Citations: Hellman Presents No Shortcut Solutions To DES

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W. Tuchman, "Hellman presents no shortcut solutions to the DES," Spectrum, Vol. 16, 1979, pp. 40--41.

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Enhancing the Strength of Conventional Cryptosystems - Damgård, Knudsen (1994) (1 citation) (Correct)

....to try to generate the three keys from two independent X keys K 1 ; K 2 , since triple encryption will not provide security equivalent to more than 2 keys anyway. 2.3 Two key Triple Encryption One variant of this idea is well known as two key triple encryption, proposed by W. Tuchmann [6]: we let the ciphertext corresponding to P be EK 1 (DK 2 (EK 1 (P ) Compatibility with a single encryption can be obtained by setting K 1 = K 2 . As one can see, this uses a particular, very simple way of generating the three keys from K 1 ; K 2 . For two key triple encryption there is a result ....

W. Tuchman. Hellman presents no shortcut solutions to DES. IEEE Spectrum, 16(7):40--41, July 1979.

Off-the-record Email System - Henry, Luo (2001) (Correct)

....client and server have certificates capable of signing and encryption. According to the SSL TLS protocols, the commonly used cryptographic algorithms are: RSA for asymmetric encryption decryption, which is typically used in session key exchange and digital signature [17] DES [18] and Triple DES [19] for symmetric encryption decryption; and MD5 [20] and SHA [21] for hash functions. The certificate syntax is specified in X.509 [13] Unfortunately, the secure connection established following the above procedure is not off the record. Clearly, after the server s certified private key is ....

W. Tuchman, "Hellman Presents No Shortcut Solutions To DES", IEEE Spectrum, vol. 16, no. 7, Jul. 1979, pp. 40-41.

Architectural Support for Copy and Tamper Resistant.. - Lie, Thekkath.. (2000) (49 citations) (Correct)

....Willamette, will have a peak memory bandwidth of 3.2 GB s and a clock speed of 1.5 GHz. With a 64 bit data bus, there is data coming on the bus every 3.75 cycles. This requires the cryptographic unit to capable of encrypting or decrypting a 64 bit block every 3 cycles. We select Triple DES [11, 15, 9] as an example of a symmetric cipher. All symmetric ciphers are DES like, consisting of an algorithm which iterates the text through several rounds performing linear and non linear transformations on the text at each round, so our analysis would apply equal well to any symmetric cipher. Triple ....

W. Tuchman. Hellman presents no shortcut solutions to DES. IEEE Spectrum, 16(7):40--41, July 1979.

The ESP CBC-Mode Cipher Algorithms - Pereira, Adams (1998) (21 citations) (Correct)

....The algorithm is described in detail in [Schneier93] Schneier95] and [Schneier] 3DES: This DES variant, colloquially known as Triple DES or as DES EDE3, processes each block three times, each time with a different key. This technique of using more than one DES operation was proposed in [Tuchman79]. P1 P2 Pi IV (X) X) X) v v v k1 E k1 E k1 E v v v k2 D k2 D k2 D v v v ....

Tuchman, W, "Hellman Presents No Shortcut Solutions to DES", IEEE Spectrum, v. 16 n. 7, July 1979, pp. 40-41.

DEAL - A 128-bit Block Cipher - Knudsen (1998) (9 citations) (Correct)

....the DES is used in a triple encryption scheme, where a plaintext is encrypted thrice with 3 independent keys, called triple DES. In another variant, called two key triple DES, the plaintext is first encrypted with a key K1, then decrypted with a key K2, and finally encrypted again with key K1 [16]. However, the block size of 64 bits makes these proposals vulnerable to the matching ciphertext attack, which is based on the fact that for most modes of operations for the DES [15] after the Revised May 15, 1998. 1 encryption of 2 33 blocks, equal ciphertext blocks can be expected and ....

W. Tuchman. Hellman presents no shortcut solutions to DES. IEEE Spectrum, 16(7):40--41, July 1979.

The Design of the ICE Encryption Algorithm - Kwan (1997) (6 citations) (Correct)

....to differential cryptanalysis [2] susceptibility to linear cryptanalysis [7] a key plaintext complementation weakness [4] four weak and twelve semi weak keys [4] a fixed 56 bit key size, inefficient software performance, and an absence of public design criteria. While triple DES [10] provides a larger key size at 112 bits, this is at the expense of a factor of three in encryption speed. ICE, which stands for Information Concealment Engine, was designed to address these issues, while maintaining a compatible interface with DES. This is to allow it to act as a substitute in ....

W. Tuchman, Hellman Presents No Shortcut Solutions to DES, IEEE Spectrum, v. 16, n. 7, pp. 40-41, July 1979

Securing Electronic Commerce: Reducing the SSL Overhead - Apostolopoulos, Peris.. (2000) (11 citations) (Correct)

....performance of crypto functions used in the data path to encrypt decrypt message and to generate verify message digests. Most web browsers are by default con gured to use RC4 for data encryption. When higher level of security is required, DES is preferred. For the highest level of security, 3DES [16] is the recommended encryption algorithm. Figure 7(a) shows the performance of RC4, DES, and 3DES for di erent data block sizes. When RC4 is used as the encryption decryption algorithm, the 1 A self signed certi cate is one that is signed with the private counterpart of the public key that is ....

W. Tuchman. Hellman Presents No Shortcut Solutions To DES. IEEE Spectrum, 6(7):40-41, July 1979.

SAP Security Using Public Key Algorithms - Kirstein, Montasser-Kohsari.. (1998) (3 citations) (Correct)

....to 1024 bits. Sending agents SHOULD support rsaEncryption. Outgoing messages are signed with a user s private key. The size of the private key is determined during key generation. ContentEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier Receiving agents MUST support encryption and decryption with DES EDE3 CBC [17]. Receiving agents SHOULD support encryption and decryption using the RC2 [20] or a compatible algorithm at a key size of 40 bits. DigestAlgorithmIdentifier Receiving agents MUST support SHA 1 [19] Receiving agents SHOULD support MD5 [18] Sending agents SHOULD use SHA 1. 4 Changes from ....

....a Signature Length field has been added to the Authentication Header to allow access to the PGP certificate when the Authentication type is 3. Support for PGP is now specified as MANDATORY with support for PKCS#7 being OPTIONAL. Internet Draft SAP Security March 12th 1998 Kirstein et al. Page [17] ....

W. Tuchman, "Hellman Presents No Shortcut Solutions to DES" IEEE Spectrum, v. 16, n. 7, July 1979, pp 40-41

Multiple Encryption with Minimum Key - Damgård, Knudsen (1995) (1 citation) (Correct)

....to try to generate the three keys from two independent X keys K 1 ; K 2 , since triple encryption will not provide security equivalent to more than 2 keys anyway. 2.3 Two key Triple Encryption One variant of this idea is well known as two key triple encryption, proposed by W. Tuchmann [8] The ciphertext C corresponding to the plaintext P is C = EK1 (DK2 (EK1 (P ) Compatibility with a single encryption can be obtained by setting K 1 = K 2 . As one can see, this uses a particular, very simple way of generating the three keys from K 1 ; K 2 . For two key triple encryption there ....

W. Tuchman. Hellman presents no shortcut solutions to DES. IEEE Spectrum, 16(7):40--41, July 1979.

The Design, Implementation, And Evaluation Of Cryptographic.. - Venugopal (1996) (Correct)

....7 hours, with an average search taking 3.5 hours. Given the potential vulnerability of DES to brute force attacks, there has been considerable interest in finding more secure alternatives. One of these approaches is to use multiple encryption with DES, using multiple number of keys. Tuchman [Tuc79] proposed a triple encryption method that uses of only two keys 3 . The function follows an encryptdecrypt encrypt (EDE) sequence: 3 There are many variants to the 3 DES algorithm, including using 3 distinct keys 168 bit key. R 15 =L 14 f(R 14 , K 15 ) R 1 = L 0 f(R 0 , K 1 ) R 2 = L 1 f(R ....

W. Tuchman. "Hellman Presents No Shortcut Solutions to DES". IEEE Spectrum, July 1979.

Authentication in Analogue Telephone Access Networks - Jøsang, Johannessen (Correct)

....today within reach of commercial general purpose computing equipment in a few weeks, if not, within a few days time. Double DES with two different keys is vulnerable to meet in the middle attacks, and although such an attack is probably not practically feasible, Triple DES using two different keys[9] is considered to be much stronger. Currently, there are no practical cryptanalytic attack on Triple DES. By assuming that Single DES can be broken in 1 day, and that Triple DES increases the search time by a factor in the order of 2 56 , compared to Single DES[2] the time needed for exhaustive ....

W. Tuchman. Hellman presents no shortcut solutions to DES. IEEE Spectrum, July 1979.

How to Forge DES-Encrypted Messages in 2^28 Steps - Biham (Correct)

.... is formed from three independent singleencryption keys K = K 1 ; K 2 ; K 3 ) For sake of simplicity, and since it does not affect the results, we refer to triple encryption as doing encryption in all its components (C = EK 3 (EK 2 (EK 1 (P ) A triple encryption variant which uses two keys[26] (where K 3 = K 1 ) was believed to be roughly as secure as three key triple encryption, but was shown to be theoretically (but not practically) no more secure than a single encryption[10,23] Another (seemingly more secure) two key triple DES variant was suggested in [9] Nowadays, ....

Walter Tuchman, Hellman Presents no Shortcut Solutions to the DES, IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 16, No. 7, pp. 40--41, July 1979.

Transport Layer Security: How much does it really cost? - Apostolopoulos, Peris, Saha (1999) (13 citations) (Correct)

....state to generate a set of keys for the new session. In the rest of the paper, we analyze the performance impact of TLS on HTTP and quantify the overhead associated with different components of TLS. To measure the performance impact of TLS on Web server performance, we have modified the SPECweb96 [17] benchmark to generate client workload for servers and clients running HTTP transactions over TLS. Using this modified SPECweb96 benchmark, we evaluated the performance of two different secure Web servers with varying degrees of session reuse. Our results show that depending on the degree of ....

....TLS has been to ensure privacy and authentication for HTTP transactions. All commercial web sites that require privacy and authentication use TLS. In this section, we benchmark the the performance of secure Web servers and quantify the overheads of different components of TLS. We use the SPECweb96[17] benchmark as it attempts to capture real world usage of a web server and is based on the analysis of server logs from a few different Internet servers. A. Experimental Setup Our testbed consisted of a single IBM RS 6000 model 43P200 running AIX 4.2, working as the server with multiple PCs ....

W. Tuchman. Hellman Presents No Shortcut Solutions To DES. IEEE Spectrum, 6(7):40--41, July 1979.

On the Security of Double and 2-key Triple Modes of Operation - Handschuh, Preneel (1999) (Correct)