S. D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. A. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt, "Multiple description wavelet based image coding," IEEE Transaction on Image Processing 9, pp. 813--826, May 2000.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....design idea, the Scaling Hadamard transform for equal rate channels and the Scaling DST transform for sequential protection channels. 1. INTRODUCTION Multiple Description Coding (MDC) has recently been shown to be effective as a diversity technique for robust communication over erasure channels [2, 3, 4]. The problem of two description coding was first formulated by E1 Gamal and Cover [5] Different MDC systems have since been proposed in the literature, which include the design using a Multiple Description Scalar Quantizer, MDSQ) 6, 3] and the design using a correlating transform [2, 7, 1, 4] ....

.... technique for robust communication over erasure channels [2, 3, 4] The problem of two description coding was first formulated by E1 Gamal and Cover [5] Different MDC systems have since been proposed in the literature, which include the design using a Multiple Description Scalar Quantizer, MDSQ)[6, 3] and the design using a correlating transform [2, 7, 1, 4] In this paper we study a Multiple Description Trans form Coding (MDTC) system as shown in Fig. 1 [8] The input data is first decorrelated using T (e.g. KLT DCT) After quantization, another transform T2 is applied to recorrelate the ....

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S. D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. Vaishampayan, and K. Narstedt, "Multiple description wavelet based image coding," in ICIP'98, 1998.

....the central distortion is trivial to satisfy, then the index assignment in [2] finally degenerates into two identical descriptions, which only uses the main diagonal (Fig. 2(a) But in fact this is not optimal in rate distortion sense. The staggered index assignment illustrated in Fig. 2(b) see [4]) is more e#cient. In particular, consider the case when the central quantization step size of the staggered index assignment is half that of the central step size used in Fig. 2(a) Then the rates and side distortions of the two quantizers are equal, but the central distortion using the staggered ....

S.D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V.A. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt, "Multiple description wavelet based image coding," IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 813--826, May 2000.

....5 The results of two descriptions are plotted and the comparison with a recent MDSQ based MDC wavelet coder by Servetto et al. 7 is also given. With a fixed total coding rate, our MDC coder achieves better rate distortion performance in the whole redundancy range. 38 i 1 Polyphase : Results [7] 3o 25 30 35 40 Side distortion D s (dB) 34 24 22 o e2 r 3 4 Numb of packets lost Figure 5. Experimental results with Lena gray level image. a) Two descriptions. Polyphase (1) plain polyphase transform. Polyphase (2) zerotree polyphase transform. b) Performances with independent ....

S. D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt, "Multiple description wavelet based image coding," in ICIP'98, 1998.

....arrived to destination, initial quantization is reconstructed. Otherwise, if one description is erased, the available information is the coefficient of either a line or a column. For scalability management and priority weighting between layers (subband of image) several matrices are used in [6]. 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 0 Reception1 Reception 2 Decoding 1 and 2 Fig.1. Indexation matrix with 3 possible reception scenarii When all the traffic gets the same priority the quality transmission is only due to network load. ....

S.D.Servetto,K.Ramchandran,V.A.Vaishampayan,andK.Nahrstedt,"Multiple description wavelet based image coding," IEEE Trans. On Image Processing,vol.9, pp. 813--825, may 2000. 9

....layers. Moreover, losses cannot be concealed when part of the base layer is lost, resulting in poor decoding quality. PROC. IEEE INT L CONF. ON MULTIMEDIA EXPO, 2002. In contrast, MDC divides image data into equally important streams. For subband coded images using MDC, scalar quantizers [2] have been designed in order to produce two descriptions using two side scalar quantizers. These schemes, however, have very complicated encoding and decoding algorithms that make them infeasible for low delay transmissions. Receiver based recovery is usually formulated as heuristic optimizations ....

S. D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. A. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt, "Multiple description wavelet based image coding," IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, vol. 9, pp. 813-826, May 2000.

....of visual information over packet networks. This type of coding offers a high degree of resilience to losses and delays, the two most common channel impairments of packet based wired networks. Several methods for MD coding of images and video have been introduced in the past several years [1] [5] In this paper we investigate the combined use of domain based MD coding [4] and FEC based MD coding [5] Domain based MD coding is a combination of dispersive packefizafion and error concealment. Data is partitioned so that any missing samples are surrounded with many available ....

S. D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. A. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt, "Multiple Description Wavelet Based Image Coding;' IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 813-826, May 2000.

....the intersection of the two bins. As a side comment, we note that this type of coding can also be used for error detection if the bins whose indices are received do not overlap, we know that error has occurred in at least one description. MDSQ has been applied to subband wavelet image coding in [6]. The approach proposed in [6] is as follows. An MD quantizer pair is applied to each subband of a subband decomposed image, creating two descriptions of each coecient in the . rst step. In the second step, some erasure resilient code (e.g. Reed Solomon code) is applied to each description of a ....

....As a side comment, we note that this type of coding can also be used for error detection if the bins whose indices are received do not overlap, we know that error has occurred in at least one description. MDSQ has been applied to subband wavelet image coding in [6] The approach proposed in [6] is as follows. An MD quantizer pair is applied to each subband of a subband decomposed image, creating two descriptions of each coecient in the . rst step. In the second step, some erasure resilient code (e.g. Reed Solomon code) is applied to each description of a coecient. Codes are selected ....

S.D.Servetto,K.Ramchandran,V.A.Vaishampayan,andK.Nahrstedt, "Multiple description wavelet based image coding," to appear in IEEE Trans. Image Proc., 2000.

....Both approaches, however, have been criticized, either because not all network protocols support prioritization, or because of the bandwidth inefficiency of FEC. Recognizing the limitations of layered transmission, the second group of methods for robust image video transmission emerged recently [5, 6, 7, 8]. These methods are particularly suitable for networks that do not support prioritization. Since in this case all packets are treated equally, the goal is to produce packets that are equally important for visual quality. Several ways of achieving this have been proposed. In multiple description ....

....suitable for networks that do not support prioritization. Since in this case all packets are treated equally, the goal is to produce packets that are equally important for visual quality. Several ways of achieving this have been proposed. In multiple description scalar quantization (MDSQ) in [5], each coefficient is quantized using several interleaved quantizers, thereby producing several coarse descriptions. Combining all the received descriptions results in a finer quantization scale and gives better image quality than any single description. In [6] a method called packetized This ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

S. D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. A. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt, "Multiple description wavelet based image coding," to appear in IEEE Trans. Image Proc., June 2000.

....with some distortion. The case where no packet is received is ignored to maintain the analogy with the classical MD problem and because the source coding in that case is irrelevant. A recent surge of interest in multiple description coding seems to be due primarily to this application (see [1] 7] [10]) and yet the present work is among the first to effectively use more than two packets [11] 14] Retransmission of lost packets, when feasible, is an effective technique for maintaining constant quality despite losses. The use of a retransmission protocol, such as TCP [15] requires at a minimum ....

....than 1 (other operating points are not shown) with centroid reconstruction there are only three useful operating points. Fig. 4(b) clearly indicates the deficiency of UMDSQ in providing useful operating points for low base rates and redundancies. Applications of MDSQ are described in [7] 37] [10]. Joint optimization of an orthogonal transform and MDSQ is discussed in [38] For the purposes of this paper, it is sufficient to note that an identity transform is optimal for a source vector with independent components. Note that Batllo and Vaishampayan use the term multiple description ....

S. D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt. Multiple-description wavelet based image coding. In Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Proc., Chicago, October 1998.

.... hard to achieve in real time, and that suboptimal approaches, such as A2 index assignment [12] introduce a large overhead in bit rate [13] A recent approach along this line produces two descriptions by choosing one index assignment per subband and by encoding explicitly this choice as map bits [8]. However, the 3 authors pointed out that the extra complexity involved in choosing the optimal index assignment for each subband was not worthwhile for the marginal improvement in image quality. Further, the complicated decoding algorithms make it infeasible for real time delivery. In short, ....

S. D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. A. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt. Multiple description wavelet based image coding. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 9:813-826, May 2000.

....considered the case of two descriptions. Theoretical results for the achievable rate region include results in [44, 79] Currently the achievable rate distortion is completely known only for the two channel memoryless Gaussian source. Recent work in the area of multiple descriptions includes [80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87]. Previous work on MD coding includes methods which allow a wide range of redundancy levels to be introduced across a small set of descriptions (usually two descriptions) The MD scalar quantizer in [45] uses an index assignment to map a regular quantizer index to a pair of indices with a ....

S. D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt, "Multipledescription wavelet based image coding," Proceedings International Conference on Image Processing, vol. 1, 1998, pp. 659--663. 128

....considered the case of two descriptions. Theoretical results for the achievable rate region include results in [44, 79] Currently the achievable rate distortion is completely known only for the two channel memoryless Gaussian source. Recent work in the area of multiple descriptions includes [80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87]. Previous work on MD coding includes methods which allow a wide range of redundancy levels to be introduced across a small set of descriptions (usually two descriptions) The MD scalar quantizer in [45] uses an index assignment to map a regular quantizer index to a pair of indices with a ....

....a small set of descriptions (usually two descriptions) The MD scalar quantizer in [45] uses an index assignment to map a regular quantizer index to a pair of indices with a selectable amount of redundant coding between them. Application of MD scalar quantizers to image coding is considered in [85] including some discussion of extensions to more than two descriptions. The first part of [85] considers the application of the usual twodescription MD scalar quantizers to generate two descriptions. The method is extended to many descriptions by applying FEC coding to the output of MD scalar ....

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S. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt, "Multiple description wavelet based image coding," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing (to appear).

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S.D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V.A. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt. Multiple description wavelet based image coding. IEEE Trans. Image Processing, 9(5):813--826, May 2000.

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S. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt. Multiple Description Wavelet Based Image Coding. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, May 2000.

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S. D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. A. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt. Multiple Description Wavelet Based Image Coding. IEEE Trans. Image Proc., 9(5):813-826, 2000.

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S. D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. A. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt. Multiple Description Wavelet Based Image Coding. IEEE Trans. Image Proc., 9(5):813--826, 2000.

....a similar problem and proposed a solution that combines the use of an orthogonal block transform and of the MDSQ [2] As in the memoryless case, this system has some good asymptotic properties. At low rates, however, except for some practical results obtained in the context of still image coding [24], much less is known. Note that Batllo and Vaishampayan use the term Multiple Description Transform Coder (MDTC) to refer to this system. From now on, we will also use that name to refer to their system. D. Contributions and Paper Organization In this work we consider sources with infinite ....

S.D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V.A. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt. Multiple description wavelet based image coding. IEEE Trans. Image Processing, 9(5):813--826, May 2000.

....in the middleware systems which reside between applications and OS. The network and OS solutions definitely help, but they may not be easily and rapidly deployed, hence they may not keep up with the explosive growth of the Internet. The application level solutions, such as adaptive source coding [38] and tightly coupled application control of critical QoS parameters [8] yield (1) complex implementation of applications, and (2) difficult adjustment or full re implementation of applications to new devices, and their underlying operating systems and networks. In recent years, middleware ....

S. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt. Multiple Description Wavelet Based Image Coding. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, May 2000.

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S. D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. A. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt, "Multiple description wavelet based image coding," IEEE Transaction on Image Processing 9, pp. 813--826, May 2000.

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S. D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. A. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt, "Multiple description wavelet based image coding," IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 813--826, 2000.

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S.D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt, "Multiple description wavelet based image coding," IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 9, pp. 813-826, May 2000.

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S. D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt, "Multiple description wavelet based image coding," in Proc. ICIP'98, pp. 659--663.

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S.D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V.A. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt. Multiple description wavelet based image coding. IEEE Trans. Image Processing, 9(5):813--826, May 2000.

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S. D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt, "Multiple-description wavelet based image coding," in Proceeding of ICIP-98, vol. 1, pp. 659-663, (Chicago, IL), Oct 1998.

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S. D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran, V. A. Vaishampayan, and K. Nahrstedt, "Multiple Description Wavelet Based Image Coding," IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 813-826, May 2000.

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