has chosen intuitive, mnemonic names for these identifiers. A good object oriented program design closely models the objects and relationships in its application domain. Our preliminary user studies and other research suggest that there are two kinds of program comprehension (Storey et al. 1997). Bottom up reasoning uses domain independent knowledge of Java semantics and object oriented programming, while top down reasoning uses knowledge of the application domain s objects and actions to seek analogous structures in the program. Thus, one significant part of a programmer s mental ....

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Storey, M.-A. D., Fracchia, F. D., and Muller, H. A. (May 1997). Cognitive design elements to support the construction of a mental model during software visualization. In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Program Comprehension, pages 17--28. Dearborn, Michigan.

....increases too much and, if the VE represents some abstract elements (e.g. source code) the mapping is usually unnatural. Other work that addresses the problems of visualizing entire software systems to support program comprehension and maintenance include SeeSoft [2, 3, 9] VOGUE [16] Rigi [21, 22]] and InfoBUG [5] The SoftArch environment [10] has the power to represent static and dynamic aspects of the software system at various degrees of abstraction. It is one of the few systems that allows for visualization at system architecture level. As many other software visualization systems ....

Storey, M.-A. D., Fracchia, F. D., and Mueller, H. A., "Cognitive Design Elements to Support the Construction of a Mental Model during Software Visualization", in Proceedings of 5th International Workshop on Program Comprehension, 1997.

....and, if the VE represents some abstract elements (e.g. source code) the mapping is usually unnatural. Other work that addresses the problems of visualizing entire software systems to support program comprehension and maintenance include SeeSoft [Ball 94, 96, Eick 94] VOGUE [Koike 93] Rigi [Storey 97, Storey 97] and InfoBUG [Chuah 97] The SoftArch environment [Grundy 00] has the power to represent static and dynamic aspects of the software system at various degrees of abstraction. It is one of the few systems that allows for visualization at system architecture level. As many other software ....

....VE represents some abstract elements (e.g. source code) the mapping is usually unnatural. Other work that addresses the problems of visualizing entire software systems to support program comprehension and maintenance include SeeSoft [Ball 94, 96, Eick 94] VOGUE [Koike 93] Rigi [Storey 97, Storey 97] and InfoBUG [Chuah 97] The SoftArch environment [Grundy 00] has the power to represent static and dynamic aspects of the software system at various degrees of abstraction. It is one of the few systems that allows for visualization at system architecture level. As many other software ....

Storey, M.-A. D., Fracchia, F. D., and Mueller, H. A., (1997), "Cognitive Design Elements to Support the Construction of a Mental Model during Software Visualization", in Proceedings of 5th International Workshop on Program Comprehension.

....investigations is precluded. Furthermore, as an investigation normally comprises many little steps of browsing and searching, failing to preserve such knowledge may distract the software engineer from the original goal of the investigation and thus add significant overhead to program comprehension [23]. Third, current tools provide little help in getting an encompassing picture of the system under examination. They fail to join the knowledge acquired from different investigations done in different contexts, that is, from browsing different information views. Consider a puzzle where all the ....

Storey, M.-A. D., Fracchia, F. D. and Mller, H. A., Cognitive design elements to support the construction of a mental model during software exploration. Journal of Systems and Software, 44(3):171-185, January 1999.

....and Petre [Pet95] have proposed some cognitive dimensions for visual language design. Example dimensions are closeness of mapping, consistency, and visibility. Storey et al. developed a cognitive framework of design elements to be considered during the design of a software visualization tool [SFM99]. This framework contains two sets of factors to support the variety of comprehension strategies used by programmers during software exploration and to reduce cognitive overhead as they explore and try to understand the software. Some of the research on human computer interaction is also ....

M.-A. Storey, F.D. Fracchia, and H.A. Muller, "Cognitive Design Elements to Support the Construction of a Mental Model during Software Exploration", Journal of Software Systems, 44:171185, 1999.

....locations need not be remembered (see e.g. von Mayrhauser et al. 682] or Singer et al. 596] For the problem of setting design goals, there exist the beginnings of promising new theory based research. A good example is the hierarchy of cognition related design issues developed by Storey et al. [619]. Most of the design issues in that work immediately suggest design goals, but only a limited set of examples solutions are provided. Even so, SE researchers have shown that generally they are good at generalizing from examples, so collecting together design goals and prior solutions is a good ....

....the definition of fitness is as complicated as the environments in which tools are found. A tool s fitness will depend upon its users, their work environment, their work activities, and so on. In other words, all of those things that affect performance and behaviour (see e.g. Storey et al. [619], Basili [33] or Teasley [635] will have a stake in the tool s fitness. It should therefore not be a surprise that the notion of fitness has been applied to tools in various ways. Examples include the notion of fitness to task [187, 188, 399, 596] fitness to the psychology of the user [124, ....

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Storey, M.-A. D., Fracchia, F. D., and M uller, H. A. Cognitive design elements to support the construction of a mental model during software visualization. The Journal of Systems and Software, 44(3), Jan. 1999, pp. 171--185.

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M.-A. D. Storey, F. D. Fracchia, and H. A. Muller. Cognitive design elements to support the construction of a mental model during software exploration. In International Workshop on Program Comprehension, pages 17--28, 1997.

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M.-A.D. Storey, F.D. Fracchia, and H.A. Mller, "Cognitive Design Elements to Support the Construction of a Mental Model during Software Exploration", Journal of Software Systems, Vol 44, 1999. pp. 171-185.

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M. Storey, F.D. Fracchia,, and H.A. Mller, "Cognitive Design Elements to Support the Construction of a Mental Model during Software Visualization", Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Program Comprehension, Dearborn, Michigan, U.S.A., pp 17-28, May 28-30, 1997.

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M.-A. D. Storey, F. D. Fracchia, and H. A. M uller. Cognitive design elements to support the construction of a mental model during software exploration. In International Workshop on Program Comprehension, pages 17--28, 1997.

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M.A. Storey, F.D. Fracchia, H.A. Mller, "Cognitive design elements to support the construction of a mental model during software exploration", Proc. of the 5th International Workshop on Program Comprehension, IEEE, May 1997.

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M.-A.D. Storey, F.D. Fracchia, and H.A. Mu ller, "Cognitive Design Elements to Support the Construction of a Mental Model During Software Exploration," J. Software Systems, vol. 44, pp. 171-185, 1999.

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M.-A. D. Storey, F. D. Fracchia, and H. A. M uller. Cognitive design elements to support the construction of a mental model during software exploration. Journal of Software Systems, 44:171--185, 1999.

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M.-A. D. Storey, F. D. Fracchia, and H. A. M uller, "Cognitive design elements to support the construction of a mental model during software exploration," Journal of Software Systems, vol. 44, pp. 171--185, 1999.

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M.-A. D. Storey, F. D. Fracchia, and H. A. M uller. Cognitive design elements to support the construction of a mental model during software exploration. In International Workshop on Program Comprehension, pages 17--28, 1997.

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M.-A. Storey, F. Fracchia, and H. Muller. Cognitive design elements to support the construction of a mental model during software visualization. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Program Comprehension, pages 17--28, March 1997.

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