E. Werner. Co-operating Agents: A unified theory of communication and social structure. In Distributed Artificial Intelligence, II, M. Huhns and L. Gasser, eds. pp. 3--36. Kaufman and Pitman, London, 1989.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....r i ; r j ; and so on as variables ranging over roles. A role r i can be viewed as a set of mental attitudes governing the behaviour of an agent occupying a particular position within the structure of a multi agent system (for similar attempts to develop a cognitive modelling of roles, see [6, 22, 85]) Thus, attached to roles there are such mental attitudes as beliefs, goals and intentions. An agent, by occupying a role, can adopt these role based attitudes, and such adoption will in turn impact upon the agent s mental state. Some of the agent s mental attitudes will be modified; some simply ....

....to adopt an intention either in given circumstances or whenever requested to do so by other agents. In this sense, roles may entail sets of behavioural obligations based on the mental attitudes attached to them, and these obligations may function as prescriptive sources of collaborative activity [66, 85]. Second, social mental shaping occurring between agents might function as a prescriptive source of cooperation as long as one of the two agents has the authority to force the other to join a group and achieve some state in a collaborative manner. For example, if a i is socially committed to a j ....

E. Werner. Co-operating Agents: A unified theory of communication and social structure. In Distributed Artificial Intelligence, II, M. Huhns and L. Gasser, eds. pp. 3--36. Kaufman and Pitman, London, 1989.

....and we use r O, and so on as variables ranging over roles. A role r can be viewed as a set of mental attitudes governing the behaviour of an agent occupying a particular position within the structure of a multi agent system (for similar attempts to develop a cognitive modelling of roles, see [22, 85]) Thus, attached to roles there are such mental attitudes as beliefs, goals and intentions. An agent, by occupying a role, can adopt these role based attitudes, and such adoption will in turn impact upon the agent s mental state. Some of the agent s mental attitudes will be modified; some ....

....goal and or an intention either in given circumstances or whenever requested to do so by other agents. In this sense, roles may entail sets ofbehavioural obligations based on the mental attitudes attached to them, and these obligations may function as prescriptive sources of collaborative activity [66, 85]. Secondly, social mental shaping occurring between agents might function as a prescriptive source of cooperation as long as one of the two agents is socially committed to the other 44 with respect to the achievement of some state in a collaborative manner. Social commitments are normarive ....

E. Werner. Co-operating Agents: A unified theory of communication and social structure. In M. Huhns and L. Gasser, editors, Distributed Artificial Intelligence, vol. 1I, pages 3-36, Kaufman and Pitman, London, 1989.

....we use # # ## # ####andsoonasvari ables ranging over roles. A role # # can be viewed as a set of mental attitudes governing the behaviour of an agent occupying a particular position within the structure of a multi agent system (for similar attempts to develop a cognitive modelling of roles, see [6, 22, 85]) Thus, attached to roles there are such mental attitudes as beliefs, goals and intentions. An agent, by occupying a role, can adopt these role based attitudes, and such adoption will in turn impact upon the agent s mental state. Some of the agent s mental attitudes will be modified; some simply ....

....to adopt an intention either in given circumstances or whenever requested to do so by other agents. In this sense, roles may entail sets of behavioural obligations based on the mental attitudes attached to them, and these obligations may function as prescriptive sources of collaborative activity [66, 85]. Second, social mental shaping occurring between agents might function as a prescriptive source of cooperation as long as one of the two agents has the authority to force the other to join a group and achieve some state in a collaborative manner. For example, if # is socially committed # with ....

E. Werner. Co-operating Agents: A unified theory of communication and social structure. In Distributed Artificial Intelligence, II, M. Huhns and L. Gasser, eds. pp. 3--36. Kaufman and Pitman, London, 1989.

....during the process and the new plan is generated in function of existing ones. This is incompatible with the idea of an autonomous agent who can produce his own plan to be coordinated later. Other research focuses on distributed planning [2] but is based rather on organizational structures [18]. The approach described in this paper provides a formal framework to deal with coordinating plans in the area of distributed planning. Both plans and the environment components are defined exactly. A distributed algorithm is proposed to coordinate plans; it is based on the enrichment of plans ....

E. Werner. Cooperating agents: a unified theory of communication and social structure. In L. Gasser and MN. Huhns (eds.), Distributed Artificial Intelligence Vol II, pp 3-36. Pitman, 1989. This article was processed using the L a T E X macro package with LLNCS style

....in section 2.1, an agent is characterized face to the others by a private external description. Consequently, an agent must have a kind of data structure to store this information about the others. One can find in the literature several models of representation of the others, within a MAS context [18, 31]. As the theory upon which our work is based had already been formalized in [6] we have retained its basic elements regarding the representation an agent has about the others: their goals, actions and resources. Moreover, we have added to this representation the notion of plan, absent from this ....

Eric Werner. Cooperating agents: A unified theory of communication and social structure. In Les Gasser and Michael N. Huhns, editors, Distributed Artificial Intelligence vol II, pages 3--36. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., San Mateo, CA, 1989.

....the process of influencing represents the very essence of social interaction, it has received surprisingly little attention to date. Particular forms of influence have been studied in the context of specific types of interaction (e.g. cooperation (Grosz and Kraus 1996; Jennings 1995; Tambe, 1997; Werner 1989), coordination (Barbuceanu 1997; Durfee 1999) collaborative decision making (Panzarasa et al. 2001a) and negotiation (Kraus et al. 1998; Faratin et al. 1998) but, to date, there has been no systematic analysis of the 4 generic process per se. This is a serious shortcoming and one that this ....

....involving the performance of some action; and (b) state directed intentions (Intentions that) involving the achievement of some state of affairs by performing some action. As indicated by Grosz and Kraus (1996) both types of intention commit an agent not to adopt conflicting intentions (Werner 1989), and constrain replanning in case of failure (Bratman 1987) However, since our main concern in this paper is with the agent s decision making apparatus, in what follows we will restrict our attention to Intentions that because they represent the basic attitudes that commit the agent to practical ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

E. Werner. (1989). Cooperating agents: A unified theory of communication and social structure. In L. Gasser and M. N. Huhns, editors, Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Pitman/Morgan Kaufmann, London, pages 3-36.

....but needs the context in which it is to be used. A more specific definition for a role is presented in (WEISS, 1999) where a role is The functional or social part which an agent, embedded in a multiagent environment, plays in a (joint) process like problem solving, planning or learning. (WERNER, 1989), on the other hand, limits the concept of a role to purely cognitive states that are defined by the knowledge, the permissions, the responsibilities and the assessment of the agents current situative context. Probably the best idea to work on a broad definition that is still useful is to start ....

....of Social Systems In the field of multiagent systems, the definitions for agent societies and social systems are much simpler then those in sociology as they were given in Section 2.2.2, but this does not necessarily help the system designer to develop the right view on the agent society. In (WERNER, 1989), the agent society is defined as the (static or dynamic) assignment of roles to agents. 10 years later, in (WEISS, 1999) not very much has changed: a specification and assignment of roles and responsibilities to participants in a cooperative planning and or problemsolving endeavor. ....

WERNER, E. (1989). Cooperating agents: A unified theory of communication and social structure. In GASSER, L. AND HUHNS, M. N., editors, Distributed Artificial Intelligence, volume II.

....process of influencing represents the very essence of social interaction, it has received surprisingly little attention to date. Particular forms of influence have been studied in the context of specific types of interaction (e.g. cooperation (Grosz and Kraus 1996; Jennings 1995; Tambe, 1997; Werner 1989), coordination (Barbuceanu 1997; Durfee 1999) collaborative decision making (Panzarasa et al. 2001a) and negotiation (Kraus et al. 1998; Faratin et al. 1998) but, to date, there has been no systematic analysis of the generic process per se. This is a serious shortcoming and one that this ....

....involving the performance of some action; and (b) state directed intentions (Intentions that) involving the achievement of some state of affairs by performing some action. As indicated by Grosz and Kraus (1996) both types of intention commit an agent not to adopt conflicting intentions (Werner 1989), and constrain replanning in case of failure (Bratman 1987) However, since our main concern in this paper is with the agent s decisionmaking apparatus, in what follows we will restrict our attention to Intentions that because they represent the basic attitudes that commit the agent to ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

E. Werner. (1989). Cooperating agents: A unified theory of communication and social structure. In L. Gasser and M. N. Huhns, editors, Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Pitman/Morgan Kaufmann, London, pages 336.

....semantics of group communication primitives based on speech acts deals with group beliefs. The simplest case is to consider the beliefs of all the members of a group when talking about group beliefs. The beliefs of more complex groups such as hierarchically composed organizations and institutions (Werner, 1989) can then be expressed in terms of the beliefs of an abstract group consisting of certain roles in that organization or institution. Group Belief. Group belief may be defined in several ways, including inclusive belief: A group believes p if all the individuals or the sub groups that constitute ....

Werner, E. 1989. Cooperating agents: A unified theory of communication and social structure, in Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Gasser, L., and Huhns, M.N. (eds.), Morgan Kaufmann, Publishers, Inc., San Mateo, California.

....entity. MB t 1 t 2 p) BMB t 1 t 2 p) BMB t 2 t 1 p) Teams, Organizations and Institutions Teams, organizations and institutions are specialized groups that may in turn be hierarchically composed of other groups and individuals. These have been explicated by multi agent researchers including Werner (Werner, 1989). 4 For the purpose of this paper, it suffices to assume the existence of a role op r p) that acts on a group r, and a proposition p, and determines whether or not the specified role is responsible for the domain of the specified proposition. This lets us generalize symbols of ....

Werner, E. 1989. Cooperating agents: A unified theory of communication and social structure, in Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Gasser, L., and Huhns, M.N. (eds.), Morgan Kaufmann, Publishers, Inc., San Mateo, California, pages 3-36.

....among agents. In order to solve goals which require the action of multiple agents, coordination mechanisms are needed that can coordinate the agents planning processes and integrate the resulting individual plans. Therefore, researchers often propose the use of roles to abstract agent behaviors (Werner, 1989). The role that an agent plays corresponds to the goals that the system designer has assigned the agent. These roles (and corresponding goals) are determined in relation to the requirements of the system as a whole. The capability of strategy selection can enhance MAS s flexibility and ....

....agents. The strategy indicates how the roles are combined to represent the whole of the coordination process. A description of the role construct is given below, followed by a description of the strategy construct. Role Construct The behavior of agents can be defined by the role the agent plays (Werner, 1989). The role an agent plays corresponds to the goals that the system designer has assigned the agent to achieve. A role is a construct whose purpose is to characterize the behaviors of agents. Roles simplify encapsulation of the behavior of each agent. Different roles correspond to different goals. ....

Werner, E. 1989. Cooperating Agents: a Unified Theory of Communication and Social Structure. In Distributed Artificial Intelligence II, vol. 2, Gasser, L. and Huhns, M. N., Eds. London: Pitman Publishing, 3-36.

....organizational structures to reduce communication. That is, the relationship specified by the organizational structures gives general long term information about the agents and the community as a whole [41] For example, Werner uses roles for describing expectations about individual behavior [76]. Social laws [70, 60] are another way to achieve better coordination by pre defined organizational regulations. The focal point approach can be used to reach joint decisions without communication or to limit the domain of consideration and thus reduce communication. Ronald Arkin [1] demonstrates ....

E. Werner. Cooperating agents: A unified theory of communication and social structure. In Distributed Artificial Intelligence: Volume II, pages 3--36. Morgan Kaufmann, 1990.

....In order to solve goals that require the action of multiple agents, some type of coordination mechanism must be present to integrate not only the implementation of the plans, but also the planning processes. Therefore, researchers often propose the use of roles to abstract agent behaviors (Werner, 1989). The role that an agent plays corresponds to the goals that the system designer has assigned the agent. These roles (and corresponding goals) are determined in relation to the requirements of the system as a whole. The capability of strategy selection can enhance MAS s flexibility and ....

....agents. The strategy indicates how the roles are combined to represent the whole of the coordination process. A description of the role construct is given below, followed by a description of the strategy construct. Role Construct The behavior of agents can be defined by the role the agent plays (Werner, 1989). The role an agent plays corresponds to the goals that the system designer has assigned the agent to achieve. A role is a construct whose purpose is to characterize the behaviors of agents. Roles simplify encapsulation of the behavior of each agent. Different roles correspond to different ....

Werner, E. 1989. Cooperating Agents: a Unified Theory of Communication and Social Structure. In Distributed Artificial Intelligence II, vol. 2, Gasser, L. and Huhns, M. N., Eds. London: Pitman Publishing, 3-36.

....et al. 5] examined the effect of the communication policies on the coherence of coordination. Carlson et al. 6] defined a communication protocol to minimize network communication overhead. The Rand air traffic control (ATC) 7] worked with the notion of information distribution policies. Werner [8] provided a general theoretical framework for designing agents with a communicative and social competence. The contract net protocol [9] introduced a common internode language which consisted of structured message types, such as task announcements, bid messages, and award messages. The PUP6 system ....

E. Werner, Cooperating agents: a unified theory of communication and social structure, Distributed Artificial Intelligence, 2, Eds. by L. Gasser and M. N. Huhns, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., San Mateo, CA, pp. 3-36, 1989.

.... Currently, there has been a growing interest in developing interoperable software agents which combine cognitive abilities to facilitate understanding of complex real situations, and thereby behave appropriately [9,10,21] The related issues which are under active research are : co operation [2,13,29,31], negotiation [16,17,33] collaboration [12, 14, 18, 19] planning [8, 11,22] and co ordination [30] Of late, another issue which has been studied in connection with agent interactions is influencing [5] The purpose of influencing is to make an agent adopt or abandon a goal. In [5] influencing ....

....its decisions, intentions and actions on its beliefs. Thus the concept of cognitive agent is a product of the strong notion of agency. Some even go beyond the notion of cognitive agent and promotes a societal view of computation in which multiple agents interact with each other on various issues [11,22,31]. In such setups utility of social laws [20,28] has been advocated to ensure successful co existence of agents. Thus Social Agents are those which operate in the presence of other agents and whose interaction patterns are governed by certain social norms. Concepts drawn from both social and ....

E. Werner, "Cooperating agents: A unified theory of communication and social structure", in L. Gasser and M. Huhns (eds.), Distributed Artificial Intelligence Vol. II, Pitman, pp 3-36.

....the structure of a group in terms of two kinds of interactions among its members. The interactions among the members of a group can be seen as determining their respective roles in the group. Specifically, strategic interactions are the external correlates of the representational roles of Werner [29], where they are seen as intentions to cooperate. The present approach is more general in allowing groups of agents whose interactions are at the level of reactive actions, rather than intentional states, and in allowing groups whose members are not cooperative (e.g. two opposing tennis players ....

....theory of action and ability, and could in fact be exploited in giving a more realistic account of a group s know how. Further work, however, is needed to obtain a more internal or architectural view of know how, and to relate it to the general roles that different agents may play in a group [29]. An important problem in this framework is to relate abilities and structure to perception and reasoning, especially when reasoning is not thought of as pure symbolprocessing. This work also has impact on the development of a unified theory of the intentions, beliefs, and know how of groups of ....

Eric Werner. Cooperating Agents: A Unified Theory of Communication and Social Structure. In L. Gasser and M. N. Huhns, editors, Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Volume II, pages 3--36. Pitman/Morgan Kaufmann, London, 1989.

....Jennings are by no means the only ones that still stick to a Logico Linguistic inspired agent theory, they do consider alternatives and admit, now and then, that the dominant theory is far from perfect. A few other examples that employ the Logico Linguistic practice are (Laux, 1994; Shoham, 1993; Werner, 1989). In the next section we will argue that the alternative of the Logico Linguistic approach, Adaptivism, has a clear rationale and firm theoretical principles, an approach that certainly can t be disposed of as contentious . After describing its basic tenets, an outline of an architecture will be ....

....Systems are dynamical, simply because there is more than one actor involved. We will now limit ourselves to possible communications between agents, after they completed their learning cycle. The point is merely to indicate how agents, based on A3 can possibly communicate. In his pioneering article Werner (1989) described a cognitive structure for communicating agents consisting of knowledge, intentions and evaluations: fI; S; V g (we adapt his notation to our purposes) Although we do not endorse his Logico Linguistic semantics, his description of cognitive structure is useful for our purposes. We will ....

Werner, E. (1989). Cooperating agents: A unified theory of communication and social structure. In L.

....constraint propagation we provide a principled approach to solving coordination problems, in which agents exchange sets of deontic constraints which they then solve locally according to their own priorities and preferences. Social constraints have been addressed to some extent previously. [15] describes a theory of coordination within social structures built from roles among which permissions and responsibilities are defined. 14] study the general utility of social laws. 5] stresses the importance of obligations in organizations but does not advance operational architectures. AOP ....

Werner, E. 1989. Cooperating Agents: A Unified Theory of Communication and Social Structure. In L. Gasser and M.N. Huhns (eds), Distributed Artificial Intelligence Vol II 3-36, Pitman.

....conflict resolution, negotiation etc. see several papers in (Bond Gasser 1988) Huhns 1987) Gasser Huhns 1989) Demazeau M ller 1990) and (Demazeau M ller 1991) The same top down cognitivist paradigm also served as a foundation of research on communication and social structure (Werner 1989) (Werner 1990) Findler Malyankar 1993) However, as Castelfranchi has pointed out (Castelfranchi 1990) Conte et al. 1991) the fundamental question should not be how to get multiple agents achieve a social goal , but instead why does an autonomous agent enter into social interactions (the ....

Werner, E. (1989). Cooperating agents : A unified theory of communication and social structure, pp. 336, in (Gasser & Huhns 1989).

....constraint propagation we provide a principled approach to solving coordination problems, in which agents exchange sets of deontic constraints which they then solve locally according to their own priorities and preferences. Social constraints have been addressed to some extent previously. [17] describes a theory of coordination within social structures built from roles among which permissions and responsibilities are defined. 15] study the general utility of social laws. 6] stresses the importance of obligations in organizations but does not advance operational architectures. AOP ....

Werner, E. 1989. Cooperating Agents: A Unified Theory of Communication and Social Structure. In L. Gasser and M.N. Huhns (eds), Distributed Artificial Intelligence Vol II 3-36, Pitman.

....have been reported, e.g. MACE [12, 13] CooperA, 21] and MCS IPEM [6] However, these systems have suffered from well documented shortcomings (primarily lack of flexibility. The research described in this paper addresses each of these questions. The various theoretical strands of DAI (e.g. [22]) will ultimately form a theory of co operative problem solving. However, we believe that experimentation must play a crucial role in the development of such a theory. To this end, we have implemented FELINE, a co operating expert system that operates in the domain of diagnosing the causes of ....

E. Werner, `Co-operating Agents: A Unified Theory of Communication and Social Structure', in L. Gasser and M. N. Huhns (eds), Distributed Artificial Intelligence (Vol II), Pitman, 1989

No context found.

Eric Werner. Cooperating Agents: A unified theory of communication and social structure. In L. Gasser and M. Huhns, editors, Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Volume II, pages 3--36. Pittman, London, 1989.

No context found.

Werner, E., (1989). Cooperating Agents: A Unified Theory of Communication and Social Structure, in: Distributed Artificial Intelligence, ed. M.N. Huhns, Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence, vol. II, pp. 3-36, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA. version December 21,

No context found.

Werner,E., (1989), "Cooperating Agents: A Unified Theory of Communication and Social Structure" in Distributed Artificial Intelligence Vol II, (eds L. Gasser & M.Huhns), pp3-37.

No context found.

Werner, E. 1989. Cooperating Agents: A Unified Theory of Communication and Social Structure. In L.

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