Lochbaum, K. E. (1995). The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing. In Mellish, C. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 1260--1266, San Francisco. Morgan Kaufmann.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....Dialogue, Individual Intentions and Plans Basic reading: Litman and Allen, 1990; Traum and Allen, 1994] Additional reading: Allen, 1995 2nd edition; Jameson and Weis, 1995] 18 November Dialogue, Joint Intentions and Plans. Basic reading: Grosz and Kraus, 1993] Additional reading: [Lochbaum, 1995] Presenter: Karen Kipper 20 November Dialogue, Joint Intentions and Plans. Basic reading: Heeman and Hirst, 1995] Additional reading: Clark and Wilkes Gibbs, 1990] 25 November Dialogue and Shared Context Attention Basic reading: Ros e et al. 1995; Walker, 1996] Additional reading: ....

Karen Lochbaum. The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing. In IJCAI'95, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pages 1260--1266, Montreal Canada, 1995. cmp-lg/9508011.

....people often signal their failure to understand or accept others contributions to dialogue by asking a question in response. For a system to reply appropriately to such a followup question, the system must relate the question to the information the system s utterance was intended to convey [14, 20, 17, 16]. Information conveyed inferentially is no exception. Take these two responses to (5) 9) a How do I enter my user ID somewhere b How will my user ID be stored With an explicit representation of the inference required to interpret (5) the system can recognize from (9a) that the user lacks ....

Karen E. Lochbaum. The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing. In Proceedings of IJCAI, pages 1260--1266, 1995.

....that accepts rejects are difficult to identify consistently, see Section 4.3. The SharedPlans approach develops a multi agent planning framework and uses this to study the effects of collaboration on discourse and discourse structure. While SharedPlans (Grosz and Sidner 1990; Lochbaum 1994; Lochbaum 1995; Grosz and Kraus 1996) does not emphasize an explicit agreement process, Grosz and Sidner (1990) do point out the necessity of a present accept pairing as part of achieving the mutual beliefs underlying a SharedPlan. Because the SharedPlans approach emphasizes the participants intentions and ....

Lochbaum, Karen. 1995. The Use of Knowledge Precondition in Language Processing. In IJCAI95, Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pages 1260--1266.

.... merely execut[ing] the existing plan of one of them [Grosz and Sidner, 1990, page 427] Lochbaum [1994] developed an algorithm for modeling discourse using this SharedPlan model and showed how information seeking dialogues could be modeled in terms of attempts to satisfy knowledge preconditions [Lochbaum, 1995] . Grosz and Kraus [1996] extended the SharedPlan model to handle actions involving groups of agents and complex actions that decompose into multi agent actions. They proposed a formalism for representing collaborative agents SharedPlans using three sources of information: 1) the agents ....

Karen E. Lochbaum. The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pages 1260--1266, 1995.

....is a mutual goal of the interactants [10] Incoherent turns are not always due to misinterpretations: also topic shifts and breakdowns in cooperation should be considered. Currently, we don t model topic shifts due to the initiation of new dialogues; however, as pointed out by many researchers [11, 17, 18], focus and topic shifts are usually marked by the presence of cue words. On the contrary, since we model cooperative dialogues, we exclude the hypothesis that a breakdown in communication can occur. 2 Background Schegloff [24, 25] has analized misunderstandings with respect to the sequences of ....

K.E. Lochbaum. The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing. In Proc. 14th IJCAI, pages 1260--1265, Montreal, 1995.

....behavior and the partner recognition of those intentions aids in the latter s understanding of utterances (Lochbaum (1994) page 1) In fact, an agent engages in dialogues and subdialogues for reasons deriving from the mental state requirements of action and collaboration. Lochbaum (1994) and Lochbaum (1995) provide a computational model of dialogue based on the Shared Plans operator defined in (Grosz Sidner 1990, Grosz Kraus 1996) Lochbaum s model aims at recognizing the intentional structure of dialogue and at using it in discourse processing. Moreover, the notion of intention has been ....

....on politeness by assuming that speakers are capable of doing means end reasoning. In contrast to the multi level approach to dialogue processing, Grosz, Sidner and Lochbaum only use domain level plans to model collaborative dialogue (Grosz Sidner 1986, Lochbaum et al. 1990, Lochbaum 1991, Lochbaum 1995). We agree with Lochbaum that it is better not to introduce multiple plan types, but: Although we have three plan libraries, only the object level and the metalevel plan libraries have functionally distinct roles. Our Agent Modeling plans aim at modeling intentional behavior in terms of a ....

Lochbaum, K.E. (1995). The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing. In Proc. 14th IJCAI, pages 1260--1265, Montreal.

....represent and recognize problem solving activity and distinguish dialog behavior deriving from different attitudes towards actions (e.g. commitment vs. exploration) moreover, 11] introduced an explicit, plan based representation of intentions, in order to model information sharing subdialogs. [17] exploits the Shared Plan notion described in [16] to model cooperative dialogs: since each speech act contributes to the process of developing a Full Plan, the interpretation of utterances is modeled by introducing procedures which recognize the role of an utterance in the construction of the ....

....basis both to recognize the speakers goals and to generate their behavior. The main contribution of the paper is in the proposal of a declarative, reactive agent model, particularly suited when intelligent agents work in human computer NL interaction. Our work conceptually differs from that of [17], which is based on the basic notion of having a plan developed by [16] in fact, 16] formally describe the requirements of the mental state of having a plan (at a specific instant) and [17] put on top of this an architecture which dynamically transforms a partial plan into a full one. The ....

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K.E. Lochbaum. The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing. In Proc. 14th IJCAI, pages 1260--1265, Montreal, 1995.

..... 10 6 Conclusions and Future Work 12 1 Introduction When expressing our thoughts about things in language, we must choose linguistic forms referring to the objects. The problem of choosing such forms is the problem of generating referring expressions. Computational work on this topic ([App85, Kro86, Dal92, HH95, Loc95, Rei90, Pas96] has concentrated on how to produce a minimally complex expression that singles out the referent from a contextually determined set of alternative referents. According to these approaches, a descriptor containing information that is not needed to single out the referent would not be minimally ....

Karen Lochbaum. The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing. In IJCAI95, 1995.

....Quest ultimo e infatti modellato da piani comunicativi, che rappresentano schematicamente le sequenze di scambi di turno tipiche del dialogo. Molti ricercatori hanno interpretato il dialogo come una sorta di comportamento collettivo, in cui gli agenti partecipano ad una forma di cooperazione ([7, 12]) tuttavia, essi hanno modellato aspetti di collaborazione diversi. Cohen e Levesque [7] hanno introdotto il concetto di intenzione condivisa (JI) JI modella impegni, o commitment , che nascono solo quando le persone lavorano insieme, quali il notificare l esecuzione di successo o fallimento ....

K.E. Lochbaum. The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing. In Proc. 14th IJCAI, pages 1260--1265, Montreal, 1995.

....user s problem solving process by relating current actions to the global context and history of the interaction. Our approach to achieving this goal has been to draw upon what is known about human collaborative discourse, specifically from the SharedPlan work of Grosz, Sidner, Kraus, and Lochbaum [3, 4, 5, 8, 9]. This work has provided us with the basic theory and algorithms necessary build a representation of interaction history in which problem solving goals and intentions are explicit. One of our underlying assumptions is that a humancomputer interface based on human discourse rules and conventions ....

....as the route. ffl identifies who should perform the current purpose or a step in the current recipe, or ffl identifies an unspecified parameter of the current purpose or a step in the current recipe. The last three cases above are instances of a larger class of explanations that Lochbaum [9] calls knowledge preconditions. It is important to note that these discourse processing algorithms and data structure are application independent. The only application specific information used is the recipe library, which contains an abstract specification of each act type and its parameters, ....

K. E. Lochbaum. The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing. IJCAI'95, pp. 1260--1266.

....participants in a shared context, such as a collaboration. SharedPlans Much is known about the structure of human collaboration and discourse. In this work, we make use specifically of two interrelated theories due to Grosz and Sidner [6, 7] and extensions by Grosz and Kraus [5] and Lochbaum [12, 13]. Their theory predicts that, for successful collaboration, the participants need to have mutual beliefs 2 about the goals and actions to be performed and the capabilities, intentions, and commitments of the participants. The formal representation of these aspects of the mental states of the ....

....these cases obtains, the current act is added to the recipe tree and the current segment. Furthermore, if this act completes the achievement of the current discourse segment purpose, the focus stack is popped. The last three cases above are instances of a larger class of explanations that Lochbaum [13] calls knowledge preconditions. If the current act is a communication of the form PFA( SHOULD( it is interpreted as initiating a new segment which is pushed onto the focus stack regardless of whether the proposed act contributes to the current purpose. This is ....

K. E. Lochbaum. The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing. In Proc. 14th Int. Joint Conf. Artificial Intelligence, pages 1260--1266, Montreal, Canada, August 1995.

....been reached is to recognize its components; propose and accept. 3 However this approach is not always reliable. i) A: I do not have a sofa for a better price but, i do have a 1 See a manual draft at http: www.cs.rochester.edu:80 research trains annotation. 2 [LGS90, GK93, GK95, Loc94, Loc95] 3 Compare the approach of [Loc94, p. 28] which is essentially componential, in that the recognition of an intention to perform a (possibly joint) act depends on the prior recognition of a desire to perform that act. lamp floor, blue (250) i have a green table (200) and four chairs for ....

Karen Lochbaum. The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing. In Chris Mellish, editor, Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pages 1260--1266, San Francisco, 1995. Morgan Kaufmann.

....with the rules and conventions of object manipulation in everyday life. 2 C. RICH AND C. L. SIDNER Much is known about the structure of human collaboration and discourse. In this work, we rely specifically on the SharedPlan work of Grosz and Sidner (1986; 1990) Grosz and Kraus (1996) and Lochbaum (1994; 1995; 1998) This work provides us with a well specified computational theory that has been empirically validated across a range of human tasks. Section 3 describes the basic algorithms we use from SharedPlan theory. Section 7.1 discusses the relationship of this theory to the issue of global ....

....current action starts an interruption, i.e. a segment that does not contribute to its parent. A new segment is pushed onto the focus stack with the current act as its first element. The purpose of this new segment may # The last three cases are instances of a larger class of explanations that Lochbaum (1995) calls knowledge preconditions. COLLAGEN 19 or may not be known, depending on the specific content of the initiating action. The occurence of interruptions may be due to actual interruptive material in the ongoing discourse or due to an incomplete recipe which does not include the current act ....

Lochbaum, K. E.: 1995, `The Use of Knowledge Preconditions in Language Processing'. In: Proc. 14th Int. Joint Conf. Artificial Intelligence. Montreal, Canada, pp. 1260--1266.

....Sparck Jones, et al. 1986) 6.1 Overview 229 plans or joint intentions are required. A variety of approaches to developing such models are currently underway (Grosz Kraus, 1993; Sonenberg, Tidhar, et al. 1994; Cohen Levesque, 1990) and used for dialogue (Lochbaum, 1993; Lochbaum, 1994; Lochbaum, 1995). 6.1.2 Interpretation and Generation in Context Research in this area also splits into two approaches, those that examine the interaction of choice or interpretation of expression with focus of attention, and those that are coherence based. Focus of attention interacts with the interpretation ....

Lochbaum, K. E. (1995). The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing. In Proceedings of the 1995 International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Montreal, Canada. In press.

....agent being modeled as to how all of the acts underlying the agents discourse, communicative as well as non communicative, are related at a given point in the dialogue. Our model is based on the theory of collaborative discourse developed by Grosz and Sidner (1986, 1990) and further extended by Lochbaum (1994, 1995). This work rests on the claim that discourses involve collaborative behavior, and is centered around the notion of a SharedPlan (Grosz and Sidner 1990) introduced to model the set of beliefs and intentions that agents must hold for their collaboration to be successful. Agents start out with a ....

Lochbaum, K.E. 1995. The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing. IJCAI'95, pp. 1260-1266.

....of Shipm2. Thus, MT 1 s assistance is motivated by its AC IT commitment to move39, not by a core case intention that. Parameter identification: Parameter identification intentions that (PI IT s) lead agents to perform actions that establish knowledge preconditions of the group activity [ Lochbaum, 1995 ] 13 12 MT1 and MT2 may be able to do the replanning required without consulting STq and STb . However, STq and STb must be informed of the agent change. 13 Lochbaum also argues for another knowledge precondition, has:recipe, but we treat has:recipe directly in the plan definitions. The ....

Lochbaum, K. E. 1995. The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing. In Mellish, C. S., editor, Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-95), volume 2, pages 1260--1266, San Mateo, CA. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.

....interfaces to take advantage of users preexisting familiarity with the manipulation of real objects. To find the principles underlying human collaboration, we appeal to research on collaborative discourse, specifically the SharedPlan work of Grosz Sidner (1986, 1990) Grosz Kraus (1996) and Lochbaum (1994, 1995). This work provides us with a wellspecified computational theory that has been empirically validated across a range of human tasks. Applying this theory to autonomous agents poses a number of challenges, including: ffl applying the theory without requiring natural language understanding by the ....

Lochbaum, K. E. 1995. The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing. IJCAI'95, pp. 1260--1266.

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Lochbaum, K. E. (1995). The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing. In Mellish, C. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 1260--1266, San Francisco. Morgan Kaufmann.

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K.E. Lochbaum, The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing, in: C. Mellish (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, San Francisco, Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1995, pp. 1260--1266.

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Karen E. Lochbaum. The use of knowledge preconditions in language processing. In Chris S. Mellish, editor, Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-95), volume 2, pages 1260--1266, San Mateo, CA, 1995. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.

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Karen E. Lochbaum, "The Use of Knowledge Preconditions in Language Processing." Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI95) Chris S. Mellish, ed., [Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. San Mateo, CA] 2 (1995) 1260-1266.

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