Hayes-Roth, B., Brownston, L., and van Gent, R. Multiagent collaboration in directed improvisation. Stanford University Report KSL-94-69, 1994.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....the agents act, the agents also have to have knowledge of norms and values and how these may be expressed. This means the agents have to be of type IV. Examples of this type of research include the Oz project at CMU ( 5] the Agents group at MIT ( 51] the Virtual Theatre project at Stanford ([41]) the work by Rizzo et.al. 62] and commercial activities such as Virtual Personalities (http: www.vperson.com) The research projects mentioned do have an account of the role of emotions and social norms in agent behavior, but do not have agents that are norm autonomous in the sense as ....

Hayes-Roth, B., Brownston, L., and, van Gent, R., "Multi-agent collaboration in directed improvisation", in: Proceedings of the first international conference on multi-agent systems, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1995.

....research on creating believable agents that can respond to situations with emotions that mimic our own. An obvious application of this ability and a good testing ground for it is in storytelling, particularly drama. Groups like the Oz project [1,2] and the Virtual Theater (formerly CAIT) project [4,6] have made advances in doing interesting and believable storytelling with software agents. However, research on creating similar behavior in embodied agents is far less widespread. This is unfortunate, because characters that are physically present have a compelling sense of reality that is much ....

....response behavior continues. This rule gives the inner obstacles a chance to change in response to the situation or decay into a different state. This method of interaction is dissimilar to the approach taken by the CAIT system, which is based on the accept all offers principle of improvisation [4]. Considering that our architecture is made to support plays where the characters have conflicting goals, the ability to not respond or to respond unfavorably to a behavior is important. If a responding behavior isn t triggered, all of the available behaviors are searched through and the one with ....

Hayes-Roth, B. and Brownston, L. 1994. Multi-Agent Collaboration in Directed Improvisation. Stanford University: Technical Report KSL-94-61, October 1994.

....For example, a wingman must have the same knowledge of doctrine and tactics as the lead, as well as track the progress of the group during a mission, so that the wingman can take over when necessary. Other researchers have used knowledge for driving coordination. One example is the work of Hayes Roth, Brownston, and van Gent (1995) on improvisational characters. However, to date, improvisational agents (and other work using knowledge for coordination) do not appear to require as extensive a background knowledge or communication repertoire for coordination as is required in this domain. Soar directly supports extensive ....

B. Hayes-Roth, L. Brownston, and R. van Gent. Multiagent collaboration in directed improvisation. In Proceedings of the First International Confernce on Multi-Agent Systems, pages 148--154, Menlo Park, PA, June 1995. AAAI Press / The MIT Press.

.... some because they perform the role of an intelligent assistant (Boy 1991, Maes 1997) some because they can migrate in a self directed way from computer to computer 4 BRADSHAW (White 1996) some because they present themselves to users as believable characters (Ball et al. 1996, Bates 1994, Hayes Roth, Brownston, and Gent 1995); some because they speak an agent communication language (Genesereth 1997, Finin et al. 1997) and some because they are viewed by users as manifesting intentionality and other aspects of mental state (Shoham 1997) Out of this confusion, two distinct but related approaches to the definition of ....

....humanoids, robots, and science fiction creatures, are a useful starting point for software agent designers wanting to plumb the cultural context of their creations. The chapter Information beyond computers in Lubar (1993) provides a useful grand tour of the subject. See Ford, Glymour, and Hayes (1995) for a delightful collection of essays on android epistemology. 2. This is perhaps an overstatement, since researchers with strong roots in artificial life (alife) and robotics traditions have continued to make significant contributions to our understanding of autonomous agents (Maes 1993; Steels ....

Hayes-Roth, B.; Brownston, L.; and Gent, R. V. 1995. Multiagent Collaboration in Directed Improvisation. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS-95), ed. V. Lesser, 148--154. Menlo Park, Calif.: AAAI Press.

.... increases in applications that use cooperative agents working towards a common goal, and as more agents are built that cooperate as teams, such as in virtual training [143] Internet based information integration [35] ROBOCUP robotic and synthetic soccer [149] and interactive entertainment [66]) so it becomes more important to understand the principles that underpin cooperation. As discussed in section 2.1, planning for a single agent is a process of constructing a sequence of actions considering only goals, capabilities and environmental constraints. Planning in a MAS environment, on ....

B. Hayes-Roth and L. Brownston. Multiagent collaboration in directed improvisation. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS-95), pages 148--154, San Francisco, CA, June 1995.

....and express emotion, and the ability to respond to human users in an interpretable way. In addition, it is desirable for a character to be able to IMPROVISE on an abstract specification of an act that it intends to perform, either by its own volition or under the direction of another agent [Hayes Roth and Brownston, 1994, Hayes Roth et al. 1995] Here, we argue that linguistic style is a key aspect of character, previously ignored, and present a theory of, and algorithms for, Linguistic Style Improvisation by computer characters. Linguistic Style Improvisation (henceforth LSI) concerns the choices a speaker ....

....power variable can affect Laszlo s choice among the forms in 2; if he believes he is more powerful than the waiter he may say 2a or 2b; but if he believes he is less powerful he may say 2d. Our work on Linguistic Style Improvisation is most similar to Hayes Roth s work on directed improvisation [HayesRoth and Brownston, 1994, Hayes Roth et al. 1995] In her work, directions to computer characters are abstract representations of acts that the characters can improvise on and header: REQUEST ACT(speaker, hearer, action) precondition: WANT(speaker,action) CANDO(hearer,action) decomposition 1: ....

Barbara Hayes-Roth and Lee Brownston. Multiagent collaboration in directed improvisation. Technical Report KSL 94-69, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, 1994.

....characteristics are self explanatory and do not need further mention. With respect to cost of failure, an example of a domain with high cost of failure is air traffic control [16] On the other hand, the directed improvisation domain considered by Hayes Roth et al. has a very low cost of failure [17]. In this domain, entertainment agents accept all improvisation suggestions from each other. The idea is that the agents should not be afraid to make mistakes, but rather should just let the words flow [17] Several multiagent systems include humans as one or more of the agents. In this case, ....

....improvisation domain considered by Hayes Roth et al. has a very low cost of failure [17] In this domain, entertainment agents accept all improvisation suggestions from each other. The idea is that the agents should not be afraid to make mistakes, but rather should just let the words flow [17]. Several multiagent systems include humans as one or more of the agents. In this case, the designer must consider the issue of communication between the human and computer agents [18] Another example of user involvement is user feedback in an information filtering domain [19] Decker ....

B. Hayes-Roth, L. Brownston, and R. van Gent, "Multiagent collaboration in directed improvisation," in Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS-95), (Menlo Park, California), pp. 148--154, AAAI Press, June 1995.

....draw inferences about the character and the personality of the speaker. Thus, algorithms for LSI are important for any domain in which agents speak, such as characters for interactive drama systems, multimodal interface agents and spoken dialogue agents(CPB 94; LB95; RWS 94; MDBP94; HRB94; Kam95) Our work on LSI draws from two theoretical bases: computational work on speech acts(All79; Coh78; header: request act(speaker, hearer, action) precondition: want(speaker,action) cando(hearer,action) decomposition 1: surface request(speaker,hearer,action) decomposition 2: ....

.... utterances are in the main pre scripted (BL93) or generation does not focus on variations in linguistic style(CPB 94) Hayes Roth s work on improvisation does allow for linguistic variation, but this arises by selection from a finite set of forms, and again no generative mechanism is given(HRB94; HRBS95) However this work provides a useful set of requirements for improvisation mechanisms of computer characters(HRBS95) which our mechanisms for LSI satisfy: 1. Interesting variability in a character s interpretation of a given direction on different occasions; 2. Random variability in the ....

Barbara Hayes-Roth and Lee Brownston. Multiagent Collaboration in Directed Improvisation. Technical Report KSL 94-69, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, 1994.

.... In contesti non cooperativi pu o essere particolarmente interessante includere nel bilancio decisionale dell agente gli scopi tipici di differenti personalit a Il riferimento a caratteristiche di personalit a si sta facendo strada nell ambito della ricerca sui cosiddetti believable agents (BA, [5, 11]) La believability si riferisce alle caratteristiche di un agente creato in modo da produrre in uno spettatore l illusione di avere di fronte a se un essere animato , capace di pensare, emozionarsi, provare sentimenti per gli altri, etc. Le future applicazioni dei BA riguardano principalmente ....

B. Hayes-Roth, L. Brownston, and R. vanGent. Multi-agent collaboration in directed improvisation. In First International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems, San Francisco, 1995.

....layer in InteRRaP receives and acts on the perceptual data (see Figure 8) Therefore to achieve coordination in TouringMachines, Ferguson has control rules capable of suppressing the input to a certain layer, much similar to the suppression inhibition mechanisms in the subsumption architecture. Hayes Roth s (1995) integrated architecture for intelligent agents consists of two layers: the physical layer which performs perception action coordination, i.e. it senses, interprets, filters and reacts to the dynamic environment in which the agent is embedded; the cognitive layer receives perceptual input from the ....

....situated behaviour while the cognitive layer performs some longer term, deliberative planning and scheduling, drawing from the evolving model. Though the Hayes Roth (1991) paper was largely a design proposal (aiming to provide sophisticated adaptive, intelligent, versatile and coherent agents) HayesRoth (1995) reports that the architecture has not only been implemented, but has also been used to implement several experimental agents. For example, she reports on an agent, Guardian, which has been constructed for one niche Intensive Care Unit (ICU) monitoring. Guardian is currently able to monitor on ....

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Hayes-Roth, B. Brownston, L. & van Gent, R. (1995), "Multiagent Collaboration in Directed Improvisation", In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS-95), San Francisco, USA, June, 148-153.

.... et al. 1995; Rao et al. 1993) interactive education (for instance, in virtual historical settings, Pimentel Teixeira, 1994) internet based information integration (Williamson, Sycara, Decker, 1996) RoboCup robotic and synthetic soccer (Kitano et al. 1995, 1997) interactive entertainment (Hayes Roth, Brownston, Gen, 1995; Reilly, 1996) and potential multi robotic space missions. Teamwork in such complex, dynamic domains is more than a simple union of simultaneous coordinated activity. An illustrative c fl1997 AI Access Foundation and Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. All rights reserved. Tambe example provided by ....

....in response to unexpected changes in environmental conditions. Operationalizing general models of teamwork, such as STEAM, necessitates key modifications in the underlying agent architectures. Agent architectures such as Soar (Newell, 1990) RAP (Firby, 1987) PRS (Rao et al. 1993) BB1 (Hayes Roth et al. 1995), and IRMA (Pollack, 1992) have so far focused on individual agent s flexible behaviors via mechanisms such as commitments and reactive plans. Such architectural mechanisms need to be enhanced for flexible teamwork. In particular, an explicit representation of mutual beliefs, reactive team plans ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Hayes-Roth, B., Brownston, L., & Gen, R. V. (1995). Multiagent collaboration in directed improvisation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS-95).

....characteristics are self explanatory and do not need further mention. With respect to cost of failure, an example of a domain with high cost of failure is air traffic control [63] On the other hand, the directed improvisation domain considered by Hayes Roth et al. has a very low cost of failure [35]. In this domain, entertainment agents accept all improvisation suggestions from each other. The idea is that the agents should not be afraid to make mistakes, but rather should just let the words flow [35] Several multiagent systems include humans as one or more of the agents. In this case, ....

....improvisation domain considered by Hayes Roth et al. has a very low cost of failure [35] In this domain, entertainment agents accept all improvisation suggestions from each other. The idea is that the agents should not be afraid to make mistakes, but rather should just let the words flow [35]. Several multiagent systems include humans as one or more of the agents. In this case, the designer must consider the issue of communication between the human and computer agents [71] Another example of user involvement is user feedback in an information filtering domain [27] Decker ....

Barbara Hayes-Roth, Lee Brownston, and Robert van Gent. Multiagent collaboration in directed improvisation. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS95) , pages 148--154, Menlo Park, California, June 1995. AAAI Press.

....1989; Rosenschein Kaelbling, 1986; Schoppers, 1986 . Integration of perception, thought, and action Chrisman Simmons, 1991; Hayes Roth, 1993c; Washington Hayes Roth, 1989 . Reconfigurable components of expertise Hayes Roth, etal, 1995a, b . Coordination of multiple tasks and goals Hayes Roth, 1989; 1994 . Following instructions Gans etal, 1990; Hayes Roth, 1986; 1994; Huffman, 1994; Webber etal, 1993 . Conversation Grosz Sidner, 1988; Moore, 1994 . Multi agent cooperation Charib draa, 1992; Durfee, 1991; Gasser Huhns, 1989; Lesser Corkill, 1987; Sycara, 1989 Thus, in a ....

....of perception, thought, and action Chrisman Simmons, 1991; Hayes Roth, 1993c; Washington Hayes Roth, 1989 . Reconfigurable components of expertise Hayes Roth, etal, 1995a, b . Coordination of multiple tasks and goals Hayes Roth, 1989; 1994 . Following instructions Gans etal, 1990; Hayes Roth, 1986; 1994; Huffman, 1994; Webber etal, 1993 . Conversation Grosz Sidner, 1988; Moore, 1994 . Multi agent cooperation Charib draa, 1992; Durfee, 1991; Gasser Huhns, 1989; Lesser Corkill, 1987; Sycara, 1989 Thus, in a metaphorical sense, intelligent agents are now very much on stage in the ....

Hayes-Roth, B., Brownston, L., and van Gent, R. Multiagent collaboration in directed improvisation. Stanford University Report KSL-94-69, 1994.

.... to these systems, we are using them as prototype environments for children s learning through creative play [1, 3, 12, 13, 14] In another study, we are investigating how different physical configurations of system components might impact on the nature of the collaborative process and product [8]. Other potential applications of improvisational agents include: multi player games [6] avatars for on line environments, character based computer toys, interactive stories [2] and high level authoring environments for animated films [15] ....

Hayes-Roth, B., Brownston, L, and van Gent. Multi-agent collaboration in directed improvisation. Proc. of the First Int. Conference on Multi-Agent Systems. San Francisco, 1995.

....and the situation in their virtual world. Characters should surprise game players by improvising different courses of behavior in similar situations on different occasions. We believe that game characters possessing these capabilities will enable the creation of several engaging new game genres [4, 6, 8, 9]. In this paper, we illustrate this potential with three prototypes. Improv Puppets improvise interactions with one another based on real time directions from players. Improv Actors improvise different interpretations of scenarios designed and provided in advance by game designers or players. ....

Hayes-Roth, B., Brownston, L, and van Gent. Multi-agent collaboration in directed improvisation. Proceedings of the First Int. Conference on Multi-Agent Systems. San Francisco, 1995.

....deeply on issues of negotiation and planning of interactions to optimize individual and joint returns on that costly investment. By contrast, good improvisers do not negotiate or plan their interactions; like LC and SC, they simply cooperate, wholeheartedly, as best they can, at every opportunity [19]. Finally, improvisational characters must exhibit improvisational expertise. Most prior work on intelligent agents focuses on their competence at performing some work related job and especially their success in achieving well defined goals. By contrast, directed improvisation is explicitly ....

Hayes-Roth, B., and Brownston, L. Multiagent collaboration in directed improvisation. Stanford University Report KSL-94-69, 1994.

....directions, adapts to the dynamic situation, and otherwise may vary under the weak heuristic constraints of effective improvisation. Because we have discussed the general properties of directed improvisation elsewhere [8 10, 12 15] we only excerpt that material here. As in all improvisation [1, 3, 9, 16, 17, 18, 21], directed improvisation requires the actors to work cooperatively, constantly adapting to one another s behavior, as well as to other features of the dynamic situation. The most fundamental rule of improvisation is that actors should accept all offers , and, conversely, not block your partner. ....

Hayes-Roth, B., Brownston, L, and van Gent. Multi-agent collaboration in directed improvisation. Proc. of the First Int. Conference on Multi-Agent Systems. San Francisco, 1995.

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