M.D. Swanson, B. Zhu, A.T., Boney, L.: Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking. Elsevier Signal Processing, Special Issue on Copyright Protection And Access Control 66 (1998) 337--335 Home/Search Document Details and Download
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Blind detection of multiple Audio Watermarks - Michael Arnold Zongwei (Correct)
....has to be substituted by the integration of a psycho acoustic model. The integration of a psycho acoustic model allows to shape the watermark according to the masking phenomena. This allows the minimization of audible distortions parallel to the maximization of the energy content of the watermark [12] [9] Since the embedding of the different bits of the watermarks is performed in different time slices the necessary precondition for reading the watermark is an exact synchronisation. To improve the detection speed in case of cropping a synchronisation watermark can be used in a pre processing ....
M. D. Swanson, B. Zhu, A. H. Tewfik, and L. Boney. Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking. Signal Processing, 66(3):337--355, May 1998. 8
Audio Watermarking Using DC Level Shifting - Uludag, Arslan (2001) (Correct)
....This requirement necessitates the utilisation of human sensory models (HVS: Human Visual System, HAS: Human Audible System. and characteristics in watermark embedding process. More information about watermarking in general and audio watermarking can be found at [3] 4] 5] 6] 7] and [8]. 2. TERMINOLOGY Several techniques related to digital watermarking are: Steganography relies on embedding the secret information in unsuspected data and generally used in secret point to point communication between communicating parties. This technique is not robust to attacks. Watermarking ....
M.D. Swanson, B. Zhu, A.H. Tewfik and L. Boney, "Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking," Signal Processing 66(1998), pp. 337-355.
Spread-Spectrum Watermarking of Audio - Kirovski, Malvar (2003) (Correct)
....December 1, 2002; revised December 2, 2002. The authors are with Microsoft Research, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052, USA. E ml: darkok, malvar microsoft. corn techniques explore the fact that the HAS is insensitive to small amplitude changes, either in the time [4] or frequency [5] 6] [7] domains, as well as insertion of low amplitude timedomain echoes [8] Information modulation is usually carried out using: SS [9] or quantization index modulation (QIM) 10] The main advantage of both SS and QIM is that WM detection does not require the original recording, and that it is ....
....where the elements :ci are independent identically distributed (i.i.d. Gaussian random variables, with standard deviation o a: i.e. ci iV(O, o a: Because :c actually represents a collection of blocks of samples from an appropriate invertible transformation on the original audio signal [5] [7], 9] such modeling is arguable and is further discussed in Section V. A watermark is defined as a direct SS sequence w, which is a vector pseudo randomly generated in w C 1 N. Each element w is usually called a chip. WM chips are generated such that they are mutually independent with ....
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M.D. Swanson, B. Zhu, A. H. Tewfik, and L. Boney, "Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking," Signal Processing, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 337355, 1998.
Real-Time Implementation for Digital Watermarking.. - Mizrahi.. (Correct)
....attempts to remove it. In addition, the watermark should be able to resolve multiple ownership claims (known as the deadlock problem) by using the original signal (i.e. the unmarked signal) in the signature detection process. In order to meet the above demands, perceptual masking is used [1,2], both in the frequency domain (using a psycho acoustic model) and in the time domain. The added signature is signal dependent, and thus is inaudible as well as robust enough to survive attempts to destroy it. The audio signal is divided into segments. For each segment a local key is calculated ....
M. D. Swanson et al., "Robust Audio Watermarking using Perceptual Masking", Signal Processing 66, 1998
Audio Watermark Robustness to Desynchronization via Beat.. - Kirovski, Attias (Correct)
....out such a task [21] Watermarking Technologies. Audio watermarking schemes rely on the imperfections of the human auditory system (HAS) 11] Numerous data hiding techniques explore the fact that the HAS is insensitive to small amplitude changes, either in the time [2] or frequency [5] 19] [23] domains, as well as insertion of low amplitude time domain echoes [7] Information modulation is usually carried out using: direct sequence spread spectrum (SS) 24] or quantization index modulation (QIM) 4] The main advantage of both SS and QIM is that WM detection does not require the ....
....where each element xi E x is a normal independent identically distributed (i.i.d. random variable with standard deviation Crx, i.e. xi if(O, Crx) 2 Signal x actually represents a collection of blocks of samples from an appropriate invertible transformation on the original audio signal [5] [23], 24] Modeling x with a gaussian is relatively accurate because at detection time samples with redundant WM information are averaged regardless of the pdf of a single sample, due to the Central Limit Theorem their sum quickly takes the looks of a gaussian. A wate raark is defined as a direct ....
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Swanson, M.D., Zhu, B., Tewfik, A.H., Boney, L.: Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking. Signal Processing, vol.66, pp.337-355, (1998).
Audio Watermarking Used In Musical Pieces Indexing - Caccia Lancini Ludovico (Correct)
....response equal to time reversal of the embedded signal, namely a correlation receiver. Figure 2 The watermarking process can be viewed as a transmission system. 2.1. Watermarking Insertion Phase The watermarking insertion phase is the first step of the process and embeds the information [11] in the audio data. The inserted watermark is the code identifying the track according to the database. These data are inserted in the PCM sample of the original audio signal. The watermarking technique we implemented is shown in Figure 3, it provides very good results both from the subjective and ....
M.d. Swanson, B. Zhu, A. H. Tewfik and L. Boney, Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking, Signal Processing, vol.66, pp.337-355, 1998
Embedding and Detecting Spread Spectrum Watermarks Under The .. - Kirovski, Malvar (2002) (Correct)
....remove a direct sequence SS watermark. 1. INTRODUCTION Audio watermarking schemes rely on the imperfections of the human auditory system (HAS) Numerous secret hiding techniques explore the fact that the HAS is insensitive to small amplitude changes, either in the time [2] or frequency [4] [9] domain. Information modulation is usually carried out using: SS [4] or quantization index modulation (QIM) 3] It is important to review the disadvantages that both methods exhibit: the marked signal and the watermark (WM) have to be perfectly synchronized at WM detection, by breaking a ....
Swanson, M.D., Zhu, B., Tewfik, A.H., Boney, L.: Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking. Signal Processing, 66 (1998), 337-355.
Performance Evaluation of Digital Audio Watermarking Algorithms - Gordy, Bruton (Correct)
.... and frequency hopped spread spectrum (DSSS and FHSS) techniques spread watermark data using a bipolar pseudorandom (PN) sequence in the spatial or DCT domain, respectively [8] 9] Finally, a complex technique using frequency masking properties of the human auditory system (HAS) was considered [10]. The parameters of each algorithm were adjusted so that the embedded watermark is undetectable to a listener. More comprehensive implementation details may be found in [11] A set of ten wideband audio signals were used as host signals, representing five general classes of music: blues, ....
....Quality Table I shows the signal to noise ratio for the five watermarking algorithms, obtained from each of the watermarked host signals. It is clear that the echo coding, phase coding, and frequency masking algorithms introduce the most distortion into the audio signals. However, as described in [10], the frequency masking technique hides the distortion according to masking properties of the HAS. DSSS and FHSS have a markedly higher SNR, due to the fact that the power of the noise like watermark signal introduced had to be maintained at a very low level [7] 11] D. Computational ....
M. Swanson, B. Zhu, A. Tewfik, and L. Boney, "Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking," Signal Processing, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 337 355, May 1998.
Robust Covert Communication over a Public Audio Channel.. - Kirovski, Malvar (2001) (6 citations) (Correct)
....that can be used for track and other identification purposes. Watermarking schemes rely on the imperfections of the human auditory system (HAS) Numerous secret hiding techniques explore the fact that the HAS is insensitive to small amplitude changes, either in the time [2] or frequency [3] [5] domains, as well as insertion of low amplitude time domain echoes [6] Information modulation is usually carried out using: spread spectrum (SS) or quantization index modulation (QIM) QIM hides data by quantizing a signal using interleaved quantizers, where each of the quantizers is assigned a ....
....watermark is done exhaustively. Nevertheless, complexity is low enough that even a low MIPS embedded device can perform the watermark search in real time. Next, we demonstrate that the use of psycho acoustic filtering, which is essentially a mandatory pre processing step before watermark detection [5], creates a new problem. It imposes that the part of the pseudo randomly generated SS sequence that corresponds to the audible frequency magnitudes has an expected imbalance in the number of one and zero chips. In order to further improve the watermark detection process, we propose an improved ....
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Swanson, M.D., Zhu, B., Tewfik, A.H., Boney, L.: Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking. Signal Processing 66 (1998), 337--355.
Content-Based Digital Watermarking for Compressed Audio - Changsheng Xu Jiankang (2000) (Correct)
....digital audio watermarking techniques mainly focus on uncompressed audio. The methods can be classified into time domain based techniques (Pitas, 1996; Wolfgang Delp 1996) frequency domain based techniques (Cox et al., 1995; Swanson et al., 1996) and time frequency domain based techniques (Swanson et al., 1998). Some of these watermarking techniques can survive compressiondecompression recompression processing. Therefore, one possible method to protect compressed audio is to decompress it first, then embed watermark into decompressed audio, and finally recompress the watermarked decompressed audio. ....
Swanson, M.D., Zhu, B., Tewfik, A.H. & Boney, L. (1998). Robust Audio Watermarking Using Perceptual Masking, Signal Processing, 66, 337--355.
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M.D. Swanson, B. Zhu, A.T., Boney, L.: Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking. Elsevier Signal Processing, Special Issue on Copyright Protection And Access Control 66 (1998) 337--335
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M. D. Swanson, B. Zhu, A. H. Tewfik, and L. Boney, "Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking," Signal Processing, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 337--355, May 1998.
Practical Watermarking Scheme Based on Wide Spread.. - Pateux, Le Guelvouit (2002) (Correct)
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M.D.Swanson,B.Zhu,A.H.Tewfik,L.Boney,Robustaudiowatermarking using perceptual masking, IEEE Trans. Signal Proc.: Special Issue on Copyright Protection and Control 66 (3) (1998) 337--355.
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M.D. Swanson, B. Zhu, A.H. Tewfik, and L. Boney, `Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking,' Signal Processing, vol.66, pp. 337--355, 1998.
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M. Swanson, B. Zhu, A. Tewfik and L. Boney, "Robust Audio Watermarking using Perceptual Masking", Signal Processing, Elsevier Science, 1998, vol. 66, pp 337-355.
Audio Prewhitening Based On Polynomial Filtering - For Optimal Watermark (Correct)
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Mitchell D. Swanson, Bin Zhu, Ahmed H. Tewfik. "Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking", Signal Processing, Vol. 66, pp. 337-355, 1998.
Audio Watermarking for Live Performance - Tachibana (Correct)
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M. D. Swanson, B. Zhu, A. H. Tewfik, and L. Boney, "Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking," Signal Processing 66, pp. 337--355, 1998.
Robust Spread-Spectrum Audio Watermarking - Darko Kirovski And (2001) (2 citations) (Correct)
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M.D. Swanson, B. Zhu, A.H. Tewfik, and L. Boney, "Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking," Signal Processing, vol.66, pp. 337--355, 1998.
Quality Evaluation of Watermarked Audio Tracks - Arnold, Schilz (Correct)
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M. D. Swanson, B. Zhu, A. H. Tewfik, and L. Boney, "Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking," Signal Processing 66, pp. 337--355, May 1998.
Digital Watermarking: A Tutorial Review - Mohanty (1999) (1 citation) (Correct)
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M.S.Swanson, et al., "Robust Audio Watermarking Using Perceptual Masking", Signal Processing, Vol.66, No.3, May 1998, pp.337-355.
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M. Swanson, B. Zhu, A. Tewfik, and L. Boney, "Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking," Signal Processing Journal, vol. 66, pp. 337 355, 1998.
Robust Audio Watermarking for Copyright Protection - Wu, Su, Kuo (1999) (Correct)
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M. Swanson, B. Zhu, A. Tewfik, and L. Boney, "Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking," Signal Processing Journal, vol. 66, pp. 337-355, 1998.
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M. D. Swanson, B. Zhu, A.H. Tewfik and L. Boney, Robust Audio Watermarking Using Perceptual Masking, Special Issue on Watermarking, Signal Processing, volume 66, N3, pp 337-356, Elsevier, May 98
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M. Swanson, et al, "Robust Audio Watermarking Using Perceptual Masking," Signal Processing, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 337--355, May, 1998.
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