Dautenhahn, K. (1998). The Art of Designing Socially Intelligent Agents -- Science, Fiction, and the Human in the Loop. Special Issue Socially Intelligent Agents, Applied Artificial Intelligence Journal, Vol. 12, 7-8, pp. 573-617. http://orawww.cs.herts.ac.uk/~comqkd/papers.html  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....agent s service, or goes ahead and schedules an appointment for the user. The idea of mixed initiative systems is well known in robotics, and related research is done in the areas of human robot symbiosis, mixed initiative problem solving, and co habited mixed realities (e.g. Dautenhahn, 1998) [11]. that enable human level communication: instead of controlling the machine, controlling the task domain (see Noncommand User Interfaces by Nielson, 1993) 35] This has very wide implications on the social acceptability of artificial social actors (and our mobile communication devices might ....

Dautenhahn, K. (1998). The Art of Designing Socially Intelligent Agents -- Science, Fiction, and the Human in the Loop. Special Issue Socially Intelligent Agents, Applied Artificial Intelligence Journal, Vol. 12, 7-8, pp. 573-617. http://orawww.cs.herts.ac.uk/~comqkd/papers.html

....choices. 2.1 Related work The topic of artificial social intelligence is gaining importance in the AI and ALIFE fields. A fundamental work of identification of the key issues and clarification of the main concepts has been conducted by Carley and Newell [10] and more recently by Dautenhahn [14]. In the context of social simulation, Castelfranchi and Conte have produced interesting papers about such important topics as norms acceptance, cognitive emergence and agent rationality, e.g. 13] The existing architectures often propose both psycho social attitudes and goal based or emotional ....

Dautenhahn K. The art of designing socially intelligent agents: science, fiction, and the human in the loop. Applied artificial intelligence 1998; 12:(7-8); 573-617

....structure, methods and flow of code. o Simulation: The goal of any ALife simulation should be to produce realism. Agents must act in a life like manner based on their local perception of the artificial environment, producing behaviour that is intuitive rather than looks like it is. Dautenjajn [12] points out that it is not easy to create such agents, as achieving true believability not one assumed by the human tendency to anthropomorphize requires special consideration of social interaction Examples of some strikingly realistic mo dels that implement biomechanics and locomotion can ....

Dautenhahn, K. "The Art of Designing Socially Intelligent Agents -- Science, Fiction, and the Human in the Loop ", special issue Socially Intelligent Agents, Applied Artificial Intelligence Journal, V. 12, 7-8, OctoberDecember, pp.573-617, 1998

....computer systems , with the aim of developing intelligent computer technologies by picking up paradigms of our social world [19] was a logical outcome of the researchers concentration on agent building. Recent attempts of a prominent researcher trying to interpret the agents social behavior[6] have been based (frequently only implicitly) on macrosociological approaches and biologically motivated evolutionary determinist theories. What is obviously lacking in the field is a sustained effort to interpret user agent and artificial agent interactions in microsociological terms . ....

K. Dautenhahn. The Art of Designing Socially Intelligent Agents: Science, Fiction and the Human in the Loop. Applied Artificial Intelligence Journal, 12: 573-617, 1998.

.... completely different from believable agents, the socially intelligent successors are intended to perform more natural and robust in interactions that are explicitly embedded in a social context with associated social goals, such as establishing and maintaining social relationships (Dautenhahn [11], Bickmore and Cassell [4] However, the added value is crucial since, as demonstrated experimentally by Reeves and Nass [37] people treat computers as if they were veritable social actors. Ever since Bates and Reilly promoted believable agents in their Oz project [3] 25] there have been ....

Kerstin Dautenhahn. The art of designing socially intelligent agents -- science, fiction, and the human in the loop. Applied Artificial Intelligence, Special Issue on Socially Intelligent Agents, 12(7--8):573--617, 1998.

....(b) structurally coupled with their social environment; and (c) at least partially aware of human interactional structures (e.g. turn taking) 48] Socially intelligent. Robots that show aspects of human style social intelligence, based on deep models of human cognition and social competence [38,40]. 1.3. Socially interactive robots For the purposes of this paper, we use the term socially interactive robots to describe robots for which social interaction plays a key role. We do this, not to introduce another class of social robot, but rather to distinguish these robots from other robots ....

....ages, etc. In many current applications, social robots engage only in short term interaction (e.g. a museum tour) and can afford to treat all humans in the same manner. But, as soon as a robot becomes part of a person s life, that robot will need to be able to treat him as a distinct individual [40]. In the following, we closely examine the concepts raised in this introductory section. We begin by describing different design methods. Then, we present a taxonomy of system components, focusing on the design issues unique to socially interactive robots. We conclude by discussing open issues ....

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K. Dautenhahn, The art of designing socially intelligent agents---science, fiction, and the human in the loop, Applied Artificial Intelligence Journal 12 (7--8) (1998) 573--617.

....(b) structurally coupled with their social environment; and (c) at least partially aware of human interactional structures (e.g. turntaking) 49] Socially intelligent. Robots that show aspects of human style social intelligence, based on deep models of human cognition and social competence[41], i.e. some correspondence exists between social intelligence in humans and artificial social intelligence in robots [39] 1.3 Socially interactive robots For the purposes of this paper, we use the term socially interactive robots to describe robots for which social interaction plays a key ....

....ages, etc. In many current applications, social robots only engage in short term interaction (e.g. a museum tour) and can a#ord to treat all humans in the same manner. But, as soon as a robot becomes part of a person s life, that robot will need to be able to treat him as a distinct individuals [41]. In the following, we closely examine the concepts raised in this introductory section. We begin by describing di#erent design methods. Then, we present a taxonomy of system components, focusing on the design issues unique to socially interactive robots. We conclude by discussing open issues and ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

K. Dautenhahn, The art of designing Socially Intelligent Agents--science, fiction, and the human in the loop, Appl. Art. Intel. J. 12 (7-8) (1998).

.... between a system and its environment in a number of ways, which creates challenges for, and can be exploited by both biological organisms and the designers of artificial physical systems [2] In the context of Artificial Life (ALife) advocacy of embodiment represents an uncomfortable position [3 5]. To the extent that ALife constitutes a digression from the tradition of symbol manipulation in Artificial Intelligence (AI) 6, 7] the nonCartesian European tradition within which advocates of embodiment often stand can represent a compelling theoretical grounding. However, if physical ....

Dautenhahn, K.: The art of designing socially intelligent agents: science, fiction, and the human in the loop. Applied Art. Int. 12 (1998) 573-617

....work in progress aiming at getting the interaction dynamics right are discussed. 1. Introduction: Building Interactive Robotic Systems In recent years, the concept of believability and believable characters has attracted a lot of attention in the field of autonomous agents ( Bates, 1994) (Dautenhahn, 1998), Porter and Susman, 2000) Increasingly, researchers are exploiting techniques which have been originally developed in Arts and animation in order to allow a suspension of disbelief . Here, the life like appearance of a system (e.g. in terms of realism how closely a system resembles an ....

.... and reinforcement in a dancing experiment involving one human and one mobile robot is described in (Dautenhahn, 1999a) An interesting issue which can be addressed on this level of interaction complexity is to have the robot develop a memory of interaction histories, as required in (Nehaniv and Dautenhahn, 1998). Teaching or behaviour shaping can be used at all following levels. 6. Temporal contingency. Whenever the human does action X the robot does action Y. X and Y are temporally linked and mappings exist between the human s and the robot s movements. X and Y are not equivalent. From the human s ....

Dautenhahn, K. (1998). The art of designing socially intelligent agents: science, fiction and the human in the loop. Applied Artificial Intelligence Journal, Special Issue on Socially Intelligent Agents, 12(7-8):573--617.

....(society) as well as the society contributing to the individual. Above we use the term agent in order to account for di erent embodiments of agents, and also allow the discussion of biological agents and software agents. The issue of autonomy plays an important part in agent discussions. In [27] the author de nes autonomous agents as entities inhabiting a world, being able to react and interact with the environment they are located in and with other agents of the same and di erent kind (a variation of Franklin and Graesser s de nition ( 36] This chapter is divided as follows: section ....

.... then means talking about humans, and their relationships to agents, instead of trying to discover the introspective meaning of the world from an agent s point of view: What is it like to be an agent 6 For an elaborated discussion on the role of the human observer in designing social agents see [27]. What are challenges for future research on life like social agents based on the work discussed in this chapter Historically grounded robots. How can robots become autobiographic agents The framework proposed by C. Nehaniv and the author ( 29] 64] might be a promising approach. The ....

Kerstin Dautenhahn. The art of designing socially intelligent agents: science, ction and the human in the loop. Applied Articial Intelligence Journal, Special Issue on Socially Intelligent Agents, 12(7-8):573-617, 1998.

....the role of narrative in autobiography. Evidence suggests that the evolution of the human story telling mind was strongly correlated with the evolution of complex mechanisms of social understanding and a complex social field. This suggests that if we intend to develop a socially intelligent agent (Dautenhahn 1998) which can truly understand and respond to stories in human agent interaction then we need to model at least to a certain extend social relationships and primate social life. The Primate Social Field The primate family tree split up about forty million years ago into prosimians which might ....

.... that the children like Furbies because they are cute , have big eyes , and features other children find attractive (features which invite children anthropomorphizing the toys) Tests which we did at the end of 1998 using a robot doll (designed and programmed by Aude Billard, see (Billard, Dautenhahn, Hayes 1998)) indicate that children with autism did not respond particularly well to the doll features of the robot but rather to the reactive part , i.e. they were interested in investigating the sensory channels of the doll and other details which made the robot reacting. More information on the ....

Dautenhahn, K. 1998. The art of designing socially intelligent agents: science, fiction and the human in the loop. Applied Artificial Intelligence Journal, Special Issue on Socially Intelligent Agents 12(7-8):573--617.

.... this area has to show whether and how the approach can scale up to more complex robotic platforms, and to areas where humans have long periods of interaction with a robot, e.g. in service robotics (e.g. WAP 98] The concepts might also be tested with non robotic socially intelligent agents ( Dau98] We believe that synchronisation of movements can contribute to life like behaviour as well as appearance can. However, in robot human interaction so far the analysis of the human s behaviour resulting in a symbolic description which can then be used to control a robot s behaviour has been a ....

Kerstin Dautenhahn. The art of designing socially intelligent agents: science, fiction and the human in the loop. Applied Artificial Intelligence Journal, Special Issue on Socially Intelligent Agents, 12(7-8):573--617, 1998.

....software agents communities. It does this by providing a common framework for addressing embodiment regardless of context whilst recognising the uniqueness of different forms of embodiment. On the same basis, it can defuse the tension between Artificial Life (ALife) and embodiment (cf. [2, 3]) From an ALife perspective, embodiment represents a theoretically well grounded alternative to the tradition of symbol manipulation in AI. However, if physical embodiment is a necessary condition for the emergence of at least some life like behaviour, this bodes ill for the synthesis of such ....

Dautenhahn, K.: The art of designing socially intelligent agents: science, fiction, and the human in the loop. Applied Art. Int. 12 (1998) 573-617

....for VE s in order to increase its believability. Story telling VE s can meet the user s cognitive needs to interpret, understand and interact with the world in terms of stories. 1 The term story telling is in the following meant as the capacity to tell, listen and reply to stories. 2 See [Dau98], Dau97] for a discussion of believability of life like agents. Such environments can be created so that they afford ( Gib79] the narrativity underlying human perception, understanding, and interaction with the world. ffl Narrative virtual worlds can act as personal diaries if the environment ....

Kerstin Dautenhahn. The art of designing socially intelligent agents: science, fiction and the human in the loop. To appear in Applied Artificial Intelligence Journal, 1998.

....is communication with peers and adults, and that language develops exactly in this context. 2 Socially Intelligent Robots We use the term socially intelligent agents in order to characterise biological or artificial agents which show elements of human style social interaction and behavior ([Dau98]) In [Dau94] and [Dau95] we introduced a research direction which stressed the particular role of social interaction dynamics in bootstrapping the development of social cognition ( Dau97] This research in robotics is based on the assumption that in order to study the cognitive development of ....

Kerstin Dautenhahn. The art of designing socially intelligent agents: science, fiction and the human in the loop. To appear in Applied Artificial Intelligence Journal, vol 1, no 7, 1998.

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