Feiner, S., MacIntyre, B., Seligmann, D. 1993. Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality. Communication of the ACM, Vol. 7 (1993) 53-61.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   ACM   TOC   Related Articles   Check

....environment) This paper assumes that capability already exists, and instead focuses on designing visualizations to present the occluded information to the user. There are a handful of papers that focused on visualization design in AR, including some that specifically addressed occlusion. KARMA [8] used a rule based approach to determine which objects to highlight and label in a maintenance application. Feiner et al. 9] developed an application showing pipes, support beams, and other architectural objects hidden behind walls. Julier et al. 17] developed a means for filtering data, ....

S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, and D. Seligmann. Knowledge Based Augmented Reality. Comm. ACM, vol. 36, no. 7 (July 1993), pp. 52-62.

....category of applications is the production of audiovisual documents (films, CD ROM) illustrating the behavior people should have during a danger situation: e.g. people in a fire or a nuclear plant. There are also applications for maintenance in a similar way as described for Augmented Reality [27] [28] 11 Conclusion There is an enormous potential in the production of sequences involving virtual actors living and playing in real scenes. New films could be produced with dead actors or actors who will never exist. However, the existing techniques are still very limited. No good tools are ....

Feiner, Steven, Blair MacIntyre, and Dore Seligmann. Knowledge-based Augmented Reality. Communications of the ACM 36, 7 (July 1993), 52-62.

....environment) This paper assumes that capability already exists, and instead focuses on designing visualizations to present the occluded information to the user. There are a handful of papers that focused on visualization design in AR, including some that specifically addressed occlusion. KARMA [8] used a rule based approach to determine which objects to highlight and label in a maintenance application. Feiner et al. 9] developed an application showing pipes, support beams, and other architectural objects hidden behind walls. Julier et al. 17] developed a means for filtering data, based ....

S. Feiner, B. Maclntyre, and D. Seligmann. Knowledge Based Augmented Reality. Comm. ACM, vol. 36, no. 7 (July 1993), pp. 52-62.

....this pa per we report on an automatic detector of mountains and a position estimator that operates from the detected peaks. The ultimate goal is to overlay position information on the maps and on rover acquired images, just as augmented reality systems for training and medical applications do [3]. The interface presents three windows to the operator. The first window carries video; we currently use a standard video display in a Silicon Graphics workstation to look at our footage. The second window displays panoramas formed from selected images, and indicates the results of the mountain ....

S. Feiner, B. Marintyre, and D. Seligmann. Knowledge-based augmented reality. Communications of the ACM, 36(7):53-62, 1995.

....INTRODUCTION Augmented Reality has become an important part of computer graphics. There are many situations in which we would like to interact with unreal objects in the surrounding real world. An Augmented Reality can make this possible by presenting a virtual world that enriches the real world [Feiner93]. In previous years, many applications were developed in industry, service and commerce. But there are only a few applications in augmented reality gaming and significant potential in this area. Computer Supported Cooperated Work (CSCW) has emerged as an identifiable interdisciplinary research ....

Feiner, S., Maclntyre, B., Seligmann, D. Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality. Communications of the ACM, 1993.36(7): pp. 53-62.

....In both scenarios, the intent is to develop an open system approach so that anyone can author contents for a specific location. 2. RELATED WORK Although a number of research groups have started to address the issue of authoring content for industrial, commercial and training applications [1,2,3], there has been less focus on content development tools for outdoor unstructured environments or for entertainment and educational applications. Important early work based on the stick e note concept for data collection has been done by the Project for Mobile Computing in a Fieldwork ....

Feiner, S., MacIntyre, B.,Seligmann, D. "Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality". Communications of the ACM, July 1993, Vol. 36, No. 7, pp. 96-97.

....of digital (virtual) information and actions with the physical (real) world of users through the use of augmented reality (AR) techniques is becoming a crucial challenge for designers of interactive systems. AR is becoming widely used in a number of domains, including leisure [23] maintenance [8], construction and architecture [24] and surgery [4] Despite the increasing development of AR systems, neither tools nor methods have been proposed specifically for the design of AR systems. Furthermore, AR systems remains largely ad hoc and exploratory. In [5] we proposed a classification space ....

....objects. These HCI approaches are user and interaction centred, although they di#er in the aspects used to characterise an interaction. Four distinct aspects that may have an influence on the user s interaction with AR systems are identified in the literature: 1) Type of data provided to the user [2,8,14]: it may be textual, 2D or 3D graphics, gesture, sound, speech or haptic data; 2) Potential physical targets of enhancement to combine physical and digital data [11] users, physical objects and the environment are the three main targets identified; 3) Adequacy of the provided data to the task, as ....

Feiner, S., MacIntyre, B., Seligmann, D., Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality, inCommunication of the ACM, n # 7, (1993), p. 53-61.

....Pick and Drop, for example, adds physicalness to user interfaces, because we feel that traditional data transfer methods are too virtual and hard to learn due to their lack of physical aspects. To the contrary, many augmented reality systems add virtual properties to the physical world [2, 5, 13]. However, these two approaches do not contradict on another. We believe that one of the most important roles of user interface design is to balance the virtuality and physicalness of the target area. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank Mario Tokoro for supporting this research. We would also ....

Steven Feiner, Blair MacIntyre, and Doree Seligmann. Knowledge-based augmented reality. Communication of the ACM, Vol. 36, No. 7, pp. 52--62, August 1993.

....learnability and usability for novice users [12] In designing our AR help system, we consider three main issues: when to provide help, where to provide it, and how to provide it. In previous systems, help provided was always present to the user. Examples of this include Feiner s KARMA system [5,6], which used AR to show a person how to disassemble a laser printer, and Rekimoto s NaviCam system [14] which associated AR information with real world objects for navigation guidance. We challenge the prevailing assumption that users in AR environments want all virtual information visible all ....

Feiner, S., MacIntyre, B., and Seligmann, D. (1993). Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 36(7), pp. 53-62.

....between the HMD and the work site. Given the relationship between the HMD and the work site an overlay can easily be generated. The accuracy of this system is not reported. 2.2. 2 Columbia University A group at Columbia University has developed a method for Knowledge Based Augmented Reality [ Feiner et al. 1993 ] The goal of this work is to overlay instructions for repairing a laser printer with images of the laser printer. The instructions are derived from a knowledge based system. A Logitech 3D ultrasonic tracking system and an Ascension Technology magnetic tracking system are used to determine the ....

Steven Feiner, Blair MacIntyre, and Doree Seligmann. Knowledge-basedaugmented reality. Communications of the ACM, 36(7):53-- 62, July 1993.

....work in Section 5. 2 Background Research in augmented reality is recent but expanding. We briefly summarize the research conducted to date in this area. Baudel and Beaudouin Lafon [3] have looked at the problem of controlling certain objects through the use of free hand gestures. Feiner et al. [9] have used augmented reality in a laser printer maintenance task in which the augmented reality system aids the user in the steps required to open the printer and replace various parts. Bajura et al. 2] have used augmented reality in medical applications in which the ultrasound imagery of a ....

S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, and D. Seligmann. Knowledge-based augmented reality. Communications of the ACM, 36(2):53--62, 1993.

....6 summarizes the results of the work. 2 Previous Work There are several general works which describe AR as a whole. Azuma classifies AR systems based on display types and levels of immersion [1] Feiner, et al. and Kutulakos and Vallino discuss workspace object representations in AR systems [6, 17]. Klinker, et al. describe the merging of graphics and computer vision [16] Fuchs and Rolland compare and contrast optical and video see through HMDs [7] AR systems can be broadly categorized by the type of display they use. The first class is known as video seethrough. Video see through ....

S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, and D. Seligmann. Knowledgebased augmented reality. Communications of the ACM, 36(2):53--62, 1993.

....for virtual and augmented reality applications. However, a large class of AR applications require annotation on objects whose positions in a room or the world may vary freely without impact on the AR media linked to them (for example, AR applications in manufacturing, maintenance, and training [CAUD92, FEIN93]) A more appropriate tracking approach for these mobile applications is one that is based on viewing the object itself [NEUM96, REKI97, SHAR97, UENO95] Many of these AR systems depend on artificial fiducials (also called landmarks) or a prior known model data to perform the dynamic alignment ....

S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, D. Seligmann, Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 36, No. 7, pp 52-62, July 1993

....likely to move. This rigid structure criterion excludes a large class of AR applications that provide annotation on objects whose positions in a room or the world may vary freely without impact on the AR media linked to them. For example, AR applications in manufacturing, maintenance, and training [10, 12, 13] require virtual annotations that provide task guidance and specific component indications on subassemblies or portions of structure (Fig.1) These applications are often objectcentric, and a more appropriate tracking solution, based on viewing the object itself [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, ....

....for which certain features of the scene are visible. In this paper we show how to reduce this limitation in many cases, by allowing users to dynamically expand the range of tracked camera views as the AR system is operating. World centric trackers can be used to calibrate movable objects [13, 19, 24, 25], but this generally entails placing and calibrating tracking elements on each object of interest and operating within range of the shared tracking infrastructure, e.g. magnetic fields or active beacons) 4, 9] These requirements often make it difficult and expensive to calibrate moving ....

S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, D. Seligmann, Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 36, No. 7, pp 52-62, July 1993

....in [Fisc81] and we are currently developing robust recursive filters that use all visible features with position confidence values. 2.4. Indoor AR Applications The combination of feature detection and pose estimation provides the basic capability for vision tracked AR applications [Caud92] [Fein93] [Shar97] Human factors and cognitive issues for AR manufacturing and maintenance applications are detailed in [Neum98a] Figure 9 illustrates a sequence of AR images from a simulated maintenance application. Annotation alignment with the structure is based on detecting dot fiducials and ....

S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, D. Seligmann. Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 36, No. 7, pp. 52-62, July 1993.

....vision to locate the patients head with laser range data. In the area of manufacturing and maintenance, a group at Boeing is developing AR technology to guide a technician in building a wire harness for an airplane[6] Feiner at Columbia has demonstrated a system for laser printer maintenance[7]. The emphasis of that work was on choosing the appropriate information to display, taking into account information about the user, task, and the position of objects. A group at the European Computer Industry Research Center (ECRC) has developed a monitor based AR system that features a hand held ....

....and see through HMD. 3 2. PREVIOUS WORK ON REGISTRATION FOR AR Several AR systems have been developed that use non vision technology for registration. The AR system developed by Feiner, et al. used ultrasonic transmitters and receivers, mounted on the users head and on the objects of interest[7]. The authors state that the registration is not accurate using these sensors. Tuceryan, et al., use a hand held pointer that the operator uses to designate known points on an object in order to register it to the camera[8] The pointer is tracked magnetically, using a receiver that is mounted on ....

S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, and D. Seligmann, Knowledge-based augmented reality, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 36, No. 7, pp. 53-62, 1993.

.... model and the augmented reality (AR) system displays the name of it (AR group at ECRC 1992 1996) 12] A group at Boeing is developing an AR system to guide a technician in building a wire bundle for an airplane s electrical system [2] Feiner et al. built a laser printer maintenance application [3]. It has also been shown that AR can also serve as a planning tool for teleoperation of a robot [8] 4] In this article we present a new industrial application of image augmentation. It consists in overlaying industrial drawings on real images. The drawings can be 2D floor plans, electrical ....

S. Feiner, B. McIntyre, D. Seligmann. "Knowledge- based Augmented Reality", In Communic. of the ACM

....in the future (which is actually the purpose of VP) ffl The VE is quite unreal. This is commonly the case in entertainment which strives to provide the participants with an exciting and exotic world. There are, of course, intermediate or mixed forms. An example of this is augmented reality [8]: the user sees his real environment through special glasses which allow the superposition of computer generated images. Thus, the image of the real world can be augmented by pictures, 13 signs, pictograms, hints, instructions, etc. However, interaction is usually restricted to the real ....

S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, and D. Seligmann. Knowledge-based augmented reality. Communications of the ACM, 36(7):53--62, July 1993.

....and, similarly, enjoyment of the 3 D environment could be augmented since additional information about the environment is available. In the sense that we are presenting additional information about an environment within that environment, this is analogous to work in augmented reality (e.g. Feiner, MacIntyre, Seligmann, 1993), where virtual information is overlaid onto a view of the physical world. In this paper, we present an example of such an information rich virtual environment, along with various techniques, tools, and metaphors for simple and efficient interaction between the user and the system. These ....

Feiner, S., MacIntyre, B., & Seligmann, D. (1993). Knowledge -based Augmented Reality. Communications of the ACM, 36(7), 52--62.

....when wearable computers become commonplace. 1 Introduction Augmented Reality (AR) systems are designed to provide an enhanced view of the real world through see through head mounted displays[16] or hand held devices[11] Various kinds of context sensing technologies, such as position sensors[5, 4], or ID readers[11] are used to determine digital information according to the user s current physical context. Compared with traditional information retrieval systems, users of AR systems can get context aware information without being bothered by cumbersome operations that might impede the ....

....lives will be constantly supported by context sensitive information from those wearables. While most of the existing augmented reality systems are mainly focusing on context aware information presentation, information registration interfaces for AR are yet to be investigated. For example, KARMA[4], which is a well known AR system, displays information about the laser printer based on the current physical position of a head worn display. Such information is assumed to be prepared beforehand. To add new information during a task, the user has to return to the normal computer environment. In ....

Steven Feiner, Blair MacIntyre, and Doree Seligmann. Knowledge-based augmented reality. Communication of the ACM, Vol. 36, No. 7, pp. 52--62, August 1993.

.... interest recently in mixing live video from a camera with computergenerated graphical objects that are registered in a user s three dimensional environment [1] Applications of this powerful visualization technique include guiding trainees through complex 3D manipulation and maintenance tasks [2, 3], overlaying clinical 3D data with live video of patients during surgical planning [4 8] as well as developing three dimensional user interfaces [9, 10] The resulting augmented reality systems allow three dimensional virtual objects to be embedded into a user s environment and raise two ....

S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, and D. Soligmann, "Knowledge-based augmented reality," Comm. of the ACM, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 53--62, 1993.

....reality research prototypes that require the user to wear some apparatus like seethrough displays that project annotations onto a real world view. However, users are free to move around in space (e.g. a library, a maintenance room) Feiner s Karma system for the maintenance of copy machines [24] and Boeing s wearable system for aircraft maintenance [60] are representative of this approach. Extensions of this type of work have resulted in a newer field of research entitled Wearable Computing [66] The interests of research in this area is towards human augmentation by embedding the ....

S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, and D. Seligmann. Knowledge-based augmented reality. Communications of the ACM, 36(7):53--62, 1993.

....This is the rationale for AR. Instead of reconstructing the real world, AR systems aim at augmenting it with additional computerized information. To do so several approaches are adopted: Adding 3D graphical information to the real world [1] Adding audio information into the real world [2] . Using force feedback, as it is argued in [3] is another possible method to augment the user s capabilities for interacting with the real world. However, there is currently no consensus either on a precise definition of AR or on a design space. Consequently, the design of AR applications ....

Feiner, S., MacIntyre, B., Seligmann, D., "KnowledgeBased Augmented Reality",CACM n7,(1993), p.53-61.

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S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, and D. Seligmann. Knowledgebased augmented reality. Commun. ACM, 36(7):52--63, July 1993. 8

....amount of accuracy in the tracking data and integrate these assumptions into their application and interface designs. At one end of the spectrum, many projects assume, implicitly or explicitly, that the tracking problem will one day be solved and nearperfect registration will be possible (e.g. [3, 11]) Others have assumed lower quality tracking and built systems that perform reasonably under those poor conditions. Many mobile systems fall into this category, typically because of the low positional accuracy available from differential GPS (i.e. usually about 2 meters) and wide area indoor ....

Feiner, S., MacIntyre, B., and Seligmann, D. (1993) "Knowledge-based augmented reality," Communications of the ACM, 36(7):52-63.

....together to present a consistent spatial model of network activity. Finally, one of the major thrusts of this project will be the design of a knowledge based presentation component, building on our ongoing work on the automated design of virtual worlds to explain both abstract [1] and concrete [6] data. Our approach will involve categorizing the visualization techniques with regard to their applicability for expressing and controlling different kinds of network behavior. The idea is to build up a set of visualization policies that can be used by a rule based system that will determine ....

Feiner, S., MacIntyre, B., and Seligmann, D. Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality. Communic. ACM 36(7):52--62, July, 1993.

.... part (a) A leader line links the menu to its associated flag, allowing it to be followed back if the user turns away from the flag, an approach that we used to direct users to objects that were not within their field of view in an earlier indoor augmented reality system for maintenance and repair [8]. 4. System Design 4.1. Hardware Our current backpack is an updated version of our first outdoor MARS testbed [7] with the following changes: Head worn Display: We use a Sony LDI 100B color display 600 triad resolution. It has a dial to adjust its opacity from nearly totally opaque to about ....

S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, and D. Seligmann. Knowledgebased augmented reality. Communications of the ACM, 36(7):52--62, July 1993.

....objects. Some of these rely on controlling the viewing specification (e.g. 19, 28] which is not possible in head tracked environments in which the viewing specification is slaved to the user s head. Others utilize illustrative effects, such as cut away views and transparency [16] or line style [24, 15], without altering object geometry. Visual access distortion [8] moves objects away from the user s line of sight to a selected focus point by displacing each object perpendicular to the line of sight by a function of the magnitude of the object s distance from the line of sight. However, this ....

S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, and D. Seligmann. Knowledgebased augmented reality. Communications of the ACM, 36(7):52-62, July 1993.

....graphics can be spatially registered with, and overlaid on, geographic locations and real objects to provide visual AR. Examples of potential AR applications include aircraft cockpit control [15] assistance in surgery [14] viewing hidden building infrastructure [11] maintenance and repair [12, 16], and parts assembly [8, 30] We are especially interested in the user interface (UI) issues that arise when designing mobile augmented reality systems (MARS) which allow users to roam untethered, outdoors or indoors. Examples of MARS prototypes include: the Touring Machine [13] which shows the ....

S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre and D. Seligmann. Knowledge-based augmented reality. Communications of the ACM, 36(7):52--62, July 1993.

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Feiner, S., MacIntyre, B., Seligmann, D. 1993. Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality. Communication of the ACM, Vol. 7 (1993) 53-61.

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Feiner, S., B. MacIntyre and D. Seligmann. "Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality," Communications of the ACM, 36(7), 1993, pp. 53-62.

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Feiner, S., MacIntyre, B. and Seligmann, D. (1993). Knowledge-based Augmented Reality. Communications of the ACM, 36(7), 52-62.

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S. Feiner, B. Maclntyre and D. Seligmann: "Knowledgebased Augmented Reality," Commun. of the ACM, Vol. 36, No. 7, pp. 52--62, 1993.

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S. Feiner, B. Maclntyre and D. Seligmann: "Knowledgebased Augmented Reality," Commun. of the ACM, Vol. 36, No. 7, pp. 52--62, 1993.

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S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre and D. Seligmann, "Knowledge-based augmented reality," Commu5 nications of the ACM, vol. 36, pp. 52--62, July 1993.

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S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, and D. Seligmann, "Knowledge-based augmented reality," Commun. ACM, vol.36, no.7, pp.52--62, July 1993.

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S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, and D. Seligmann. Knowledgebased augmented reality. Communications of the ACM, 36(7):52--62, July 1993.

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Steven Feiner, Blair Macintyre, D.S.: Knowledge-based augmented reality. Communications of the ACM 36 (1993)

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S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, and D. Seligmann. Knowledge-based augmented reality. Communications of the ACM (CACM), 30(7):53-62, July 1993.

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S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre and D. Seligmann. Knowledgebased augmented reality. Communications of the ACM, 36(7):52--62, July 1993.

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S. FEINER, B. MACINTYRE, AND D. SELIGMANN, Knowledge-based augmented reality, Communications of the ACM, 36 (1993), pp. 52--62.

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S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, and D. Seligmann. Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality. Communications of the ACM (CACM), 36(7):53-62, July 1993.

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Steven Feiner, Blair MacIntyre, and Doree seligmann. "Knowledge-based Augmented Reality", Communications of the ACM 36, 7 (July 1993) , 52-62

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S. Feiner, B. Macintyre and D. Seligmann , Knowledge-based augmented reality, Communications of the ACM, pp53-62, vol.36, No. 7, 1993.

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S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, and D. Seligmann. Knowledge-based augmented reality. Communications of the ACM, 36(2):53--62, 1993.

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S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre and D. Seligmann. KnowledgeBased Augmented Reality. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 36, No. 7, pp. 52-62, July 1993.

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S. Feiner, et al.; Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality. Communications of the ACM, Vol.36, No.7, pp. 53--62, 1993

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S. Feiner, B. MacIntyre, and D. Seligmann, "Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality," Comm. ACM, July 1993, pp. 53--62.

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Feiner S., MacIntyre B., Seligmann D., 1993, "Knowledge based augmented reality", Communications of the ACM, Vol. 36, pp. 52-62.

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S. Feiner, M. Macintyre, D. Seligmann, "Knowledge based augmented reality" in Communications of the ACM, 36:53-61, 1993.

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