| Henri Poincar'e. De analysis situ. Journal de l'Ecole Polytechnique, 1895. |
....etc but not tearing nor piercing it. For connected objects, the essential problem here is to define rigorously the notion of a hole in an object and algebraic topology offers several possibilities. It was first done via the notion of fundamental group (a group of paths on a manifold 5 ) in [8], and more generally (and later) by the homotopy groups. This notion is very close to the geometric intuition: A hole is something that prevents a path on a manifold passing on one side of the hole to be continuously deformed into another path passing on the other side of the hole. But it is ....
Henri Poincar'e. De analysis situ. Journal de l'Ecole Polytechnique, 1895.
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