J. Beran, R. Sherman, M. Taqqu, and W. Willinger, "Variable-bit-rate video traffic and long-range dependence," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 43, pp. 1566--1579, 1995.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....varies through a 10 minute extract from three videos: Starwars, a Bond movie and the Simpsons cartoon [18] when coded with a constant quantization parameter. It has, in fact, been observed that rate variations in movies persist even as the rate is averaged over increasingly long intervals [1,5]. This property is know mathematically as self similarity or long range dependence and can have serious consequences on the feasibility of multiplexing video sources with performance guarantees [14] One manifestation of long range dependence is that periods when the average rate is high can last ....

....that periods when the average rate is high can last for significant periods of time (see Figure 1) If an overload occurs in a network multiplexer, congestion can persist, notably with unfortunate consequences for video quality. The following is a mathematical definition of long range dependence [1,5]: 0 2 4 6 8 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Constrained VBR Open Loop c (in Mbits s) b(c) in Mbits) up Mbits Figure 2. Burstiness function of Open Loop and Constrained VBR coding Let X i be the size of the i th frame and define the aggregate process X k = k m Gamma1 i=k X i : A ....

J. Beran, R. Sherman, M. S. Taqqu, and W. Willinger. Variable-Bit-Rate Video traffic and LongRange Dependence. Accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Communications, 1992.

....making the traditionally employed models , such as Pois son or renewal processes, of doubtful relevance in deriving design insights. Several analyses of samples of traffic have pointed to the deficiency of traditional traffic models in the new applications context; see, for instance, Beran et al. [4], and Jagerman and Melamed [8] There is a serious need to incorporate exphcit burstiness modelling in the traffic models used for performance analysis. A simple and versatile class of models was in troduced by Cruz [5] and has been further developed by Low and VarMya, 10] 11] Let A be a ....

Beran, J., Sherman, R., Taqqu, M., and Wi!linger, W. (1992). Variable-bit-rate Video traffic and Long-range dependence. Preprint, Bell Communications Ibmsearch, Morristown, NJ.

....a. serious need to incorporate explicit bursiness modelling in the traffic models used for performance analysis in these networks. Several analyses of samples of traffic have pointed to the deficiency of traditional traffic models in the new applications context; see, for instance, Beran et al. [4], and Jagerman and Melamed [6] In this paper we treat the problem of the design of flow controllers that produce output traffic with prescribed constraints on burstiness. To represent burstincas, we employ a simple and versatile class of models which was int. roduced by Cruz [5] and has been ....

Beran, J., Sherman, R., Taqqu, M., and Willinter, W. (1992). Variable-bit-rate Video traffic and Long- range dependence. Preprint, Bell Communications Research, Morristown, ISl Cruz, P.L. (191). A calculus for network delay, part I: network elements in isolation. [EEE Tr. Inf. Th., 37, 114-131.

....inputs, and generates video frames of different size as output. We try to capture the scene level correlation between frames with a simple, two state, discrete time Markov model (Figure 15) because the long term correlation does not have significant impact on cell loss in most traffic situations [2,14,21,27] and the short term correlation can be efficiently captured by Markov models. Moreover, increasing the Markovian order of the model does not improve its correlation behavior significantly [7] Thus we avoid using complex, high order Markov models. 24 I. Cse16nyi, S. Molnar VBR Video Source ....

J. Beran, R. Sherman, M. S. Taqqu, W. Willinger, Variable-Bit-Rate Video Traffic and Long Range Dependence, IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 43, No. 2/3/4 (1995) 1566-1579.

....( 12] 13] 20] 6] 7] and insurance analysis ( 30] 32] Of course, long range dependence was originially considered in hydrology in connection with the Hurst phenomenon. See [21] 22] 4] 5] In telecommunications, long range dependence has been found in video conference data ( [3]) packet counts per unit time in ethernet traffic ( 27] and in bytes per unit time in WWW traffic ( 9] 10] i ii FLUID QUEUES, LEAKY BUCKETS Tails of many teletraffic quantities are heavy and there is suspicion that they are getting heavier as WWW users become more demanding. However, this ....

J. Beran, R. Sherman, W. Willinger, and M.S. Taqqu. Variable-bit-rate video traffic and long-range dependence. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 1993.

....All of them are on off processes. They differ in the distribution of their on time and call holding time (cht, which we will also call flow duration or flow lifetime ) One of these is the two state Markov process used widely in the literature. Recent studies ( LTWW94, DMRW94, PF94, KM94, GW94, BSTW95] have shown that network traffic often exhibits long range dependence (lrd) with the implications that congested periods can be quite long and a slight increase in number of active connections can result in large increase in packet loss rate [PF94] Reference [PF94] further called attention to ....

J. Beran, R. Sherman, M.S. Taqqu, and W. Willinger. "VariableBit -Rate Video Traffic and Long-Range Dependence". ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking, to appear in 1995.

.... Talk at Hewlett Packard) Amarnath Mukherjee College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332 March 20, 1996 1 Introduction Traffic over campus level networks [4, 22, 29] larger multiplexing points such as NSFNET core switches [18] and variable bit rate video applications [6, 13, 28] exhibit a slowly decaying autocorrelation function. Beyond its observed presence in measured data, there is mounting evidence [2, 3, 11, 13, 16, 21] that a slowly decaying correlation structure is a traffic property that (i) has measurable and practical impact on queueing behavior, ii) plays a ....

....Willinger et al. [35] explained the presence of self similarity in traffic auto correlation structure at multiple time scales through a heavy tailed distribution of source on periods. Traffic traces on variable bit rate video have been collected and studied by several research groups, for example, [6, 12, 13, 19, 20, 28, 33, 34]. Some of the earlier studies (e.g. 33, 34] have provided interesting data. The studies in [19, 20] model VBR video traffic as TES processes [15] The study in [20] investigates a hierarchically encoded video stream with two priorities. The studies in [6, 12, 13, 28] provide the important ....

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Beran, J., R. Sherman, M.S. Taqqu and W. Willinger, "Variable-bit-rate video traffic and long-range dependence," accepted for publication in IEEE Trans. Networking, 1993.

....(LRD) An LRD process is defined as a process in which its autocorrelation function is not summable. This behavior differs from short rangedependent (SRD) processes, whose autocorrelation functions are summable and power spectrums are bounded at low frequencies. Recent work by Beran et al. [30] has shown that long range dependence is intrinsic to VBR sequences, and given that there is some evidence that LRD processes can negatively affect multiplexing performance [31, 32] source models which capture this characteristic were developed. We present a brief overview of LRD; however, for ....

....is intrinsic to VBR sequences, and given that there is some evidence that LRD processes can negatively affect multiplexing performance [31, 32] source models which capture this characteristic were developed. We present a brief overview of LRD; however, for more information the reader should see [30]. 5.1 Overview of long range dependence It has been found that LRD processes occur quite often in nature. Natural phenomena such as rainfall, the annual growth of tree rings, river levels and discharges are often described as self similar processes. Hurst first discovered this property by ....

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Beran J, Shreman R, Taqqu MS, Willinger W (1995) Variable-bit-rate video traffic and long range dependence: Part 3. IEEE Trans Commun 43(2--4): 1566--1579

....to uncertainties in the traffic characteristics, and to the difficulties in characterizing the traffic arrival models. Analysis of traffic data from networks and services such as ISDN traffic [10] Ethernet LAN s [8] Common Channel Signaling Network (CCNS) 15] and Variable Bit Rate (VBR) video [13] have all convincingly demonstrated the presence of features such as self similarity, long range dependence, slowly decaying variances, heavy tailed distributions and fractal dimensions which are mostly characteristics of fractal processes. Leland and Wilson from Bellcore research center have ....

J.Beran, R.Sherman, M.S.Taqqu, W.Willinger, "Variable Bit Rate Video Traffic and Long Range Dependence", IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking, Vol. 2, NO. 3, Apr. 1994.

....series is that a process fXng has long range dependence if 1 X j=1 jcorr(X 0 ; X j )j = 1 (cf. Brockwell and Davis, 1991) Here corr( Delta; Delta) is the correlation coefficient, whose use is legitimate in the finite variance case. A very useful recent reference on long range dependence is Beran, 1992. In contexts outside traditional times series where correlations may not exist or be difficult to compute or to interpret, other measures of dependence may be more meaningful. In this case, long range dependence may refer to a slowly decreasing dependence between blocks of random variables as the ....

....range dependence in a stationary process fTng is that the probability P [T i r; i = 1; n] decreases slowly to 0 as n 1 for a suitable choice of constant r. Statistical evidence is mounting that traffic on certain types of data networks may exhibit long range dependence. For instance, Beran et. al (1992) report on the analysis of several data sets representing the traffic seen as a result of transmitting video conference scenes. The data sets are large, sometimes in excess of 50,000 data points and consequently one may expect estimates of the autocorrelation function to be accurate to very large ....

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Beran, J., Sherman, R., Taqqu, M., and Willinger, W., Variable--bit--rate video traffic and long--range dependence, Preprint (1992).

....among the models investigated in [7] However, for large buffer sizes, the use of this model results in a significant error in loss probability estimates. In the models discussed so far, the sequence of numbers representing the number of bits per video frame is Markovian. It has been observed [9, 7, 1] that these models do not match well the autocorrelation function of real VBR video data. In all these Markovian models, the autocorrelation function decays exponentially for large lags. In the case of real data, the autocorrelation function drops off much more slowly, in a manner indicating ....

....real VBR video data. In all these Markovian models, the autocorrelation function decays exponentially for large lags. In the case of real data, the autocorrelation function drops off much more slowly, in a manner indicating significant long range dependence. This phenomenon is explored further in [1, 4], where it is suggested that VBR video traffic may have certain fractal properties. In [7] an ATM switch fed by sixteen independent VBR video sources is examined using simulation. The cell loss probability when a set of real teleconference data is used in the simulation is compared to predictions ....

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J. Beran, R. Sherman, M. S. Taqqu, and W. Willinger. Variable bit rate video traffic and long-range dependence. IEEE Trans. Communications, 1994. To appear.

.... SELF SIMILAR TRAFFIC AND UPPER BOUNDS TO BUFFER OVERFLOW PROBABILITY IN AN ATM QUEUE 2 Recent traffic measurements in corporate LANs, Variable bit rate video, ISDN control channels and other communications systems have indicated traffic behavior of self similar nature [Leland93] Leland94] BSTW] Beran] An extensive bibliographical guide with 420 references to published papers on self similar traffic and analysis is given in [Willinger] Self similar traffic influences significantly the performance of ATM buffers. There is a radical difference in buffer overflow behavior between ....

J. Beran, R. Sherman, M. S. Taqqu and W. Willinger, "Variable-Bit-Rate Video Traffic and Long-Range Dependence", IEEE Trans. on Communications (to appear)

....success in the design and operation of telephone networks. In contrast, traffic arrival processes in packet based networks are much more bursty and intermittent. A number of recent measurement studies from the full range of packet based networks and services (ISDN packet, Ethernet, SS7, VBR Video) [2][4] 9] 11] 12] 13] indicate that packet traffic is characterized by interarrival times that decay with heavy tails, by variances that decay as a fractional power of the sample size, by a power spectrum that is divergent near the origin, and by correlations that are long range dependent. A number ....

J. Beran, R. Sherman, M.S. Taqqu and W. Willinger, "Variable Bit Rate Video Traffic and Long Range Dependence," accepted for publication in IEEE/ACM Trans on Networking, subject to revisions, 1992.

....transfer mode (ATM) networks. In section 5, we present the autoregressive type models and transfer expand sample (TES) method that were developed for capturing variable bit rate video traffic possessing strong correlation properties. In section 6, we introduce the self similar phenomena [16][22] which have been observed both in Ethernet traffic and in variable bit rate (VBR) video sources. This observation provides a totally different view of the traffic characteristics which is not seen in the models presented in the previous literature. Twoother methods, chaotic map and frequency ....

.... desire to find a more universal property inherent to VBR video traffic which is independent of scene and codec, a study of 20 sets of actual VBR video data, generated by a variety of different codecs that lasts for 1 2 and 2 hours and representing a wide range of different scenes is carried out in [22]. All data sets are collected with high time resolution. This work reveals: Acommon predominant characteristic of all the VBR video data is that the frame level video rate process X k, 0 k T possesses long range dependence with different degrees for different data sets. X k denotes the ....

J. Beran, R. Sherman, Murad S. Taqqu, W.Willinger,"Variable-Bit-Rate Video Traffic and LongRange Dependence", to be published

....a factor between 16 30. 1 Introduction Variable bit rate (VBR) video traffic is expected to be one of the major applications that need to be supported by broadband packet switched networks. Several studies on VBR video traffic indicate the existence of a slowly decaying auto correlation structure [4, 5, 6, 17]. Providing efficient transport and Quality of Service This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant NCR 9396299. This is an extended version of a paper that is to be presented at the IEEE Infocom 96 Conference in San Franscisco in March 1996. QoS) ....

Beran, J., R. Sherman, M.S. Taqqu and W. Willinger, "Variable-bit-rate video traffic and long-range dependence, " accepted for publication in IEEE Trans. Networking, 1993.

....for short range dependent traffic. 1 Introduction In a series of recent papers, Leland et al. [17, 18] propose that Ethernet traffic can be modelled by self similar possesses and possesses long range dependence (lrd) Similar proposals have been made for Variable Bit Rate sources by Beran et al. [2]. In the former case the proposal is justified using traffic observations that were taken from an Ethernet local area network at Bellcore Laboratories: we refer to these observations, which have been made publicly available, as the Bellcore data . In this paper we discuss the implications of such ....

.... Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Figure 3: Activity plot for the 29 minute data set, aggregated over 10 second time intervals. aggregated over 10 second time intervals. There is clearly a level shift here, between regions labelled II and IV. As discussed by Beran et al. [2] and Leland et al. [17, 18] the presence of large scale fluctuations lead us to a fundamental dichotomy, which is an old one within statistics. Are we to regard such sequences as embedded in a stationary sequence that possesses lrd, or, should we regard the fluctuations as indicating ....

J. Beran, R. Sherman, M.S. Taqqu and W. Willinger (1993). Variable-bit-rate video traffic and long range dependence. To appear in IEEE Trans. Comm.

....figure, the information in sequence A allows us to simulate 2:8 Theta 10 9 cell arrivals at the switch allowing us to obtain reliable estimates of CLR for the ranges shown in the figure. Again, we find that the buffer overflow probability decreases exponentially with buffer size. Beran et al. [BST94] state that our traffic data exhibit long range dependence. The DAR(1) model has a geometrically declining autocorrelation function. So it takes into accounts only short range dependence. Leland et al. LTW93] argue (in the context of Ethernet traffic) that when traffic is long range dependent ....

J. Beran, R. Sherman, M. S. Taqqu, W. Willinger, "Variable-bit rate video traffic and long-range dependence", IEEE Transactions on Communication, to appear.

....orders of magnitude ranging from milliseconds to days. This leads to the conclusion there is not a natural length of a burst. This statistical behaviour, and its concomitant long range dependence, was observed over LANs [1] MANs [2] WANs [3] ISDN Dchannels [4] and VBR video sequences [5][6]. Since the beginning of the definition of the future B ISDN the former CCITT, now ITU T, has selected the Asynchronous Transfer Mode as the multiplexing and switching technology of B ISDN. Following this approach all the requirements of different services are reconducted to a limited number of ....

....stage buffer in the coder. For this reason instead of using an AAL1 approach, directed towards a circuit emulation service in support of a CBR traffic, we will investigate VBR packetized video sources which will represent the most critical traffics in future broadband networks. As shown in [5] and [6] VBR video traffic is statistically very different from classical mathematical models used as video sources in ATM networks. An accurate modelling of this sources will not only imply a better knowledge of the statistical nature of this traffic, but it will be the basis for the correct design of ....

J. Beran, R. Sherman, M. S. Taqqu and W. Willinger "Variable-Bit-Rate Video Traffic and Long Range Dependence", vol. 43, no. 2/3/4, Feb/Mar/Apr 1995, pp. 1566-79

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J. Beran, R. Sherman, M. Taqqu, and W. Willinger, "Variable-bit-rate video traffic and long-range dependence," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 43, pp. 1566--1579, 1995.

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J. Beran, R. Sherman, Murad S. Taqqu, W. Willinger, "Variable-Bit-Rate Video Traffic and LongRange Dependence", to be published

No context found.

Jan Beran, Robert Sherman, Murad S. Taqqu and Walter Willinger, "Variable-Bit-Rate Video Traffic and Long-Range Dependence"

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J. Beran, R. Sherman, M. S. Taqqu, and W. Willinger. Variable-bit-rate video traffic and long-range dependence. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 17 43((( 1995.

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J. Beran, R. Sherman, M. S. Taqqu, and W. Willinger. Variable bit rate video traffic and long-range dependence. IEEE Trans. Communications, 1994. To appear.

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J. Beran, R. Sherman, M. S. Taqqu, W. Willinger, "Variable Bit Rate Video Traffic and Long Range Dependence", IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking, Vol. 2, NO. 3, Apr. 1994.

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J. Beran, R. Sherman, M. S. Taqqu and W. Willinger, "Variable-Bit-Rate Video Traffic and Long-Range Dependence", IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking, 1995.

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