R. Dawkins, The selfish gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... case) and subsequent evaluation of the phenotype (here: structure) For details we refer to the literature, e.g. 8, 9, 10] tial geometry [11, 12] On the other hand in the context of combinatorial optimization and molecular biology an essentially graph theoretical formalism has been developed [13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. The physics of disordered systems is commonly described in the language of statistical mechanics [18] The few examples mentioned in the previous paragraphs emphasize the fact that landscapes have the real valued function f : X R in common, while the structure of the underlying configuration ....

....a constrained stack is a continuous transition, while closing the same stack is not continuous; thus phenotype spaces are typically not symmetric. 6 VALLEYS OF LANDSCAPES Descriptions of fitness landscapes usually contains terms such as local minimum , saddle point , valley , or ruggedness [13, 17]. Many of these concepts have natural topological counterparts. Adaptive walks, for instance, correspond to monotonic continuous functions of the form (X, cl) Below we discuss just two topics in some more detail: local minima and saddle points. We assume throughout this section that (X, cl) ....

Kau#man, S., The Origin of Order . New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

....that are capable, with no explicit outside help, of improving their performance whilst pursuing their goals. Next, we must consider how the knowledge comes into being. In addition to Bateson [15] we may also find evidence of knowledge generation mechanisms in Prigogine [21] and Kauffman [22], the latter saying: Organisms and other entities which interact with their worlds are likely to couple to those worlds in such a way that smooth classification occurs, and the world is seen as relatively stable. Then the knower should not be chaotic, nor should its classification, the known ....

S.A. Kauffman The Origins of Order: Self Organization and Selection in Evolution, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, pp234

....checklist. 3. MODELS OF KNOWLEDGE We shall first consider various contemporary models of knowledge. Ontological views Polanyi [3] arranged knowledge on a continuum from tacit to explicit; from tangible and which could be expressed, to intangible and retained in the mind of the knower. Choo [4] added cultural knowledge, the basis for what we deem fair and trustworthy. Vasconcelos et al. [5] classify knowledge by replacing Polanyi s continuum with a dichotomy, and adding another level to further categorize tacit and explicit knowledge. Considering knowledge practically, Demarest [6] ....

C.W. Choo, The Knowing Organization, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

....function log(11 tilltO is bounded, and therefore o( If, t) s(t)l v which is (5) as we wished to show. Remark 1: The theorem holds even ff f is discontinuous (but still of bounded variation) In this case, the proof of (7) is somewha longer and requffes the second mean value theorem [9]. From that point on, tbe arguments are similar, and therefore, for brevity, we limited ourselves to the continuous case. Remark 2: Note that (5) and (6) involve fm, which is a bandlimited approximation to f and a sampling sum whose coefficients are values of f itseft. As w grows, f becomes an ....

E. C. Titc, hmarsh, The Theory of Functions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

....ways of elucidating how inner states can influence the behavior of agents. In fact, it does not take much to see that agents with inner states are in some sense more powerful than agents without inner states: the latter can keep track of with the views of the classical ethologists [10] and [18], in particular, the views that the overall behavior of an agent can be understood as the interplay of many less complex behaviors that are arranged hierarchically. I am not only reluctant to call these states emotional states , because they do not correspond to any of the widely accepted ....

Tinbergen, N.: The study of instinct. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press (1951)

....[14] in which he proposes the following Schlussregel : If it is proved that the formula A(z) is a true numerical formula for each given numeral z, then the formula #xA(x) may be admitted as an initial formula. Godel reviewed this paper and, in the introductory note to the review in [9], Feferman discusses the question of whether or not Hilbert was here reacting to Godel s incompleteness theorems. But, more to the point, he notes that the principle in question is mis named the # rule. In the first place, the formula A(x)istobequantifier free; in fact, it is to be the ....

K. G odel, Collected works, vol. i, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

....Systems Institute 24 Mt. Auburn St. Cambridge MA, yaneer necsi.org and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA ABSTRACT . A historical dispute in the conceptual underpinnings of evolution is the validity of the gene centered view of evolution (Dawkins, 1989; Sober and Lewontin, 1982) We transcend this debate by formalizing the gene centered view as a dynamic version of the mean field approximation. This establishes the conditions under which it is applicable and when it is not. In particular, it breaks down for trait divergence which ....

....competing against. In the gene centered view the genes serve as indivisible units that are preserved from generation to generation. In e#ect, di#erent versions of the gene, i.e. alleles, compete rather than organisms. It is helpful to explain this using the rowers analogy introduced by Dawkins (Dawkins, 1989). In this analogy boats of mixed left and right handed rowers are filled from a common rower pool. Boats compete in heats and it is assumed that a speed advantage exists for boats with more same handed rowers. The successful rowers are then reassigned to the rower pool for the next round. Over ....

Dawkins, R. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd edn. (1989).

....Corpus Encoding Overview Corpus encoding is meant to enrich the raw text material with explicitly encoded information which represents the interpretation of various text elements and features. We decided to apply the Corpus Encoding Standard (CES: IDE et al. 1996) which is an application of SGML (GOLDFARB 1990) and defines a set of guidelines for corpus annotation especially tailored for language engineering. So called document type definitions (DTDs) are provided, which specify what pieces of information can be encoded in the corpus and what their relative collocation must be. CES distinguishes primary ....

GOLDFARB, Charles F. (1990): The SGML Handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

....re ective equilibriumlevel.Intheseandmany otherinstancesphilosophers 5 oftensimplyadoptthere ective equilibriumapproach withoutany explicit methodologicaldiscussion. IdonotwanttogivetheimpressionthatIthinkeveryonehasabandoned specialfoundationalisminethics.Some Kantianapproaches(Gewirth,1978; Nagel,1970;Korsgaard,1996)seemtohave triedtoprovidea foundational justiflcationforethics.But Ibelieve thatworkinethicsincreasinglyrejects specialfoundationalism.Perhapsitisboringforme tomentionthis;itis soobvious.Whateverinterestithasmay be due totheway Neurathian proceduresand re ective ....

Nagel,T.,(1970).The PossibilityofAltruism.Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press.

....CA 94720 3880, Email: charness econ.berkeley.edu, Brit Grosskopf, Department of Economics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Ramon Trias Fargas 25 27, 08005 Barcelona, Spain, Email: grosskop upf.es 1 I d rather be a big enchanted prince in a small pond than a small enchanted prince in a big pond. Frank (1985), secondary source) 1. INTRODUCTION Subjective states of mind are often not directly observable, but can be quite important in personal interactions and as determinants of economic activity. A large body of laboratory experiments has shown that people do not always choose to maximize their own ....

....differences in relative payoffs that is, if their own monetary reward is unaffected, people prefer payoff equality to payoff disparity. However, there is little unconfounded experimental evidence in support of this view. The presumption is that many people are concerned with social comparisons. Frank (1985) points out that people s concerns about where they stand on the economic totem pole shape people s behavior in systematic, observable, and often unexpected ways. But what is the source for this posited inclination toward social comparisons Can we determine which factors affect the degree of ....

Frank, R., Choosing the Right Pond, 1985, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

....main stress is not completely predictable in German loan words. Main stress is assigned close to the right edge of the prosodic word to one of the last three syllables of the word (cf. Wurzel 1970, 1980a, 1980b; Benware 1980; Giegerich 1985; Hayes 1986; Eisenberg 1991; Vennemann 1990; Fry 1995; Wiese 1996; Alber 1997a for a discussion of main stress assignment in loan words) A possible analysis of main stress assignment is to say that in one class of words stress is placed on the head of the rightmost trochee, for another class of words it must be assumed that constraints of the NONFINALITY type ....

Wiese, Richard (1996): The Phonology of German. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

....[1] For small sized matrices the eigenvalues can be computed by the QR method (see [2] but this is not feasible for large matrices. A method which is often used in practice to compute a few extreme eigenvalues of large sparse symmetric or Hermitian matrices is the Lanczos method (see, e.g. [2, 8, 14]) The approximations of the eigenvalues obtained with the Lanczos method (the Ritz values) lie between the smallest and largest eigenvalue of the original matrix and one would like to know whether the largest (or smallest) Ritz value is sufficiently close to the largest (or smallest) eigenvalue ....

J.H. Wilkinson: The Algebraic Eigenvalue Problem. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1965.

.... to the dipole approximation case, which is simpler, and for which the assertion of discontinuity was already made [1,2] From a theorem of Poincar e [3] it follows that suitably normalized solutions of the Schrodinger equation are analytic in energy, and hence another well established theorem [4,5] guarantees that reduced matrix element integrals over such a wave function are continuous functions of continuum energy. In Sect. III we consider the Coulomb dipole case. An analytic expression for the nonrelativistic Coulomb matrix element of photoeffect, even including retardation, has been ....

.... Phi El is an entire function of the parameter p j p 2ME, in the complex plane of p, because it satisfies the radial Schrodinger equation, in which the coefficients are analytic in p (simply E) with a boundary condition (17) in which the parameter p does not appear. ii) Another theorem [4,5] states that if an integrand is analytic in a parameter, the integral, if uniformly convergent, is an analytic function of the parameter. This may be used to deduce the analyticity of the reduced matrix element (16) in p. The integrand is an analytic function of k in the complex p plane for every ....

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Titchmarsh, E.C.: The Theory of Functions, 2 nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1939, Ch. II

....forty such parallel lines of evolution leading to the development of eyes [2] The reason for the emergence of remarkably similar phenotypes in distinct (and distant) genotypes is simple: a high cost benefit ratio for owners that live on the same ecological niche. However, as has been argued [3], the process of survival of the fittest is not restricted to physiological and anatomical adaptations, such that behavioral adaptations also converge. Consider, for instance, the Griffiths Triangle [4] shown on fig. 1. The triangle positions predatory species according to the costs associated ....

R. Dawkins, The Extended Phenoype. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.

....(MA) 37, 38] are population based heuristic search approaches for combinatorial optimization problems based on cultural evolution. They are in some respects similar to genetic algorithms (GAs) which simulate the process of biological evolution. MAs are inspired by Dawkins notion of a meme [9] defined as a unit of information that reproduces itself while people exchange ideas. In contrast to genes, memes are typically adapted by the people who transmit them before they are passed on to the next generation. According to Moscato and Norman [38] memetic evolution can be mimicked by ....

R. Dawkins, The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.

....and reusable representations for educational media that can support advanced functionality while being downwards compatible with the HTML based browsers that are rapidly becoming ubiquitous. SHARED INFORMATION OBJECTS The representations are based on Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)[1] and Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) 2, 3] SGML focuses on document structure and KIF focuses on semantics; this is why both are required. Syntactic Foundation. HTML has raised the lowest common denominator of shareable documents to one that includes basic typographical structure. However, ....

C. Goldfarb. The SGML Handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.

....legend as it is narrated in The Aeneid by the Roman poet P. Virgilius Maro: Mercatigue solum, facti de nomine Byrsam Taurino quantum possent circumdare tergo. They bought a space of ground, which (Byrsa called, from the bull s hide) they first enclosed. translated by J. Dryden (p. 144, [23]) GENERALIZED ISOPERIMETRIC PROBLEM The Phoenician princess Dido fled from her brother, the tyrant Pygmalion. Dido and her companions chose a good place on the north coast of Africa (at present the shore of the Gulf of Tunis) and wanted to found a settlement there. Among the natives there was ....

The works of Virgil. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961.

....this paper we study both pseudospectra of A as well as pseudospectra restricted to so called invariant subspaces, and we also compare these sets. Apart from pseudospectra we also consider various condition numbers related to A. The condition number of an eigenvalue, introduced by Wilkinson [30] in 1965, measures how much this eigenvalue may change under small perturbations of A. It is obvious that there is a relation between these condition numbers and pseudospectra, and we will discuss this in more detail. If the condition number of an eigenvalue is very large, it may be difficult or ....

J.H. Wilkinson: The Algebraic Eigenvalue Problem. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1965.

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