Beer RD (1990) Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....currents. The actions of neurotransmitter receptors are discussed in more detail in Appendix B. A.2. 3 on the Outputs In addition to electrical currents caused by synaptic inputs, many neurons have intrinsic currents that cause them to fire spontaneously even in the absence of input activity[3]. These autoactive neurons show four basic firing patterns: silent (not autoactive) regular pulses at some frequency, regular bursts of pulses at some fre A.3. RECAPITULATION 109 quency, and irregular pulses. This kind of periodic activity in thalamic neurons is responsible for the brain waves ....

....the end of an action potential re activates them, and the process repeats at some characteristic frequency. Periodic oscillations in cells are important in a class of neural circuits called central pattern generators, whichcontrol periodic motor responses suchaswalking, chewing, and wing flapping [3]. C.2.2 The Role of Calcium in Neurotransmitter Release The presynaptic terminals of neurons are populated with voltage activated Ca channels. When these channels open during an action potential, Ca flows rapidly into the terminal. It is removed from the terminal equally rapidly after the ....

Randall Dean Beer. IntelligenceasAdaptive Behavior: an Experiment in Computational Neuroethology. PhD thesis, Case Western ReserveUniversity, 1989.

....to be more comparative in its approach and outline the various ways in which comparative research can inform CogSci. However, before getting into all of that, we need to continue with a little more introductory stage setting. What is computational neuroethology Coined independently by Randall Beer (1990), Dave Cliff (1991a, b, 1995) and Walter Heiligenberg (1991a) Computational neuroethology (CNE) conjoins contemporary computational techniques (computational modeling, robotics, etc. with the traditional concerns of neuroethology. Ethology is the study of animal behavior in natural contexts; ....

Beer, R. D. (1990). Intelligence as adaptive behavior: An experiment in computational neuroethology. San Diego: Academic Press.

....into its control system (i.e. its ecology) One means for developing such a control system is by exploiting models of behavior developed by ethologists or neuroscientists. Although considerable research has been conducted in the modeling of neural controllers based on animal models (e.g. [8,15,47]) incorporation of environmental interactions has been far less studied within the robotics community (e.g. 50] Although some work has been undertaken within the artificial life arena [39,36] almost all of this work has been conducted in simulation or at best on primitive robotic ....

Beer, R., Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology, Academic Press, 1990.

....of the locusts flight control system. Rather, the main goal consisted in finding a suitable computational method to reproduce the selforganizing adaptive processes. During the last few years, artificial neural networks have been employed in neurobiological simulations to an increasing extent [Beer 90] Cliff 90] Cliff 91] Faller Luttges 91] As a result of their structural and functional similarities they represent an interesting counterpart to natural neural networks. In this work, a version of a Kohonen feature map extended by specific output signals was chosen for the functional core ....

R. D. Beer. Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior - An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology, volume 6: Perspectives in Artificial Intelligence. Boston: Academic Press, Inc., 1990. 11

....it found its target in a minimal number of steps. The most surprising behaviour, however, was that the system had learned to follow a wall. Again, the standard approach to making autonomous agents follow walls is just to predefine a specific behavioural strategy for it [Malcolm et al. 1989, Beer 1990]. Also in this case, however, the behaviour emerged out of the dynamics of the interaction between the agent and its environment. A comparison between this notion of emergence and that employed in the subsymbolic paradigm will be made in the next section. During its initial experiences in this ....

Beer R.D.: Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology, New York: Academic Press, 1990.

....must sense the environment and can physically act upon the environment, unavoidable. Particularly if sensori motor competences are studied. This is why behavior oriented AI researchers insist so strongly on the construction of physical agents [21] 130] 6 Performing simulations of agents (as in [15]) is of course an extremely valuable aid in exploring and testing out certain mechanisms, the way simulation is heavily used in the design of airplanes. But a simulation of an airplane should not be confused with the airplane itself. 2.3 Behavior oriented AI is strongly influenced by biology. We ....

....approaches, circuit approaches, and dynamics approaches. Neural networks approaches Several researchers use artificial neural networks, in order to stay close to plausible biological structures ( 5] 27] 94] This approach is strongly related to biological cybernetics, and neuroethology [15]. A neural network consists of a set of nodes linked together in a network. Each node receives input from a set of nodes and sends activation as output to another set of nodes. Some inputs could come immediately from sensors. Some outputs are linked with actuators. The links between nodes are ....

Beer, R.D. (1990) Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology. Academic Press, Cambridge Ma.

.... and its own behavior by means of its own experience (i.e. learning) The principles for designing behavior based robots take inspiration from basic behavior mechanisms observed in biological systems and from well established neuro physiological adaptive strategies such as neural plasticity [6, 12]. Several behavior based learning frameworks, such as reinforcement learning and evolutionary techniques , have successfully addressed the problem of designing adaptive systems to autonomously navigate in unpredictable real environments [25, 15] Most of the proposed solutions are based on ....

.... presynaptic neurons r i = P j w ij r j P j w ij [4] Once synapses are established, their eOEcacy is changed by Hebbian learning Deltaw ij = r j (r i Gamma w ij ) 5] For a given location, new connections from snapshot cells to sEC cells are created only if X i H(r i Gamma ffl) A [6] that is, if the number of maximally ring sEC cells at that location does not exceed a threshold A. This simple technique allows the system to control redundancy in the resulting neural representation. We call the learning scheme dened by Eqs. 3, 5, and 6, an unsupervised growing network (see, ....

R.D. Beer. Intelligence as adaptive behavior: an experiment in computational neuroethology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

....robot; sources are indicated with ( 760 780 800 820 840 860 880 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 Figure 7: Phototaxis after adaptation to inversion of vision. The circle indicates the initial position of the robot; sources are indicated with ( behaviour of single cells, Beer, 1990) have not been explored so far. 6. Conclusions and open questions Robots evolved to perform simple phototaxis while trying to maintain a certain degree of stability in the plastic structure of their controllers are able to adapt to nontrivial sensorimotor disruptions for which they have not been ....

Beer, R. D. (1990). Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroscience. San Diego: Academic Press.

....to behaviour; sensing and acting in the world are necessary and sufficient for intelligence. Such a view takes form from considering a less anthropocentric universe than cognitivism. Much recent behaviour based robotics takes inspiration from simple intelligent life forms such as arthropods, e.g. [2, 57, 25]. This provides a way to approach the fundamental building blocks of intelligence through a consideration of its biological basis. But there is an unexpected turn in the theoretical picture that we have been painting about the new AI. Brooks (1991) proposed that the two cornerstones of the new ....

Randall D. Beer. Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior - An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

....from deliberate decision, but from distributed constraint satisfaction and cooperation among various components in the system. This view of intelligence is shared by many researchers in AI and psychology (Brooks [Bro91] Meas [Mae89] Agre and Chapman [AC87] Hewitt [Hew91] Minsky [Min86] Beer [Bee90], Braitenberg [Bra84] Brooks and his colleagues did very interesting work on building artificial creatures [BCN88, Bro88, Con90] Brooks [Bro86, BC86] proposed a robust, layered control system for mobile robots, called the subsumption architecture. Unlike the traditional decomposition of a ....

....for dealing with inconsistent, uncertain and immediate situations; rather, reaction and moment to moment improvisation play a central role in most activity. From the point of view of an experimental psychologist, Braitenberg [Bra84] studied various incrementally complex life like systems. Beer [Bee90] performed a series of simulations of an artificial insect with adaptive behavior. CHAPTER 1. MOTIVATION AND INTRODUCTION 16 Our work contributes to the research and development of intelligent real time systems in the following ways. First, by avoiding the controversial issues surrounding ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

R. D. Beer. Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology. Academic Press, 1990.

.... also emphasize the relevance of sensorimotor interaction between robotic agents and their environments, but, for lack of physical resources, realizability, convenience or efficiency, use simulated embodied agents in sensorimotor interaction with more or less realistic simulated environments (e.g. Beer, 1990). Many researchers in the behavior oriented AI community feel very strongly about this distinction between simulation and reality. A typical example is Steels (1994) The goal is to build artifacts that are really intelligent, that is, intelligent in the physical world, not just intelligent in a ....

Beer, R. D. (1990). Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology.

....of life. So it is natural to ask whether life and mind have some deep connection. The process of evolution establishes a genealogical connection between life and mind, of course, but life and mind might be much more deeply unified. for 15 example, life and mind would be strikingly unified if Beer (1990, p. 11) is right that it is adaptive behavior, the . ability to cope with the complex, dynamic, unpredictable world in which we live, that is, in fact, fundamental [to intelligence itself] see also Maturana and Varela 1987; Anderson 1990; Varela, Thompson, and Rosch 1991; Parisi, Nolfi, and ....

....in the face of an open ended range of contextual contingencies. These exceptions occur when we make appropriate adjustment to contingencies. Some people conclude that this supple capacity for adaptive behavior is the defining feature of intelligence or mind (Maturana and Varela 16 1987; Beer 1990; Anderson 1990; Varela, Thompson, and Rosch 1991; Parisi, Nolfi, and Cecconi 1992; Clark 1997; Bedau 1997a, 1997b) This quasi Aristotelian view construes the mind as essentially the expression of a form of supple adaptation. Natural selection is not necessarily involved, for Lamarkian selection ....

Beer, R. D. 1990. Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology (Boston: Academic Press).

....Sensory Subsystem Brain (Interneurons) Motor Subsystem Figure 2: Typical view of information flow in the nervous system. however, interneurons are involved. Information Processing in the Nervous System There is considerable evidence that the nervous system plays a major role in animal behavior [5]. It is the basis for behavioral phenomena such as learning, memory, and intelligence [37] It is common for the nervous system to be labelled an information processor an allusion to the notion of a computing device [15] Information in the nervous system is represented by constantly changing ....

....learning of multiple disjunctive concepts under payoff . 47] 2.4.2 Computational Neuroethology Computational neuroethology investigates the neural mechanisms of behavior using the techniques of computational neuroscience, stressing the environment in which the neural entity exists. 9][5] In a provisional manifesto for computational neuroethology [9] a couple of points are argued: ANN models which ignore the details of the underlying biology are inadequate; future ANN models should be embedded in closed environment simulations, closing the external feedback loop from motor output ....

Randall D. Beer. Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

No context found.

Beer, R. D. (1990). Intelligence as adaptive behavior: An experiment in computational neuroethology. New York: Academic Press.

No context found.

Beer, R. D. (1990). Intelligence as adaptive behavior: an experiment in computational neuroethology. Academic Press.

No context found.

Beer, R.D. (1990). Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology. Academic Press.

....to these broad educational goals, the course also exposes students to exciting new research approaches in robotics and neurobiology. These range from biologically inspired approaches to robotics (Beer et al. 1997) to computational and physical models of the neural basis of behavior in animals (Beer, 1990). Indeed, our primary incentive for developing the Autonomous Robotics course was the high degree of interest among undergraduate students in ongoing research in this area at CWRU. Thus, the course also attracts bright undergraduate students to pursue graduate study in these areas of research. ....

Beer, R.D. (1990). Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology. Academic Press.

.... of the nervous system, the body, and the environment (Cohen, 1992; Beer 1995; Chiel and Beer 1997) This broader viewpoint serves as the rationale for the new methodology of Computational Neuroethology, in which joint models of nervous system, body, and environment are constructed and analyzed (Beer 1990; Cliff 1991; Chiel and Beer 1997) It is hardly surprising that the biomechanics and the environment play such crucial roles in understanding the operation of neural circuits, since evolution selects only for the performance of the whole package of neural control, body, and environmental ....

Beer, R.D. (1990) Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

No context found.

Beer RD (1990) Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

No context found.

R. D. Beer, Intelligence As Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology, Academic Press, 1990.

No context found.

Beer, R.D. Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology. Academic Press, 1990.

No context found.

R. D. Beer, Intelligence As Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology, Academic Press, 1990.

No context found.

Beer, R.D. Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology. Academic Press, 1990.

No context found.

Beer, R.D. Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology. Academic Press, 1990.

No context found.

Beer R.D. (1990), "Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior : An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology", Academic Press.

First 50 documents

Online articles have much greater impact   More about CiteSeer.IST   Add search form to your site   Submit documents   Feedback  

CiteSeer.IST - Copyright Penn State and NEC