Bower, G.H., Black, J.B., and Turner. T. Scripts in memory for text. Cognitive Psychol. 11 (1979). 177-220.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....rainfall; if the input value of rainfall is less than zero, prompt the user for a new rainfall. FIGURE 1. Sample Buggy Program schemata as units of mental organization that play the same type of role in reading and writing stories as plans play in reading and writing computer programs (e.g. [3, 4, 9, 26]) Thus, there is a substantial body of psychological research that underlies the goal plan idea. Goals and plans can be given more concrete realizations. For example, the plan that reads in and sums integers, stopping when 9999 is input is called the SENTINEL CONTROLLED RUNNING TOTAL LOOP ....

Bower, G.H., Black, J.B., and Turner. T. Scripts in memory for text. Cognitive Psychol. 11 (1979). 177-220.

....are also briefly discussed. Knowledge Digraph Contribution Analysis 2 Semantic and syntactic relationships among propositions have been shown to play a crucial role in describing how people understand (e.g. Kintsch van Dijk, 1978; Kintsch, 1988; Trabasso Magliano, 1996) recall (e.g. Bower, Black, Turner, 1979; Graesser, 1978; Graesser et al. 1980; Jarvella, 1971; Stein Glenn, 1979; Trabasso van den Broek, 1985; Varnhagen, 1991) summarize (e.g. Kintsch van Dijk, 1978; Rumelhart, 1977; van den Broek Trabasso, 1986) and answer questions about texts (Graesser Clark, 1985; Graesser Hemphill, ....

.... which are explicitly mentioned within a particular text (but could also include implicitly referenced propositions as well) For example, the conceptual graph structures described by Graesser Clark (1985) the goal hierarchy of Lichtenstein Brewer (1980) and the scripts described by Bower, Black, Turner (1979) are examples of special types of knowledge digraphs. Another important example of a knowledge digraph is the causal network described by Trabasso, van den Broek, and their colleagues (Trabasso van den Broek, 1985; van den Broek, 1988, 1990) Such causal networks are created by examining the ....

Bower, G. H., Black, J. B., & Turner, T. J. (1979). Scripts in memory for text. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 177--220.

....is stored in the location slot as an A entry structure. The slot instantiations are represented in the slot value pair list, associating every slot with its appropriate instantiation(s) The slot value takes the form of an A entry structure referring to the corresponding A entry in 5 Bower, Black, Turner (1979) distinguish between irrelevant information and script interruptions. Similarly, Brewer Nakamura (1984) draw a distinction between schema irrelevant and schema inconsistent information. Within these terminologies we classify the to be added actions as irrelevant and the to be substituted actions ....

.... of slotfillers occuring as predicates in slot restrictions as schema related, features incompatible with these predicates as schemainconsistent, and the remaining features as schema irrelevant information, our findings agree with previous findings concerning other aspects of schemata (e.g. Bower, Black, Turner, 1979; Graesser, Gordon, Sawyer, 1979; Graesser, Woll, Kowalski, Smith, 1980; Smith Graesser, 1981; Friedman, 1979) A translation of this conceptualization into representational assumptions could be done in analogy to the SP T hypothesis by Graesser and colleagues. Schema related information, ....

Bower, G. H., Black, J. B., & Turner, T. J. (1979). Scripts in memory for text. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 177-220.

....track, fast food track and a coffee shop track for the restaurant script, with slightly different events. Script theory is attractive because it separates a fairly well defined, managable part of cognition. Scripts are intuitively plausible and well supported by experimental evidence (Bower et al. 1979). They also provide a computational theory, similar in spirit to the frame theory of representation in artificial intelligence (Minsky, 1981) The basic idea behind both is schematic knowledge: people organize knowledge about familiar objects, events and situations in terms of prototypes, or ....

Bower, G. H., Black, J. B., and Turner, T. J. (1979). Scripts in memory for text. Cognitive Psychology, 11:177--220.

....parser. They may appear slightly out of order without much problem. The story parser is still able to generate the correct slot filler representation for the story, and in the paraphrase, the events appear in normal order. This behavior matches human performance in recalling script based stories [3]. However, the hidden layer pattern does undergo a subtle change as more events are input. If an event appears very far from its correct place, the network will have trouble interpreting it. The problem is even worse if the role bindings are established out of order: parsing input story: JOHN ....

G. H. Bower, J. B. Black, and T. J. Turner. Scripts in memory for text. Cognitive Psychology, 11:177-- 220, 1979.

....bindings fixed, there is no way of knowing which events were actually mentioned in the story. What details are produced in the paraphrase depends on the training of the output networks. This result is consistent with psychological data on how people remember stories of familiar event sequences (Bower et al. 1979). The distinction of what was actually mentioned and what was inferred becomes blurred. Questions or references to events that were not mentioned are often answered as if they were part of the original story. 10.8 Further extensions to script processing architecture Question answering can be ....

Bower, G. H., Black, J. B., and Turner, T. J. (1979). Scripts in memory for text. Cognitive Psychology, 11:177--220.

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Bower, G.H., Black, J.B., & Turner, T.J. (1979). Scripts in memory for text. Cognitive Psychology 11: 177-220.

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G. H. Bower, J. B. Black, and T. J. Turner. Scripts in memory for text. Cognitive Psychology, 11:177--220, 1979.

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