CARD, S. K., ROBERTSON, G. G., AND MACKINLAY, J. D. The Information Visualizer, An Information Workspace. In CHI '91: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (1991), ACM Press, pp. 181--186.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....reality. This is an important area for future research: for effective adaptation, we must know the user perceived effect of any change in polygon count, textures, etc. Similarly, the effect of latency on user satisfaction needs to be quantified. There is a consensus among HCI researchers [62, 12, 69, 13] that there are three important levels of interactive response: perceptual processing (100 ms) immediate response (1 s) and unit task (10 s) However, this does not tell us how to classify interactive operations into these three categories, nor how much fidelity we should sacrifice in ....

Stuart K. Card, George G. Robertson, and Jock D. Mackinlay. The Information Visualizer, an information workspace. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '91), pages 181--188, New Orleans, LA, May 1991.

....can cause difficulties in automated searches of the literature. 2. 1 Origins in Related Fields Information visualisation evolved from scientific visualisation (SV) in the early 1990s, with the first paper to explicitly address IV concerns being the Information Visualizer by Card et al. [31]. The two main differences between the new field and its originator concern the qualities of the data to be visualised, and the type of user who is to view the resulting visualisation. Gershon and Eick [71] also make a third distinction on the different types of task that are likely to be ....

....that contains it. This process is then carried out recursively, dividing the smaller nodes according to their child nodes and so on. The original IV tree hierarchy visualisation was Cone Trees by Mackinlay et al. in 1991 [150] developed as part of the Information Visualizer paradigm at Xerox PARC [31]. A tree structure is displayed in three dimensions in an attempt to increase the number of nodes that can be presented on screen, as shown in Figure 2.1. Groups of links emanating from a particular node to its child node group form a translucent cone, with the child nodes arranged uniformly ....

Card, S. K., Robertson, G. G. and Mackinlay, J. D. (1991). The Information Visualizer, an Information Workspace. Proc. of ACM CHI '91 (April 27 - May 2, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA), ACM Press, 181-188.

....of visualis(z)ation cause difficulties, especially in automated searches. 3. 1 Origins in Related Fields Information visualisation evolved from scientific visualisation (SV) in the early 1990 s, with the first paper to explicitly address IV concerns being Card et al. s Information Visualizer [1]. The two main differences between the new field and its originator concern the qualities of the data that is to be visualised, and the type of user who is to view the resulting visualisation. The first difference concerns the data, which is more abstract than the orthogonal physical data sets ....

....a great deal of effort has been channelled into the visualisation of these information sets in IV. Figure 3.1. Robertson et al. s Cone Tree. The original IV hierarchy visualiser was Cone Trees by Mackinlay et al. in 1991 [23] developed as part of the Information Visualizer paradigm at Xerox PARC [1]. Hierarchical information, more generally known as a tree structure, is displayed in three dimensions in an attempt to increase the number of nodes that can be presented onscreen, as shown in Figure 3.1. Selecting any node would bring that node to the front of the view of the Cone Tree in 7 a ....

Card, S. K., Robertson, G. G. and Mackinlay, J. D., The Information Visualizer, an Information Workspace, in Proc. ACM CHI '91, pp. 181-8, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, April 27 - May 2, 1991. ACM Press.

....specification. Xerox Parc s Information Visualizer, built using the Cognitive Coprocessor architecture, takes advantage of the greater possibilities of 3D with novel means of information presentation, such as the cone tree and the perspective wall, demonstrating the potential of 3D interfaces [29][8][28] 23] MR [34] and Bolio [41] are general purpose packages for building interactive 3D systems using multiple input output devices. MR concentrates on the integration of devices while Bolio focuses on the construction of event driven simulation systems. The object oriented graphical toolkits ....

Card SK, Robertson GG, Mackinlay JD (1991), The Information Visualizer, An Information Workspace. Proc. SIGCHI: 181-188.

....tools that aid in the development of the semantic level of the user interface. Only a few research groups have addressed semantic issues in user interface. Researchers at Xerox have undertaken a program to explore how user interface metaphors lend themselves to various general information domains [3]. Their goal is to develop a rich vocabulary of reusable metaphors. A group at the George Washington University explored separating the semantic level of the user interface from the more concrete levels so that they may be parameterized for different user communities [6, 7] In their research, the ....

S. K. Card, G. G. Robertson, and J. D. Macinlay. The information visualizer, an information workspace. In Human Factors in Computer Systems (CHI'91 Conference Proceedings), pages 181--188, New Orleans, LA, Apr. 1991. ACM.

....in the Human Computer Interaction field. Due to space contraints, we mention only two systems that share some of our goals. The DLITE system [CK 97] provides an interactive workspace for querying documents and organizing search results. The Cat a Cone interface uses the Information Visualizer [CRM96] to present a three dimensional view of category hierarchies and the documents within them. The main difference between these systems and Cextor is that they focus on the user interface issues (good use of visual cues, interactivity, etc. for moderate sized data, while while Cextor focuses on ....

S. K. Card, G. G. Robertson, and J. D. Mackinlay. The information visualizer, an information workspace. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 111--117, Zurich, Switzerland, April 1996.

....design = clarity of reading. Simpleness is another aesthetic preference, not an information display strategy, not a guide to clarity. What we seek instead is a rich texture of data, a comparative context, an understanding of complexity revealed with an economy of means. Some authors (notably [CRM91]) have proposed rich visualizations of complex data, such as the cone tree and the perspective wall, without an explicit underlying data model and query language. To make such techniques part of the tool kit of application designers, we need to integrate them into a data model and to be able to ....

Stuart K. Card, George G. Robertson, Jock D. Mackinlay. The information visualizer, an information workspace. In Proceedings of CHI'91, pages 181-188, 1991.

....Authorities and hubs are mutually dependent: a good authority is a page that is linked to by many hubs, and a good hub is one that links to many authorities. After evaluating items and selecting the interesting ones, users must organize the items for future use. Card, Robertson, and Mackinlay [5] introduced the concept of information workspaces to refer to environments in which information items can be stored and manipulated. A departure point for most such systems is the file manager popularized by the Apple Macintosh and then in Microsoft Windows. Such systems typically include a list ....

....noted that site titles are not accurate descriptors of site content. Finally, tools for managing bookmarks must be well integrated with web browsers. Many researchers have created experimental information workspace interfaces, often designed expressly for web documents. Card, Robertson, and York [5] describe the WebBook, which uses a book metaphor to group a collection of related web pages for viewing and interaction, and the WebForager, an interface that lets users view and manage multiple WebBooks. Mackinlay, Rao, and Card [9] developed a novel user interface for accessing articles from a ....

Card, S.K., Robertson, G.C., and Mackinlay, J.D. The Information Visualizer, an Information Workspace, in Proceedings of CHI'91 (New Orleans LA, April 1991), ACM Press, 181-188.

....data to visualize and how; and . filtering instruments specify queries and display results. A key aspect of these systems is a strong coupling between user actions and system response. In other words, these instruments must have a small temporal offset. For example, in the Information Visualizer (Card et al. 1991b) the instruments used to control Cone Trees and Perspective Walls provide immediate responses and use smooth animations to display changes in visualization parameters. In Dynamic Queries (Ahlberg et al. 1992) double sliders are used to specify the range of query parameters; any change in a ....

Card, S., Robertson, G., Mackinlay, J. (1991). The Information Visualizer, an Information Workspace. In Proc. ACM Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI'91, ACM Press, p.181-187.

....allow the display of tree structured graphs showing all the children of a node in the form of a cone of subsidiary nodes. It is claimed that as many as one thousand nodes may be displayable using Cone Trees without visual clutter, and this is clearly more than could be contained in a 2D layout [3]. There is also experimental evidence that shows that substantially larger graph structures can be viewed in 3D. The motion parallax depth cue that allows us to see 3D structures, if they are rotated, appears to be especially important [17] 7 18 00 8 Parker et al. 3D or 2D One previous major ....

Card, S., Robertson, G.G. and Mackinlay, J. (1991) The Information Visualizer, an Information Workspace. CHI 91 proceedings, 181-188.

....could not freely examine (explore) the structure, and would not be able to see parts of the model in fine detail and also be able to view the entire model from a distance. Three dimensional computer visualization exists in computer games (e.g. DOOM or ASCENT) in the research labs of Xerox (Card, Robertson, and Mackinlay, 1991) and Digital (Najork, 1995) and in VR systems (Benedikt, 1993; Earnshaw and Gigante, 1993) With immersive VR the user is inside a 3 dimensional space. Modeling with VR removes current limitations in algorithm visualization. VR provides users with a stereoscopic view (head mounted display) lets ....

Card, S.K., Robertson, G.G., Mackinlay, J.D. The Information Visualizer, an information workspace. Proceedings of CHI '91, ACM Press, Addison-Wesley Reading, MA. 1991, pp. 181-188.

....again as it approaches full size. The effect would make the menu action seem smoother without increasing the overall duration of the animation. A second example of smoothing is in the interface for information visualisation. The work of George G. Robertson, Stuart K. Card, and Jock D. Mackinlay[17, 40, 57] pioneered the area of 3D information visualisation. The effectiveness of this work relies heavily on good interactive animation. One of the 3D information visualisation tools they developed the Cone Tree [57] which uses smoothly rotating cones to display large hierarchies in a limited space. The ....

....into their application. A description of some examples of animated help is also presented. Finally the Whizz system for building animated interactive applications is described. 2.4.1 Information Visualiser The Information Visualiser, by George G. Robertson, Stuart K. Card, and Jock D. Mackinlay[17], explores a new user interface paradigm that has come into being through exploitation of a new generation of graphical workstations. These workstations can provide cost effective 3D graphical animation on the desktop. The problem domain addressed by the Information Visualiser project is that of ....

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Stuart K. Card, George G. Robertson, and Jock D. Mackinlay. The information visualizer, an information workspace. In Proceedings of ACM CHI'91 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Information Visualization, pages 181--188, 1991.

....effectively. An important category are node and link diagrams (fig. 1(a) Elements are shown as nodes, relations are shown as links from parent to child nodes. Sophisticated techniques have been presented to improve the efficiency and aesthetic qualities of such diagrams, both in 2D and in 3D [7, 5, 1, 2, 8]. Such diagrams are very effective for small trees, but usually fall short when more than a couple of hundred elements have to be visualized simultaneously. The main reason for this limitation is simply that node and link diagrams use the display space inefficiently: Most of the pixels are used as ....

S.K. Card, G.G. Robertson, and J.D. Mackinlay. The information visualizer, an information workspace. In Proc. of ACM CHI'91, Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 181--188, 1991.

.... of the user s spatial perception [33] The limited amount of space available on a desktop screen has been addressed in a number of ways, for instance by the introduction of several separate workspaces [19] or by a variety of information visualization techniques that present data more effectively [10]. Of particular interest for this thesis are those information visualization methods which attempt to expand the area available for showing information, through the introduction of visual distortion; notable examples include the Bi Focal display (which was part of Spence and Apperley s vision of ....

Card, S.K., Robertson, G.G. and Mackinlay, J.D. The Information Visualizer, an Information Workspace. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference of Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '91), pp. 181-186, ACM Press, 1991.

....views are capable of representing large, non hierarchical information spaces. Other early visualization work emerged from a trio of individuals, Card, Robertson and Mackinlay, at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) Cone trees (Robertson, 1991) the Perspective Wall (Mackinlay, Robertson, Card, 1991) and the 3D Information Visualizer Workspace (Card, Robertson, Mackinlay, 1991) were projects in information visualization carried out by these individuals. The types of visualizations they created are best at depicting hierarchical, tree type data relationships. These early prototypes include ....

....information spaces. Other early visualization work emerged from a trio of individuals, Card, Robertson and Mackinlay, at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) Cone trees (Robertson, 1991) the Perspective Wall (Mackinlay, Robertson, Card, 1991) and the 3D Information Visualizer Workspace (Card, Robertson, Mackinlay, 1991) were projects in information visualization carried out by these individuals. The types of visualizations they created are best at depicting hierarchical, tree type data relationships. These early prototypes include many of the features desirable for creating interactive, graphical sitemap tools. ....

Card, S. K., Robertson, G. G., & Mackinlay, J. D. (1991). The Information Visualizer, An Information Workspace. Proceedings of ACM CHI '91 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 181-188.

....of complex information spaces has become one of the hot topics in scientific visualization. Over the last few years many techniques have been developed for visualizing different types of information. Among these are techniques for visualizing and interacting with hierarchies like Cone Trees [6] or Disc Trees [8] which use horizontal and vertical cones or discs to layout the hierarchies. FSN [15] and Information Pyramids [1] exploit the metaphor of 3D information landscapes to depict large hierarchies. Other approaches such as Treemaps [9] and Cheops [4] are well known 2D techniques ....

S. K. Card, G. G. Robertson, J.D. Mackinlay. The Information Visualizer, An Information Workspace. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI'91 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, (New Orleans, LA, April 1991), pp. 181-188

....using emerging technologies to manage the complexity inherent in accessing and utilizing such vast quantities of information. A key observation is that information in an information system has a cost structure, that is, a set of different costs for the information in different parts of the system [3]. Information retrieval and other information handling systems reorganize this cost structure of information relative to some task. For example, retrieving paper documents from filing cabinets and placing them on a desk reduces the time costs substantially for a task in which the documents must be ....

....a task in which the documents must be repeatedly referenced. A goal in designing information access systems is to rearrange this cost structure in beneficial ways. In previous papers, we have reported the designs of experimental programming systems whose interfaces were designed for this purpose [3][4] But methods are needed for conceptualizing and measuring the abilities of these and other systems to bring about the desired result. In this paper we propose an abstraction, the Cost ofKnowledge Characteristic Function, for characterizing the effect of the design of a dynamic display or ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Card, S. K., Robertson, G. G., and Mackinlay, J. D. The Information Visualizer, an information workspace. In Proceedings of CHI '91 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New Orleans, Louisiana, April 27--May 2,

....and use larger quantities abstract non physical data than were previously possible. Essentially the goal is to engineer external cognition environments by providing dynamic visualizations tuned the user perceptual and cogntive needs. We have been leaders in the development of such systems [1 9]. We have also been leaders in the attempt to develop theories of human machine interaction using such systems [10 16] But these efforts have been hampered by the lack of an ability to observe visual interactions with the display directly. For example, many of our dynamic displays use a ....

S. K. Card, G. G. Robertson, and J. D. Mackinlay, "The Information Visualizer," presented at CHI '92, New Orleans, 1991.

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CARD, S. K., ROBERTSON, G. G., AND MACKINLAY, J. D. The Information Visualizer, An Information Workspace. In CHI '91: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (1991), ACM Press, pp. 181--186.

No context found.

CARD, S. K., ROBERTSON, G. G., AND MACKINLAY, J. D. The Information Visualizer, An Information Workspace. In CHI '91: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (1991), ACM Press, pp. 181--186.

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Card, S., Robertson, G., and Mackinlay, J. (1991). The information visualizer. In Proceedings of CHI '91: ACM conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, (pp. 181-194).

No context found.

Card, S.K., Robertson, G.C., and Mackinlay, J.D. The Information Visualizer, an Information Workspace, in Proceedings of CHI'91 (New Orleans LA, April 1991), ACM Press, 181-188.

No context found.

Card, S.K., Robertson, G.G., and Mackinlay, J.D. The information visualizer, an information workspace. In Proceedings of Human factors in computing systems (CHI 91), pp. 181-186, ACM Press, 1991.

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Card S.K, Robertson, G.G. & Mackinlay, J. D. (1991). The information visualizer, an information workspace. Proceedings of Human factors in computing systems (CHI 91), pp181--186

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S. K. Card, G. G. Robertson, J. D. Mackinlay. The Information Visualizer, an Information Workspace. In Proceedings of ACM Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference (CHI'91), pp. 181-188.

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