Nicholas R. Jennings and Michael J. Wooldridge, editors. Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets. Springer Verlag, , Germany, 1998.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....the metaphors permeate the paradigms. For example, the artificial neural network [28] evolutionary computing [29] and swarm based computing [30] are three computing paradigms that are inspired and permeated by biological metaphors. The metaphors that permeate data flow and agent based computing [31], which are touched upon elsewhere in this thesis in some detail, are described below. 3.3.2.1 The data flow metaphor Data flow is a fairly common computing paradigm for designing and diagrammatically representing programs. A data flow diagram is a network representation of a system that depicts ....

....no agreed upon, formal definition for the term agent in a computational context, a functional definition is provided here through a review of the various characteristics and abilities that have been used to describe agents in research literature. Some of these characteristics and abilities include [31, 32]: the autonomous representation of another entity, the ability to communicate, interact, and collaborate with other entities, the ability to perceive, move through, react to, and alter a complex, dynamic environment, the ability to reason, learn, and adapt, and . the ability to take ....

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N. R. Jennings and M. J. Wooldridge, Eds., Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998.

....include a list of reading to obtain additional information about the various topics discussed above. ffl Multidatabases: 57, 75, 17, 97, 115] ffl Traditional and extended transactions: 46, 35, 57] ffl Workflow modeling and enactment: 26, 40, 44, 2, 67, 86] ffl Agents and multiagent systems: [85, 53, 51, 112, 34, 23] ffl Distributed objects and CORBA: 57, 71, 90] ffl Applications of network computing: 21, 27, 56, 79] ffl Scientific computing: 38, 66, 100, 39] ffl Software and reliability engineering: 47, 12, 62, 63] ffl Performance evaluation: 106, 6, 103] ffl Networking and quality of service: ....

Nicholas R. Jennings and Michael J. Wooldridge, editors. Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, Markets. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997.

....lies the reason for a significant skepticalness of plant operating managers against radical technical innovation. Since the early nineties, cooperative multi agent systems and intelligent agents are of increasing concern with respect to the software engineering of large scale distributed systems [13]. For an efficient introduction and a wide acceptance in the automation domain, new software concepts and software systems based on them have to support legacy systems to a large extent. Thus a number of constraints have to be considered: The new approach has to be adopted in a pragmatic ....

Jennings, N.R. and Woolridge, M.J.: Agent Technology: Foundation, Applications, and Markets. Springer, New York, 1998

....models, implementation issues, often by extension of some objectoriented language etc. Such interest in theoretical research on multi agent systems, and in thereby empowered technologies, is practically very much justifiable, given the wide range of possible applications (cf for a review e.g. [15]) from information management and electronic commerce, to air tra#c control, telecommunications and manufacturing process control systems. What seems to be largely missing in agent research is any systematic attempt to provide a clean semantic approach to agent oriented computing, analogous to ....

Jennings, N.R., and Wooldridge, M.,J., (eds) Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets, Springer, 1998. 3

....intelligent is associated [35] Agents are processes that are autonomous and pro active (capable of making their own decisions when they like) that can interact with objects and services, communicate with other agents and may be mobile. Agents interact with objects. Objects are passive [15]. In other words, an object needs to be invoked in order to perform a function, and performs only during an invocation. Agents, on the other hand, receive messages and autonomously decide if, when, and how to (re )act. The only way for one agent to influence another agent is by sending a message, ....

N. R. Jennings and W. J. Wooldridge, editors. Agent Technology: Foundations, Application, and Markets. SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Germany, 1998.

....follows. First, we motivate our approach by clearly identifying the problems encountered when modeling the reviewing process of a conference. Then we present the framework which is based on Petri nets [25, 26] and inspired by concepts originating from object orientation [8, 27] agent orientation [18], and the language action perspective [14, 34 36] In Section 4, we model the reviewing process using our framework. Finally, we compare the framework with existing approaches and conclude with our plans for future research. 2 Motivating Example: Organizing a Conference The process of selecting ....

....of an entire process are broken up into smaller interacting proclets, i.e. there is a shift from control to communication. The framework is based on a solid process modeling technique (Petri nets [25, 26] extended with 6 concepts originating from object orientation [8, 27] agent orientation [18], and the language action perspective [14, 34 36] In the remainder of this section we present the four main components of our framework: proclets, channels, naming service, and actors. 3.1 Proclets A proclet class describes the life cycle of proclet instances. A proclet class can be ....

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N. Jennings and M. Wooldridge, editors. Agent Technology : Foundations, Applications, and Markets. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998.

....the help of such diagrammatic notations. The method is illustrated by an example of the evolutionary multiagent ecosystem Amalthaea developed at MIT Media Lab. 1. Introduction Agent technology is widely perceived to be a viable solution for large scale industrial and commercial applications [1,2]. However, it has not been widely adopted by IT industry. It has been recognised that the lack of rigour is one of the major factors hampering the wide scale adoption of agent technology [3] Much work has been done on formal modelling of agents rational behaviour by logic systems and game ....

Jennings, N.P, Wooldridge, M.J. (eds.): Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, And Markets. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (1998)

....is confusion over terminology particularly surrounding the term agent . Many similar terms (for example SNMP agents, mobile agents, intelligent agents, agents, BDI agents) are used for different purposes by the two communities. In this article we follow the agent definition given in [Jennings Wooldrige 98] This defini 1. Intelligent Agents for Telecommunications Applications. 2. Distributed Systems: Operations Management. Steven Willmott is a researcher in the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at EPFL Lausanne. His primary research interests centre on the control of distributed systems ....

N. Jennings and M. (eds) Wooldrige. Agent Technology Foundations, Applications, and Markets. Springer/UNICOM, February 1998.

....their actions, while objects remote method invocation does not allow the same level of control. In fact, between agents there occur requests for actions, instead of method invocations. As a second main difference, agent communication languages are independent from applications. As reported in [3], agents provide useful metaphors for describing artificial systems, such as: Open systems, which are dynamically changing because they are based on heterogeneous components, appearing, disappearing and changing behaviour; Complex systems: the agent paradigm provides a way of abstracting and ....

.... new initiatives are starting, including the MASIF proposal of the Object Management Group [6] Target applications developed so far belong to the areas of telecommunications, electronic commerce, manufacturing, industrial process control, air traffic control, entertainment, and also healthcare [3]. Mobile agents add a new property to the ones previously described for generic agents: they can migrate from a system to another, and then operate on the target machine. There are several reasons to do so: distributing the computational load among several nodes; reducing the communication ....

N.R.Jennings, M.J.Wooldridge, Agent Technology Foundations, Applications, and Markets, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1998.

....and to which the predicate intelligent is associated. Agents are processes that are autonomous and pro active (capable of making their own decisions when they like) interacting, and may be mobile. 4 Agents are often related to objects, where the latter are generally considered to be passive [27]. In other words, an object needs to be invoked in order to perform a function, and performs only during an invocation. Agents, on the other hand, receive messages and autonomously decide if, when, and how to (re)act. The only way to influence an agent is by sending requests; the agent stays in ....

....based on the notion of protection domains by which a security policy for accessing local resources can 5 be enforced [21] Only very few systems also provide facilities for protecting mobile agents against hostile hosts [28] 2. 3 Agent Systems Agents are used in a wide variety of applications [27]: process control, manufacturing, air traffic control, information management, electronic commerce, business process management, patient monitoring, health care, games, and interactive theater and cinema. Deploying an agent system (or prototype thereof) includes not only modelling autonomous, ....

N. R. Jennings and W. J. Wooldridge, editors. Agent Technology: Foundations, Application, and Markets. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1998.

....naturally model actors real world entities that can show autonomy and proactiveness. Additionally, social agents naturally model (human) organisations ranging from business structure processes to military command structures. A number of significant applications utilising agent technology [Jennings and Wooldridge, 1998a] have already been developed, many of which are decidedly non trivial, such as the military simulation work undertaken with dMars containing thousands of plans [Tidhar et al. 1998] In this paper we apply intelligent software agents, using the Belief Desire Intention (BDI) model [Wooldridge, ....

N. R. Jennings and M. J. Wooldridge, editors. Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets. Springer, 1998.

....of schema descriptions of heterogeneous information sources for supporting integration and query optimization. Mobile agents are a quite recent technology. They can significantly improve the design and the development of Internet applications thanks to their characteristics. The agency feature [25] permits them to exhibit a high degree of autonomy with regard to the users: they try to carry out their tasks in a proactive way, reacting to the changes of the environment they are hosted. The mobility feature [26] takes several advantages in a wide and unreliable environment such as the ....

Nicholas R. Jennings and Michael J. Wooldridge, editors. Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998.

.... In response to this, many developers are starting to adopt agent oriented architectures, where a system is composed of agents, autonomous entities that can interact in flexible ways, for instance through negotiation, while working towards their goals and reacting to changes in the environment [JW98]. To support the development of agentbased systems, suitable software engineering methods and tools are required. So far, most efforts in this area have been directed at the design phase of software development. In this paper, we focus mainly on the requirements engineering phase Requirements ....

Jennings, N.R. and Wooldridge, M. (Eds.), Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998.

.... and are dealing with software entities, which can act autonomously, communicate with other agents, are goaloriented (pro active) and are using explicit knowledge (Weiss, 1999) They are often used for tasks, which can be hardly solved monolithically and are showing a natural distribution (Jennings Wooldridge, 1998). In these domains agents gain great benefit as they are able to collaborate and solve problems in a distributed manner. This is reached by individual goaloriented behavior of each agent and collaboration using agent communication languages. The individual optimization of each agent should lead to ....

Jennings, N.R. & Wooldridge, M. (Ed.) (1998). Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets.

....and classification of it. These systems need to retrieve, filter, represent and store the information obtained from the Web, Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Conference Copyright 2001 and give this stored information to the user or to other agents in the system [7]. Therefore, it is possible to develop systems that implement specialized agents that could retrieve the information from different sites in the Web (MAPWeb [4] However, if there exist a set of different agents, it is necessary to classify those specialized agents to decide which of them could ....

....work concluded fixing the fuzzy distance like the more appropriate ones for this kind of problems. 3 Evaluation of WebAgent Behavior We are developing heterogeneous software agents (WebAgents) that are specialized in retrieve information about tourism and travel information from the Web [6, 7], once this information is retrieved and filtered is sent to the MetaWebAgent that requested the information. When WebAgents send the founded information a vector is built to characterize the agent request and the actual necessities of the MetaWebAgent. This vector V , represent a set of ....

Jennings N.R., M. Wooldridge. Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets. ISBN: 3-540-63591-2. SpringerVerlag. 1998, pp 3-28.

....Agents provide functionalities as delegation of standard information procedures, e.g. acknowledgements, and highly standardized communication protocols. As a matter of fact the maturity of agent technology is high so that it is predictable that it can be used efficiently in business applications (Jennings, Wooldridge, 1998). The paper will demonstrate this by conceptually applying these technologies to demand chain networks. 3 DEMAND CHAIN MANAGEMENT The current intensive discussion about supply chain management is sometimes underestimating the fact that the customer is the main driver for all sales activities ....

Jennings N.R., Wooldridge, M.J. 1998, Agent Technology: Foundation, Applications, and Markets, (Springer).

....and the Center for Computing Technologies (TZI) of the University of Bremen, Germany. APPLICATION OF CO OPERATIVE AGENTS Since the early 90ies, co operative multiagent systems and intelligent agents are of increasing concern with respect to software engineering of large scale distributed systems (Jennings 1998). However, MAS are not state of the art for industrial applications. For an efficient and accepted application we should determine if MAS are adequate means for modelling organisations and temporary cooperation relations. Therefore it seems to be adequate to determine demands which must be met by ....

Jennings, N.R. and Wooldridge, M.J. (1998). Agent Technology: Foundation, Applications, and Markets. Springer, New York 1998.

....multi agent resource management. The information and agents are supported bya distributed system consisting of workstations and storage devices connected via high bandwidth networks. IDEAL is implemented using the prevalenttechnologies of the Internet, WWW, software agents, and digital libraries [17, 31, 32]. Several characteristics specific to asynchronous learning makemulti agent systems attractive. First, the students of a virtual class on the Internet are widely distributed, and the number of potential participants is large. This renders static and centralized systems inadequate. A distributed ....

N. R. Jennings and M. J. Wooldridge. Agent technology: Foundations, applications, and Markets. Springer, Berlin, 1998.

....can be identified in the last decades within software engineering. Considering the previously mentioned influences, multiagent systems gain increasing interest (Bradshaw, 1997) Multiagent systems, introduced in the late 1980ies, consist of distributed computational entities, the so called agents (Jennings and Wooldridge, 1998). They are comparable to objects but are capable of sensing their environment and reacting according to the situation they find. Agents are goal oriented, i.e. they get tasks and pursue them subsequently. Because agents are situated within a multiagent system with limited resources and because ....

Jennings N.R., Wooldridge, M.J. (1998): Agent Technology: Foundation, Applications, and Markets, New York: Springer.

.... the receiver processor is familiar with the identity of the sender; the communication medium is reliable (i.e. all messages are delivered without failure, being the processor the only error prone element) The value to be agreed upon is typically a binary element taken from the internal [0,1]. This boolean like property enables polls to be conducted by asking each agent for a yes no answer under some prevailing proposal. Multivalue agreement protocols in DS have also been object of study, but their inherent complexity is, as expected, far greater. The way a protocol ows depends, in ....

....platform and a set of protocols, marketplace dealings can be intuitively modeled. The model comprehends either traditional open markets (e.g. sh markets, markets for fruits and vegetables) or more closed and enterprise directed markets (e.g. provisioning in the textile industry and aeronautics) [1]. For a complete simulation and representation of real world markets one must ensure that certain entities, that are traditionally contending for the choice of the clients agents, can reach occasional agreements. These agreements may be tacit or must involve an opinion statement ; i.e. an agent ....

N. R. Jennings and M. J. Wooldridge (editors), Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1998.

....the metaphors permeate the paradigms. For example, the artificial neural network [30] evolutionary computing [31] and swarm based computing [32] are three computing paradigms that are inspired and permeated by biological metaphors. The metaphors that permeate data flow and agent based computing [33], which we touch upon elsewhere in this 8 J. F. HOPKINS AND P. A. FISHWICK paper in some detail, are described below. Lakoff [34] defines a large number of schemas for categorizing metaphors. 3.2.1. The Data Flow Metaphor Data flow is a fairly common computing paradigm for designing and ....

....no agreed upon, formal definition for the term agent in a computational context, a functional definition is provided here through a review of the various characteristics and abilities that have been used to describe agents in research literature. Some of these characteristics and abilities include [33, 35]: the autonomous representation of another entity, the ability to communicate, interact, and collaborate with other entities, the ability to perceive, move through, react to, and alter a complex, dynamic environment, the ability to reason, learn, and adapt, and . the ability to take ....

N. R. Jennings & M. J. Wooldridge, eds. (1998) Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 323 pp.

....K 12 mathematics, OpenMath is the more viable basis for our presentation and exchange layer. 2.2 Semantics of Interaction The second distinction we prose is between the semantics of interaction and that of content. This distinction is inspired by the results from agent oriented programming [JW98, JW00] and is based on the intuition, that all agents (not only mathematical services) should understand the agent interaction language, even if they do not understand the content language, which is used to transport the actual mathematical content. The agent interaction language (interlingua) ....

Nicholas R. Jennings and Michael J. Wooldridge, editors. Agent Technology : Foundations, Applications, and Markets. Springer, Berlin, 1998.

....not add value to the business, but cannot be eliminated yet (as they are required by existing systems) In such cases, new software systems must substantially increase the productivity, quality of service, timeliness and reliability of the organisation. AGENT TECHNOLOGY Jennings and Wooldridge [5] suggest that agent technology is one of the most vibrant and fastest growing areas of information technology . The reason for this intense interest is that the metaphor of autonomous problem solving entities co operating and co ordinating to achieve their desired objectives is an intuitive and ....

Jennings, N. & Wooldridge, M. [Eds.] (1998), Agent Technology -- Foundations, Applications and Markets, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heideberg.

.... on the agent communication language Kqml [12] and the emerging Internet standard OpenMath [8, 28] as a content language (see Figure 1) This layered architecture which re nes the unspeci c application layer of the OSI protocol stack is inspired by the results from agent oriented programming [19, 18], and is based on the intuition, that all agents (not only mathematical services) should understand the agent communication language, even if they do not understand the content language, which is used to transport the actual mathematical content. The agent communication language is used to ....

Nicholas R. Jennings and Michael J. Wooldridge, editors. Agent Technology : Foundations, Applications, and Markets. Springer, 1998. 16

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N. R. Jennings and M. Wooldridge, editors. Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications and Markets. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 1998.

....There has recently been much interest in the use of mathematical logic for developing formal theories of such agents. Much of this interest arises from the fact that rational agents are increasingly being recognised as an important concept in com puter science and artificial intelligence [78, 40]. Logical theories of rational agency view agents as practical reasoning systems, deciding moment by moment which action to perform next, given the beliefs they have about the world and their desires with respect to how they would like the world to be. In this article, we survey the state of the ....

N. R. Jennings and M. Wooldridge, editors. Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications and Markets. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 1998.

....demonstrate the efficacy of the agent oriented software engineering approach [2] the most compelling argument would be to show quantitatively how its adoption improved the development process in a range of (control system) projects. However, although several applications have been deployed (see [3] [4] for overviews) such data are simply not available (as is the case for other contemporary software engineering approaches such as patterns, application frame works, and component ware) Given this fact, the best that can be achieved is a qualitative justification for why agent oriented ....

.... and dyna mism, agent researchers have devised protocols that enable organizational groupings to be formed and disbanded [ 15] specified mechanisms to ensure that groupings act together in a coherent fashion [ 11 ] 10] and developed structures to characterize the macro behavior of collectives [3], 8] Figure 2. Canonical view of an agent based system Drawing these points together (Fig. 2) it can be seen that (i) adopting an agent oriented approach to software engineering means decomposing the problem into multiple, autonomous components that can act and interact in flexible ways to ....

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N.R. Jennings, and M. Wooldridge, Eds., Agent technology: foundations, applications and mar- kets, Springer Verlag, 1998.

....to the theory and practice of intelligent agents, see Wooldridge and Jennings [58] which focuses primarily on the theory of agents, but also contains an extensive review of agent architectures and programming languages. For a collection of articles on the applications of agent technology, see [28]. A comprehensive roadmap of agent technology was published as [27] 9. ....

N. R. Jennings and M. Wooldridge, editors. Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications and Markets. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 1998.

....have a major impact on future generation software ( pervasive in every market by the year 2000 [27] and the new revolution in software [21] there has been no systematic evaluation of why this may be the case. Thus, although there are an increasing number of deployed agent applications (see [37,44] for a review) nobody has systematically analysed precisely what makes the paradigm effective. This is clearly a major gap in knowledge that this paper seeks to address. Secondly, there has been comparatively little work on viewing agent based computing as a serious software engineering paradigm ....

.... with this variety and dynamic, agent researchers have: devised protocols that enable organisational groupings to be formed and disbanded; specified mechanisms to ensure groupings act together in a coherent fashion; and developed structures to characterise the macro behaviour of collectives (see [37,60] for an overview) Drawing these points together (Fig. 1) the essential concepts of agent based computing can be seen to be: agents, high level interactions and organisational relationships (see [14,19,23] for broadly similar characterisations) 3. The case for an agent based approach to ....

N.R. Jennings, M. Wooldridge (Eds.), Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications and Markets, Springer, Berlin, 1998.

....to the theory and practice of intelligent agents, see Wooldridge and Jennings [75] which focuses primarily on the theory of agents, but also contains an extensive review of agent architectures and programming languages. For a collection of articles on the applications of agent technology, see [41]. A comprehensive roadmap of agent technology was published as [40] ....

N. R. Jennings and M. Wooldridge, editors. Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications and Markets. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 1998.

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Nicholas R. Jennings and Michael J. Wooldridge, editors. Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets. Springer Verlag, , Germany, 1998.

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N. R. Jennings and M. J. W. (Editors). Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications and Markets. Springer-Verlag, 2002.

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Nicholas R. Jennings and Michael J. Wooldridge. Agent technology: foundations, applications, and markets. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 1998.

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Jennings, N. R., and Wooldridge, M. J., eds. 1998. Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

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Jennings, Nicholas R. and Wooldridge, Michael J., editors; 1997. Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, Markets. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

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N.R. Jennings and M.J. Wooldridge, editors. Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets. Springer Verlag, 1998.

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N.R. Jennings & M.J. Wooldridge, Agent technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets, Springer, Berlin, 1997.

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Jennings, N. R., Wooldridge, M. (eds.): Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets. Springer-Verlag, March 1998.

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N. R. Jennings and W. J. Wooldridge, editors. Agent Technology: Foundations, Application, and Markets. SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Germany, 1998.

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. Jennings,N.R., Woldridge,M. Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications and Markets. Springer, London, 1998.

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Jennings, N., R., Wooldridge, M., J.: Agent technology : Foundations, Applications, and Markets. Springer-Verlag (1998)

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Nicholas R. Jennings and Michael J. Wooldridge (Ed.), Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets, Springer-Verlag, 1998.

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N.R. Jennings & M.J. Wooldridge, Agent technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets, Springer, Berlin, 1997.

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Jennings, Nicholas R. and Wooldridge, Michael J., editors; 1997. Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, Markets. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

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Nicholas R. Jennings and Michael J. Wooldridge. Agent Technology -- Foundations, Applications and Markets. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1998.

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Jennings, N.R., Woolridge, M.J. (1998). Agent Technology Foundations, Applications, and Markets. (Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag).

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N. R. Jennings and M. J. Wooldridge, editors. Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets. Springer, 1998.

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Nicholas R. Jennings and Michael J. Wooldridge, editors. Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets. Springer, 1998.

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Jennings, N.R., Wooldridge, M.J., Agent Technology: Foundation, Applications, and Markets. New York: Springer, 1998.

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Jennings, N.R., and M. Wooldridge (eds.) (1998b), Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets. Springer Verlag.

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