L. F. Ludwig, N. Pincever, and M. Cohen. Extending the notion of a window system to audio. Computer, pages 66--72, August 1990.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....mimic the use of graphical icons, they seem well suited to conveying the components of our model of the graphical interface. Likewise, since their design potentially leverages existing knowledge, their use may help minimize the blind user s cognitive load. Filtears Ludwig, Pincever and Cohen [48][49] have experimented with adding auditory cues to graphical window systems. Ludwig et al. suggest that various sound effects or filtears can be used to create a hierarchical distribution among nearly arbitrary (not pure sine waves) audio source. Filtears are essentially auditory filters which ....

....can be presented simultaneously with its text label. Other attributes can be presented by modifying the base auditory icon. manipulated to convey the size of the file [42] Gaver s techniques for parameterizing auditory icons are similar to the filtears described by Ludwig, Pincever and Cohen [48][49] I used the following filtears because they could process sounds in real time : Muffling High frequency energy in the auditory cue is removed, causing the cue to sound deeper in pitch with reduced intensity. Thinning Low frequency energy in the auditory cue is removed, causing the ....

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Ludwig, L . L., Pincever, N. and Cohen, M. Extending the notion of a window system to audio. Computer, August 1990, pp 66-72.

.... over headphones, and was originally developed for virtual reality applications such as in [4] In a Bellcore project, non spatial audio was used in an interesting acoustic environment for audio window systems , in which sounds of varying levels of priority or importance were enhanced or muffled [10]. Spatialized audio was used in non VR situations in AudioStreamer [9] which presented three simultaneous audio streams of news stories to the left, right, and in front of the listener, and enhanced selective attention when the user leaned toward one of them. It was also used in SoundScape [7] in ....

L. Ludwig N. Pincever and M. Cohen. Extending the notion of a window system to audio. IEEE Computer, 23(8):185--188, 1987.

....took in the three cases was, respectively, 2.78, 3.28, and 4.06. An ANOVA revealed that subjects did significantly better using aural visual cues than the remaining two cue types. 1 1. INTRODUCTION Use of audio in computer systems has been on the rise for the past few years [Gav86, Gav89, GS90, LPC90, FJ92, BH92, IEE94, Bla94, Coh94] Given the ability of sound to convey information in real world, it is natural to consider it as a medium to present information in the world of computer systems. One major technical obstacle to widespread use of sound in computer programs has been the ....

....not empirically evaluated, however, it was reported that the interface was considered nicer to use. Sound graphs [MBJ85] uses pitch to describe the shape of a graph. Edwards [Edw89] built and evaluated a word processor with an audio interface for use by visually handicapped users. Ludwig [KEE90, LPC90] prototyped an audio window display for workstations to present multiple audio cues simultaneously. In ARKola [GSO91] bottling plant simulation, subjects used auditory icons to obtain information about other subjects and events inside the plant. Kramer describes some organizing principles for ....

L. F. Ludwig, N. Pincever, and M. Cohen. Extending the notion of a window system to audio. IEEE Computer, 23(8):66--72, 1990.

....attributes. Most AICs have text labels which can be read by a speech synthesizer upon request. Many attributes can be conveyed by employing socalled filtears to the auditory icon for that AIC. Filtears provide a just noticeable, systematic manipulation of an auditory signal to convey information[LPC90][LC91] Table 1 details how filtears are used to convey some AIC attributes. Navigation The navigation paradigm for Mercator interfaces must support two main activities. First, it must allow the user to quickly scan the interface in the same way as sighted users visually scan a graphical ....

Lester F. Ludwig, Natalio Pincever, and Michael Cohen. Extending the notion of a window system to audio. Computer, pages 66--72, August 1990.

....In this environment the rooms have specific acoustic properties, and the objects have acoustic signatures. This project is still in the design stage. In order to present multiple audio cues simultaneously so that the user can shift attention between them, Ludwig prototyped an audio window display (Ludwig, Pincever, Cohen, 1990). This system used signal processing to animate, thicken, thin, muffle or distort sounds to create an audio space. The paper notes that sporadically active audio sources in audio interfaces are difficult to represent when dormant. They suggest a low level background noise may act as a reminder of ....

Ludwig, L., Pincever, N. & Cohen, M. (1990). Extending the notion of a window system to audio. IEEE Computer. 23(8), 66-72.

....volume) Another interesting question is how to convey attributes which are common across different types of interface objects. For example, the concept of highlighting and greying out interface objects is common across push buttons, generic icons and windows as well. Ludwig, Pincever and Cohen [LPC90][LC91] have experimented with adding auditory cues to graphical window systems. Ludwig et al. suggest that various sound effect or filtears can be used to create a hierarchical distribution among nearly arbitrary (not pure sine waves) audio source. Filtears are essentially auditory filters which ....

Lester F. Ludwig, Natalio Pincever, and Michael Cohen. Extending the notion of a window system to audio. Computer, pages 66-72, August 1990.

....Apple s interface on the Macintosh machines. It has been noted by researchers that in most situations program output is visual. Programming environments and applications developed so far have attempted to use visual media to a great extent [2] Though research in the use of audio in workstations [11, 14] has been on the rise, audio remains a distant second to visual media. However, with the availability of low cost audio devices such as synthesizer modules and sound digitizers and the provision of sound generators in workstations, audio is within reach of most PC and workstation users. We have ....

L. F. Ludwig, N. Pincever, and M. Cohen. Extending the notion of a window system to audio. IEEE Computer, 23(8):66--72, 1990.

....Another interesting question is how to convey attributes which are common across different types of interface objects. For example, the concept of highlighting and greying out interface objects is common across push buttons, generic icons, and windows as well. Ludwig, Pincever and Cohen [8] suggest that various sound effects or filtears can be used to systematically manipulate an auditory cue without losing the identifiability of the original auditory cue. For example, an animation filtear produces a more lively sound by accenting frequency variations while a muffle filtear ....

Lester F. Ludwig, Natalio Pincever, and Michael Cohen. Extending the notion of a window system to audio. Computer, pages 66-72, August 1990.

....to monitor the execution of programs [4] Sound rendering (Takala and Hahn [12] involves generating sound from the same models used to generate animation frames. Sound localization [7] has direct applications in human computer interaction (for example the auditory window system of Ludwig et al. [9]) although timing is less often an issue in this context. Computer music systems usually pay careful attention to the problem of accurate timing in performance. None of these investigations report problems with timing and synchronization similar to those experienced with the auditory effects and ....

Lester F. Ludwig, Natalio Pincever, and Michael Cohen. Extending the Notion of a Window System to Audio. IEEE Computer, 23(8):66--72, 1990.

....attributes. Most AICs have text labels which can be read by a speech synthesizer upon request. Many attributes can be conveyed by employing socalled filtears to the auditory icon for that AIC. Filtears provide a just noticeable, systematic manipulation of an auditory signal to convey information[LPC90][LC91] Table 1 details how filtears are used to convey some AIC attributes. TABLE 1. Using Filtears to convey AIC attributes. Attribute AIC Filtear Description selected all buttons animation Produces a more lively sound by accenting frequency variations unavailable all buttons muffled A low ....

Lester F. Ludwig, Natalio Pincever, and Michael Cohen. Extending the notion of a window system to audio. Computer, pages 66--72, August 1990.

....It is thought that just as visual windows are useful for the management of visual data on workstations, an audio window would be useful for controlling various audio sources and for shifting attention from one audio source to another. One model of windowed audio is by Ludwig, Pincever, and Cohen [10]. As an example scenario, they envision a user preparing a multimedia document and having to manage many different audio messages. In a graphical user interface, visual information can be positioned on a two dimensional screen (or even three dimensions, with stereo hardware) The authors envision ....

L.F. Ludwig, N. Pincever, and M. Cohen. Extending the notion of a window system to audio. Computer, 23(8):66--72, August 1990.

.... possibilities range from the complex internal workings of a single object, as in the program auralization of Digiano and Baecker [10] to the coordination of logically independent and heterogeneous streams in a unified auditory display, as exemplified by the auditory window system of Ludwig et al. [24]. Ultimately the richness and complexity of familiar environmental sounds [1, 28, 37] should be exploited, with an emphasis on those that are both pleasant and easily distinguished [32] 1.1 Design of Auditory Display Elements Choosing suitable auditory elements remains a considerable challenge. ....

Lester F. Ludwig, Natalio Pincever, and Michael Cohen. Extending the Notion of a Window System to Audio. IEEE Computer, 23(8):66--72, 1990.

....the time required to create user specific HRTF models, and in the modeling of room acoustics. A different approach to the synthesis of auditory streams has been developed by the Integrated Media Architecture Laboratory at Bellcore in the context of a multiperson multimedia teleconferencing system [LPC90]. This audio windowing system primarily uses off the shelf music processing equipment to synthesize, or enhance, many of the primitive segregation features mentioned in previous sections. Filters, pitch shifters, harmonic enhancers, distortions, reverberations, echos, etc. were used to create ....

L. Ludwig, N. Pincever, and M. Cohen. Extending the notion of a window system to audio. IEEE Computer, 23(8):66--72, August 1990.

....[Breg90] It may possible to enhance the primary speech signal so that it remains in auditory focus, compared with secondary or background channels. In this scheme, the speech signals are identifiable and differentiable, so that the user can shift her attention between the various sound streams [Ludw90, Cohe91]. This allows for a different form of speech navigation the ability to move between overheard conversations. In addition to cues that suggest the absolute length of a speech segment, it may be useful to provide hints that a sound is about to end while it is being played. In spoken English, ....

L. Ludwig, N. Pincever, and M. Cohen. Extending the notion of a window system to audio. IEEE Computer, 23(8):66-72, August 1990.

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Ludwig, L.F., Pincever, N. & Cohen, M. (1990) Extending the notion of a window system to audio, Computer, Aug. 1990, 66-72.

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L. F. Ludwig, N. Pincever, and M. Cohen. Extending the notion of a window system to audio. Computer, pages 66--72, August 1990.

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