Alan Borning and Robert Duisberg. "Constraint-Based Tools for Building User Interfaces". ACM Transactions on Graphics 5, 4 (Oct. 1986), 345-374.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....to the prototype are not reflected in the instances. Finally, Self does not support constraints. There are many research systems which support constraints. The first system with constraints was probably SketchPad [Sutherland 1963] Many systems have used constraints as part of an object system [Borning 1986], but none is as general purpose or fully integrated as Garnet and Amulet. The first integrated constraint and object system was ThingLab [Borning 1981] which supported multi way constraints. ThingLab was also a prototype instance object system. EVAL vite [Hudson 1993a] integrates constraints ....

Alan Borning and Robert Duisberg. "Constraint-Based Tools for Building User Interfaces," ACM Transactions on Graphics. ACM Transactions on Graphics. 1986. 5(4). pp. 345-374.

....shows, design constraints or visual unbalances in the output presentation can require a total revision of the skeletal layout or in the worst case even a change of the contents. A central problem when automatically designing layout is the representation of designrelevant knowledge. According to [Borning Duisberg 86] constraint networks seem to be a natural formalism to declaratively incorporate aesthetic knowledge into the geometric layout process. Layout constraints can be classified as semantic, geometric and topological, and temporal. Semantic constraints essentially correspond to coherence relations, ....

Borning, A. and Duisberg, A.: Constraint-Based Tools for Building User Interfaces. ACM Trans. on Graphics 5:6 (1986) 345-374

....as ordinary classes and objects. From problems described and mechanisms proposed in practice, we enumerated seven reflective principles our protocol will follow to reify relationships: 1. Encapsulation The semantics of relationships must only be used through the interfaces of the related objects [BD86, Cou89, LVC89, NC91] Since the relationship semantics must not be buried into the object code, relationships must be defined independently of the linked objects, enforcing strict encapsulation; 2. Dynamism The creation and destruction of relationships must be completely dynamic without ....

A. Borning and R. Duisberg. Constraint-based tools for building user interfaces. Transactions on Graphics, 5(4):345--374, 1986.

....be placed over the spreadsheet to reveal dependencies between cells. Other examples of relevant user interface techniques include Pad [12, 11] which can be used to organize several spreadsheets at different depths. Spreadsheets are also related to the area of constraint languages and systems [68, 20, 19, 18, 71, 110]. Constraints are relationships that are declared once and then maintained by the system. Constraints are relevant to spreadsheets since values of cells are constrained by equations. Spreadsheets use single direction data propagation, thus can be viewed as one way constraint systems. Although not ....

A. Borning and R. Duisberg. Constraint-based tools for building user interfaces. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 5:345--374, October 1986.

....the annotated bibliography by Di Battista and colleagues [Di Battista et al. 1994] 3. 6 Constraint Based Animation and Visual Programming Some systems incorporate the notion of time by allowing the representation and or processing of temporal constraints: The animation system Animus (see also [Borning and Duisberg, 1986]) is one of the first systems that allows for easy construction of an animation with minimal concern for lower level graphics programming. Here temporal constraints are used to describe the appearance and structure of a picture, as well as how those pictures evolve in time. TBAG, that is also ....

....states that constraint systems are often in use for graphical layout and interaction. It mentions that a parallelization would be desirable, and furthermore, it realizes an integration of imperative as well as declarative features; see also [Lopez et al. 1994] 5. 2 Object Orientation The paper [Borning and Duisberg, 1986] promotes the object oriented view also due to its modularity which should be a good basis in changing situations to know what happens, and it illustrates how helpful the constraint processing paradigm is w.r.t. the construction of user interfaces. Sunde, 1988] models the geometric relations ....

Alan Borning and Robert Duisberg. Constraint-Based Tools for Building User Interfaces. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 5(4):345--374, October 1986.

....workspaces. In graphics editors (e.g. Adobe Illustrator) object relationships have been traditionally limited to identical changes , i.e. objects grouped together react the same way to operations such as translation, rotation, delete, recolor, and resize. Researchers, e.g. Borning et al.[3], Kurlander[21] Igarashi et al. 20] explored constraint based techniques in graph drawing systems for the purposes, among others, of beatification. For example, two lines the distance between which is within a threshold are automatically connected. Demonstrational approaches have been explored ....

....set of user defined object relationships and the way we support end user definition of those relationships by demonstration. Prescribing object relationships (as templates) and meeting structures using a scripting language has proved feasible in our previous work [27, 25] Borning and Duisberg [3] describes an approach to constraintbased graphic drawing tools. This line of research work and akin (e.g. 15] usually implement a constraint solver which intelligently enforces user defined geometric constraints between objects and resolves conflicts. Our approach, however, demands more from ....

A. Borning and R. Duisberg. Constraint-based tools for building user interfaces. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 5(4):345--374, Oct. 1986.

....presented in chapter 3. Conditional relations have been introduced to describe all the other cases. Some of these relations are constraint relations, where the relationship among the objects must be maintained when their state changes, and the relationship has to satisfy itself multidirectionally [4]. 4.1 Hierarchical relations A hierarchical relation is applied to a set of objects and states that the objects have to be played in series or in parallel. If the objects are linked by means of a sequential relation, when an object finishes playing the following starts playing. In the case of a ....

....two or more objects which has to be held when the states of the objects change. Typically, constraint relations are multidirectional, which means that if some constraint is defined among some objects, a change of the state of one object implies the change of the state of all other related objects [4]. A bidirectional constraint relation is applied to sequential relations. The relation which links two siblings is a constraint, so that when the first object finishes playing, the following starts playing and if the following object starts playing (due to any condition) the previous object stops ....

Borning A., Duisberg R., Constraint-Based Tools for Building User Interfaces, ACM Transaction on Graphics, vol. 5, n. 4, pp. 345-374, October 1986.

....1. Introduction; background; related work Since the introduction of the Sketchpad system by Sutherland as early as 1963 [16] the notion of constraints has played an important role in computer graphics and computer aided design. Applications include the design of mechanisms [14] user interfaces [2] and [3] interactive dynamics [11, 17, 18] 2 D graphics design [7] and [10] and the combination of 3 D geometric design and mechanism simulation in the LEGO system [6] In all these applications, geometric constraints take the form of coupled nonlinear equations and inequalities. ....

....set of coupled linear equations. Also in 1985, Nelson [7] published a paper on the Juno system, based on a declarative language for specifying constraints for 2 D drawings. The constraints in Juno were solved by means of NewtonRaphson based global error minimization. In 1986, Borning and Duisburg [2, 3] reported on the application of constraint solving in the context of user interface design. At the same time, efforts took place in the mechanical engineering community to combine the above techniques for constraint resolution with known analytic results from the theory of multi link systems and ....

A. Borning and R Duisburg (1986). Constraint based tools for building user interfaces. ACM Transactions on Graphics 5 (4), pp. 345--374.

....are drawn from this text. 2. Constraint Systems in General Constraints specify dependency relations between things . The nature of these things very much depends on the environment in which the constraints are used. Typical areas in which constraints are used are user interface control [5, 23] (with check buttons, radio buttons, bars, boxes, etc. geometric layout [24, 25, 26] with circles, rectangles, lines, points, etc. animation [5] with timetables, sprites, still images, palettes, etc. and media synchronization [3, 12] with timetables, media objects, error functions, etc. ....

....very much depends on the environment in which the constraints are used. Typical areas in which constraints are used are user interface control [5, 23] with check buttons, radio buttons, bars, boxes, etc. geometric layout [24, 25, 26] with circles, rectangles, lines, points, etc. animation [5] (with timetables, sprites, still images, palettes, etc. and media synchronization [3, 12] with timetables, media objects, error functions, etc. However, the precise nature of these things is not relevant for this discussion; in the remainder of this text, we will address these things as ....

Borning A., Duisberg R. (1986). Constraint-Based Tools for Building User Interfaces, in ACM Transaction on Graphics, 5, pp. 345--374, ACM.

....events in user interfaces. Geometer s Sketchpad [12] and Juno [19] use geometrical constraints (parallel, midpoint, orthogonal) to create drawings; resulting figures may be deformed but they always respect the imposed constraints. Animus [7] based on the ThingLab constraint management environment [1], uses static, time function, differential and trigger constraints to animate simulations of physical systems, operating systems, etc. User interface animation takes its roots from traditional computer animation, but some particularities define it as a distinct and specific domain. Classical ....

Borning, A., Duisberg, R. "Constraint-based tools for building user interfaces", ACM Transactions on Graphics, October 1986, pp. 345-374

....command object to enable saving and replaying of the interaction history. Whenever a command object is created, undone or replayed, all taps are evaluated that specify this command class as their trigger condition. RELATED WORK Systems that use constraints for the user interface include ThingLab [4] and Garnet [10] However, constraints require pointers to the dependent objects in every instance variable and require low level support in the language. On the other hand, they capture every change in the application data, even if it is not triggered by the user. This is an advantage for ....

Borning, A., Constraint-Based Tools for Building User Interfaces, ACM Trans. Graph. 5, 4 (Oct. 1986), pp. 345-- 375

....in the application. Also, class specific update methods have to be defined, which cannot be specialized for particular instances. Various systems employ active values or constraints for linking user interface and application establishing dependencies between interface and application attributes [2, 4, 20]. In contrast to this, the read write mechanism of Xit, which is solely described on the part of the user interface, ensures a clear separation from the application and is smoothly integrated with the eventbased reactivity specification. Since actions for read and write events can contain ....

A. Borning and R. Duisberg. Constraint-Based Tools for Building User Interfaces. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 5(4):345--374, October 1986.

....the exception of bumping into the bird, the rest of the graphical objects can ignore the bird s movements. Animators use actors to decompose the animation task into smaller separate processes. Constraint based systems allow the specification of the movement based on relationships between objects [11, 12, 43]. A simple example of this is a swinging pendulum under the influence of gravity. The constraint of this system is that the pendulum and the pivot point must always remain the same distance apart. Taking into account the constraints and forces, a constraint solver is used to determine the next ....

Alan Borning and Robert Duisberg. Constraint-based tools for building user interfaces. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 5(4):345--374, 1986.

....of the constraint C through a dialogue action on the part of the user will provoke a computer response that restores a state of dialogue in which C is once more valid. Maintenance of a constraint in general requires details of the actions prescribing the computer s response to a violation see [Bo86] and 2.2 below. In Figure 1, the declaration of desk as an openshape within room is subject to the imposed constraint that the extent of the variable desk is contained in the extent of the variable room. Details of the auxiliary geometrical primitives required to support subshapes such as ....

....EDEN fragments in 2.2 illustrate its elementary use will suffice to implement most of the DoNaLD environment. It seems likely that constraint management is the only aspect that will call for more sophisticated use of the trigger mechanisms eg in using iteration for constraint satisfaction (cf [Bo86]) 3 Retrospect and prospect Though the practical development of definitive programming systems is as yet at an early stage of development, it is instructive to compare our approach with the objectoriented approach described in [Bo86] The combination of declarative and procedural elements ....

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A Borning and R Duisberg, Constraint-based tools for building user interfaces, ACM Transactions on Graphics, Vol 5, No 4, October 1986, 345-374

....for animations to be used when an object s state changes. Amulet [105] exploits the constraint solving framework s monitors guarding assignments to slots (i.e. the ability to execute code on every assignment) to provide a similar interpolated animation when a slot s value is set. Animus [12, 40] uses the ThingLab system [10] and provides animations for its simulations using constraints on time. In Animus, time is treated as a distinguished global variable. Animus provides two time related constraints: 1) time function constraints which act as a declarative specification of events and ....

....requires a global rearrangement of the layout. Additionally, by knowing that the constraint is already satisfied, the solver need not worry about over constrained systems [59] 16 Animus also uses differential equations for the specification of continuous motion of objects being animated [12, 40]. 39 2.5 Summary Interactive graphical applications have explored using constraints for over thirty five years, yet none are completely successful, and numerous challenges remain. Two important problems not yet well addressed and not considered in depth here include debugging constraints and ....

Alan Borning and Robert Duisberg. Constraint-based tools for building user interfaces. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 5(4):345--374, October 1986.

....are inferred by the system from the user s examples. We only mention the landmark systems in the field for reference, because none of these systems with the exception of [KURL91] is particularly similar to LOG. 2. 1 2D The two landmark explicit constraint specification systems are Thinglab [BORN86] and Garnet [MYERS90] Thinglab provides preconstrained parts which the user can assemble to create complex shapes. The user can also specify additional constraints on existing objects. Garnet helps the user interactively create user interfaces that let the user operate on graphic objects with the ....

Borning, A. and Duisberg, R. "Constraint-Based Tools for Building User Interfaces", ACM Trans. Graphics, Vol. 5, No. 4, Oct. 1986, pp. 345-374.

....different virtual objects in the virtual world. The Kaleidoscope language [Lopez 94a] Lopez 94b] integrates constraints and imperative, object oriented programming. The current implementation of this language (Kaleidoscope 93) uses SkyBlue to maintain primitive constraints. Alan Borning [Borning 86] describes a bi directional system where the constraints can be Static or Temporal, and can be designated as Reference only, or Anchor. Leonidas Deligiannidis Page 24 A Static constraint describes a relation that must hold at all times. Static constraints are similar to required constraints in ....

....value is fixed. The reference only and anchor designations are related but not the same. If a variable is designated as reference only by a particular constraint, that constraint may not alter the variable, but some other constraint can. If a variable is anchored, no constraint may alter it. Borning 86] Kaleidoscope 93 [Lopez 94a] Lopez 94b] combines constraint and object oriented programming while preserving a familiar object model from imperative programming. Objects have states and methods, as in most object oriented languages. Constraints may be placed between objects and object slots, ....

Alan Borning and Robert Duisberg, Constraint-Based Tools for Building User Interfaces. ACM Transactions on Graphics, Vol. 5, No. 4, October 1986, pages 345-374

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Alan Borning and Robert Duisberg, `Constraint-based tools for building user interfaces', ACM Trans. Graphics, 5, (4), 345--374 (1986).

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Alan Borning and Robert Duisberg. "Constraint-Based Tools for Building User Interfaces". ACM Transactions on Graphics 5, 4 (Oct. 1986), 345-374.

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Alan Borning and Robert Duisberg. Constraint-based tools for building user interfaces. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 5(4):345--374, October 1986.

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Borning, A. Constraint-Based Tools for Building User Interfaces. ACM Transactions on Graphics 5,4 (1986), pp. 345-374.

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A. Borning and R. Duisberg. Constraint-based tools for building user interfaces. ACM Trans. on Graphics, 5(4):345--374, Oct. 1986.

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A. Borning and R. Duisberg. Constraint-based tools for building user interfaces. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 5(4):345--374, Oct. 1986.

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Alan Borning and Robert Duisberg. "Constraint-Based Tools for Building User Interfaces," ACM Transactions on Graphics. 1986b. 5(4). pp. 345-374.

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Borning, A., Duisberg, R.: 'Constraint-Based Tools for Building User Interfaces', ACM Transactions on Graphics, 5 (4), pp 345 - 374, October 1986, .

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