Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M., 1980, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... view of HCI design In several books published over the last two decades, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson have presented an alternative view of meaning, one that casts a completely different light on the role and importance of metaphor from that assumed in traditional HCI design [19] 20] 21] [22]. At the same time, they manage to avoid the problems of both objectivism and pure subjectivism. According to Lakoff and Johnson, metaphor is much more than a linguistic and rhetorical device. They argue that we always think metaphorically, that our everyday experiences are shaped by three kinds ....

Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

....nominal compounds using a taxonomy has been explored and reported elsewhere [13] We propose treating many novel cases of metonymy in the following way: 1. Where,patterns of metonymy can be identified, such as using a description of a part to refer to the whole (and other patterns identified in [17]) pro compile chains of relations between classes in the domain model, e,g. PART OF A B) where A and B are concepts. 2. In processing an input, when a selection restriction on an NP fails, record the failed restriction with the partial interpretation for possible future processing, after all ....

Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M.. Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1980.

....How are these concepts relevant to map like interfaces to abstract information If spatial metaphors represent a useful basis for the design of user interfaces, then geographic concepts dealing with space should be given serious consideration. As for metaphors, the work of cognitive linguists [12, 13] has been particularly influential. Couclelis [14] convincingly links those metaphor notions with geographic concepts. She argues that there are three fundamental groups of questions that arise in this endeavor: questions regarding the meaning of geographic concepts in visual representations of ....

G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By. Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1980.

....in the dictionary. In this paper, I focus on the problem of augmenting the power of a somantic knowledge base used for language analysis by means of melaphorical mappings. The pervasiveness of metaphor in every aspect of human communication has been convincingly demonstrated by Lakoff and Johnson [4], Ortony [6] Hobbs [3] and many others. However, the creation of a process model to encompass metaphor comprehension has not been of central concern From a computational standDoint, metaphor has been viewed as an obstacle, to be tolerated at best and ignored at worst. For instance, Wilks [9] ....

....and accurate interpretations of linguistic utterances. 2. Recognition vs. Reconstruction The Central Issue There appear to be a small number of genral metaphors (on the order o fifty) that pervade commonly spoken English. Many of these were identified and exemplified by Lakoff and Johnson [4]. For instance: more is up. less.is.down and the condut metaphor Ideas are objects, words are containers, communication consists of putting objects (ideas) into containers (words) sending the containers along a conduit (a communications medium. such as speech, telephone lines, newspapers, ....

Lakoff. G. and Johnson, M., Metaphors We Live By, Chicago University Press, 1980.

....use the phrase efficiency of language to highlight the situation dependent reusability of words and utterances [10] Given the utterance and context that we described, the groundings listed above are sufficient. Other senses of words may be metaphoric extensions of these embodied representations [11]. Fig. 1. Ripley has 7 degrees of freedom powered by series elastic actuators enabling it to manipulate objects in a 3 foot radius workspace. The perceptual system includes stereo vision, audition, touch and proprioceptive sensors, and a sense of gravity. The camera and microphones are placed on ....

G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

....enables us to address, for example, differences in top down (managers) and bottom up (workers) perspectives as firms attempt to articulate and implement new visions of knowledge work. Metaphors allow people to express their understanding of one thing through the symbol associated with another [6, 28]. They therefore provide a window into the cognitive interpretations made by participants of their activities. By focusing on metaphors that describe interactions among organizational actors, our approach provides a useful means to characterize the commonalities among different complex sequences ....

Lakoff, G., and Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

....if an end of file is received. Thus, new data will be found when it is available. IV. VISUAL METAPHOR We are currently focusing on the exploration and analysis of Internet traffic as measured at an administrative boundary, such as an enterprise firewall. Following the work of Lakoff and Johnson [3] we use the systematicity of metaphorical concepts to motivate, inform and structure the encoding of f r External Address Space r max min Coordinates for external IP address A.B.C.D: Altitude # = A 90 Azimuth # = B Fig. 5. Layout of External, Untrusted, Address Space Fig. 6. ....

G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago Press, 1980.

....world that exists inside a computer as distinguished form the real world. We know that humans make pervasive use of metaphor to structure their understanding of the world, especially (though not exclusively) those facets of the world which are removed from immediate, bodily experi ence. [7] If names reflect programmer understanding, then that metaphors and metaphorical mappings should play an important role in name selection. As an illustrative example, consider the collection of functions listed in Figure 1. These functions are part of the GNOME project, a collection of software ....

G. Lakoff and M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1980.

.... A container affords putting things into and out of it, whereas a surface enables support (i.e. to put things onto and off the surface) The spatial concepts of containers and surfaces are among the image schemata that were identified by cognitive linguists as basic categories of human experience [23, 28] and their importance was emphasized by a study of image schemata in children s books, which revealed that containers and surfaces are the first and most frequent spatial concepts taught [12] A basis for a formalization of the semantics of these image schemata is an understanding of the behaviors ....

G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1980.

....user interfaces have employed metaphor to improve the users level of understanding. Metaphors are concepts with which humans associate specific basic tasks, because they map from a source domain, which the user is presumably familiar with, to a target domain, which the user is trying to master [1]. Additionally, a metaphor can be extended to include concepts that are not in the source domain, but that improve the usability of the final product, without disrupting ones understanding of the metaphor [2] In order for a metaphor to be effective for a particular target domain, there must be a ....

....a cube is only a representation of data, without any knowledge about their presentation to the users. The structure of a cube was chosen for several reasons. One is that cubes are very basic to human understanding of spatial relationships, which are also probably acquired through bodily experience [1], and to graphic communication [32] Consider that most humans as children experience learning through building blocks, and it becomes clear that cubes are appropriate as objects for spatial manipulations. Cubes afford stacking them [29] and, therefore, provide a strong clue to the operation ....

G. Lakoff & M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (1980), University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

....believe makes it so interesting and useful. Here, we survey some of the most closely related work. Generalizing from a set of known examples, as we attempt to do in this paper, is a central problem in machine learning. Analogical reasoning is central to problem solving, learning, and creativity [19, 31, 33]. For this reason, a goal from the early days of artificial intelligence has been to build systems able to reason by analogy; early works include Evan s ANALOGY program [15] and Winston s seminal work on finding and exploiting parallels in simple theories [52] In this paper, we propose a novel ....

G. Lakoff and M. Johnson. Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1980.

....to do it in a principled and systematic way. The standard non standard distinction must not be confused with productive uses of language. Consider the use of see to mean understand . There is a substantial literature on the productive or semi productive process underlying the meaning transfer [Lakoff and Johnson1980, Sweetser1990] yet there is nothing non standard about the use of see in I see what you mean . Conversely, productive implies a rule, so to assume that all non standard uses were productive would be to pre judge the issue that the experiment sets out to test. The current experiment calls for ....

Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press.

....that they actually influence our way of thinking. There is a famous paper of Reddy [Reddy 1979] that shows how our beliefs about language and communication are a consequence of the conduit metaphor which is often used by the English speakers when they talk about language. Lakoff [Lakoff 1992, Lakoff et al. 1980] extends the class of cultural metaphors and supports this idea with lots of evidence. It is often the case that metaphors help us grasp abstract concepts by expressing them in terms of more concrete notions. A lot of the words denoting abstract nouns were initially metaphors. The main ....

....is no evidence for the hypothesis that people retrieve the literal meaning of such utterances. The literal meaning 6 may not be processed at all during comprehension 6 Metaphors As Conceptual Phenomena Starting from an idea introduced by Reddy s 1979 paper [Reddy 1979] Lakoff [Lakoff 1992, Lakoff et al. 1980] claims that metaphors happen not at the language level, but rather at the thought level they are general mappings across conceptual domains. A metaphorical expression is a surface realization of a cross domain mapping. Lakoff uses small caps to denote such a (metalinguistic) mapping. He ....

Lakoff G., Johnson M., 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago University Press.

....Gibson s work on affordances [Gibson, 1979] showing that many cognitive tasks are greatly simplified by relying on information already in the world, instead of complex internal representations. Work in cognitive linguistics showed that many basic metaphors rely on innate sensory motor schemas [Lakoff and Johnson, 1980]. The sociologist Lucy Suchman [Suchman, 1987] showed that plans as actually used can have structure and execution very different from that postulated by [Miller et al. 1960] Francisco Varela (1946 2001) Evan Thompson, and Eleanor Rosch (a biologist, a philosopher, and a psychologist, all ....

Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago.

.... (2) categorizing each sense of voil based on its own behavior, rather than trying to determine a single grammatical class for it (van Oosten 1986) and (3) determining the systematic relations between the different senses of a given word, including metaphor, metonymy, and constructional grounding (Lakoff and Johnson 1980, Sweetser 1990, and Johnson 1998) Our goal is to: 1) give semantic, pragmatic, and syntactic descriptions of the multiple senses of voil; 2) show how some syntactic properties follow from semantic and pragmatic properties; and (3) show how the independent senses are related or independently ....

Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

.... (Fauconnier, 1996) There have been several different theories about metaphors and their use, where metaphors have been described as something to be used for rhetorical purposes, as a decoration of language, as a way to create mental model (Black 1979) or even as the basis of all human thinking (Lakoff and Johnson 1980). Metaphors and Tropes Classic Rhetorical Tools The first theory that we know on metaphors was presented by Aristotle, who saw metaphor as a rhetorical phenomenon. By using one concept, or word, to indicate another one a discourse could be made in a more exiting and elegant way. The metaphor ....

Lakoff G., Johnson M.: Metaphors we live by, The University of Chicago Press, 1980.

.... being there [2, 28] A primary function of metaphor is to provide a partial understanding of one kind of experience in terms of another kind of experience, providing a common ground for understanding situations and for selecting appropriate actions, thus offering a shared scaffold for activities [16]. There are a number of props in the room with obvious physical analogues. Group members are represented as static photographic avatars; these avatars are static gesturally, but may be moved anywhere in the represented room. To move avatars, group members can simply point and click where they ....

Lakoff G. and Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live By, The University of Chicago Press, 1980.

....How are these concepts relevant to map like interfaces to abstract information If spatial metaphors represent a useful basis for the design of user interfaces, then geographic concepts dealing with space should be given serious consideration. As for metaphors, the work of cognitive linguists [12,13] has been particularly influential. Couclelis [6] convincingly links those metaphor notions with geographic concepts. She argues that there are three fundamental groups of questions that arise in this endeavor: a) questions regarding the meaning of geographic concepts in visual representations ....

Lakoff, G., and Johnson M. Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1980.

....concepts of social navigation. We can then offload some of the cognitive burden of remembering where we are onto the rich fount of information available directly and indirectly from the space and the people residing and acting within it. Experientialism In the early 80s, Lakoff and Johnson [25] offered a new vision of cognitive processes as the capacity of projecting from a given domain, the well known, to a new domain. the less known. This capacity, of applying partial mappings between domains, is usually described as metaphor. What Lakoff and Johnson have shown is that metaphor is not ....

Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By. 1980, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M., 1980, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

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Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980) Metaphors We Live By, University of Chicago Press

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Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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Lakoff, G., and Johnson, M. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

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G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1980.

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Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press.

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G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By. Univ. of Chicago Press, 1980.

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Lakoff G. and Johnson. M., Metaphors We Live By. Univ. of Chicago Press, 1980.

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Lakoff G. and Johnson. M., Metaphors We Live By. Univ. of Chicago Press, 1980.

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Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Illinois: University of Chicago Press.

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Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. (1980b). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.

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Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chigaco, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.

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G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1980.

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Lakoff, G., Johnson, M.: Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press, Chicago/London (1980).

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G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, 1980.

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G. Lakoff, M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1980.

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Lakoff, G., and Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1980.

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G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live by. University of Chicago Press, 1980.

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Lakoff, G., and M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1980.

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Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M.: Metaphors We Live By. Chicago University Press (1980)

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G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live by. University of Chicago Press, 1980.

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Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

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Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live by. The University of Chicago Press.

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Lakeif, G. and Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill. 1980.

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Lakoff, G., Johnson, M. (1980), Metaphors we Live By, University of Chicago Press.

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