San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kauffman Publishers, 1993. Vol. 2 1164-1169  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....about constraints imposed by physical processes, on the other hand, proved to be a crucial source of knowledge for detecting physically impossible choices for parameters. Teleological reasoning proved to be essential, since it provides the context for many kinds of advice. As suggested by [39], sophisticated natural language generation techniques were inappropriate for CyclePad. The ability to automatically generate hypertext in response to a user s questions obviates the need for discourse planning, and the fixed nature of the task means that issues such as selecting the appropriate ....

E. Reiter, C. Mellish, Optimizing the costs and benefits of natural language generation, in: Proc. IJCAI-93, Chambery, France, 1993.

....posed by the application is a Prerequisite for more custom tailored systems. According to Reiter and Mellish, shallow techniques (which they call intermediate ) are appropriate as long as corresponding in depth approaches are poorly understood, less efficient, or more costly to develop [Reiter and Mellish, 199311 While our motivation for shallow techniques is in essence based on the cost factor, our assessment is even more pronounced than Reiter s and Mellish s in that we claim that shallow approaches combining different granularity in a flexible way are better suited for small applications. We are ....

....produced by the template actions. f an action fails, backtracking can be invoked fiexibly and eciently using memoization techniques (see [Busemann, 1996] 4 Costs and Benefits As Reiter and Mellish note, the use of shallow techniques needs to be justified through a cost benefit analysis [Reiter and Mellish, 1993]. We specify the range of possible applications our approach is useful for, exemplified by the report generator developed for the TEMSIS project. This application took an effort of about eight person months, part of which were spent implementing interfaces to the TEMSIS server and to the ....

Ehud Reiter and Chris Mellish.' Optimizing the costs and benefits of natural language generation. In Proc. 13th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pages 1164- 1169, Cha. mbery, France, 1993.

....by non linguists. However, the distinction between these two approaches tends to become less clear cut. In the last few years, templates have been used within NLG architectures in order to overcome some of the drawbacks of NLG, first of all time inefficiency and resource development cost. [Reiter and Mellish 1993] introduce pointers to KB individuals among fixed strings and insert canned text as the value of a frame representing the meaning of a sentence. Cancedda et al. 1997] insert templates as leaf nodes of a textual plan produced by classical NLG techniques. Hybrid techniques are also used by ....

Reiter E. and Mellish Ch. Optimizing the costs and benefits of natural language generation. In Proceedings of IJCAI, pages 1164--1169, 1993.

....most applied NLG systems can be characterised as hybrid systems, in the sense that some generation tasks are carried out on the basis of linguistic notions, whereas other tasks are performed using a non linguistic method, e.g. by using ready made text strings. An example is the IDAS system (Reiter Mellish, 1993), which incorporates those portions of text that are difficult to generate linguistically as canned text in the output. Other recent hybrid generation systems are described in Carenini et al. 1994) Geldof Van de Velde (1997) White Caldwell (1998) Busemann Horacek (1998) and Reiter ....

Reiter, E., & Mellish, C. 1993. Optimizing the costs and benefits of natural language generation. Pages 1164--1169 of: Proceedings of the 13th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-1993).

....of the same templates with di#erent values for template variables results in repetitive sentence structures. The large number of templates required for a flexible or multilingual realization of figure captions is a further disadvantage of the template based generation method (Section 6 or [30] provides a detailed discussion of the advantages of template based generation and linguistically motivated generation as well as their combinations) At first glance, it seems that the template based generation is just a sentence realization method. On the other hand, a system using a ....

....As we pointed out, this may lead to monotonous text. To overcome this, the number of di#erent templates within a template category could be enlarged. When figure captions in di#erent target languages are required, the number of templates increases further, resulting in high maintenance e#orts ([30]) Linguistically motivated generation methods are appropriate for the generation of flexible text, as these methods concentrate on the generation of coherent and cohesive texts using a large variety of syntactic structures. To establish cohesion in text appropriately, choices of definite ....

E. Reiter and E. Mellish. Optimizing the Costs and Benefits of Natural Language Generation. In Proc. of the 13th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI'93), pages 1164--1169, Chambery, France, 1993. Morgan Kaufmann.

....and context. Gamma Easier maintainability of the information: it s easier to make one change to the knowledge base than to search through hundreds of human authored documents to find where that fact is mentioned. Benefits (and costs) of this kind of approach are discussed more fully by Reiter and Mellish (1993). Our system centers on an isa hierarchy of medical concepts. These include everything from diseases to healthcare organisations. The majority of the hierarchy is based on the Read code system (Read, 1993) a system of medical codes adopted by the NHS which is based on a hierarchy of medical ....

Reiter, E. and C. Mellish: 1993, `Optimizing the costs and benefits of natural language generation '. In: Proceedings of the 13th international conference on artificial intelligence (IJCAI-1993). pp. 1164--1169.

....may be provided for all the cases required. For a particular application we have to decide whether the additional flexibility we get from using the more sophisticated methods justifies the costs: the more sophisticated methods do require more work in setting up for a particular application [10]. This will depend on the kind of flexibility required for that application. 3 Example Applications Within healthcare natural language generation techniques have been applied in a number of areas: generating explanations, advice and critiques in medical expert systems [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, ....

Reiter E, Mellish C. Optimizing the Costs and Benefits of Natural Language Generation. Proceedings of the 13th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-1993), Chambery, France,1993, 1164-1169.

....operation. 5.4 Regarding explanation generation and TMSs The use of a structured explanation system as an abstraction layer between interface and reasoning system was extremely helpful in developing CyclePad, since it allowed us to optimize each independently. We also found, as suggested by [23 ], that sophisticated natural language generation techniques were inappropriate for this task. The ability to automatically generate hypertext in response to a user s questions obviates the need for discourse planning, and the fixed nature of the task means that issues such as selecting the ....

Reiter, E. & Mellish, C. Optimizing the costs and benefits of natural language generation, Proceedings of IJCAI-93, 1993.

....the output of the system into a specific language. However, these advantages have to be weighed against the costs of the initial authoring of the knowledge base, and the possibility that the generated texts may miss the subtlety of explanations that are hand crafted for every separate issue [16]. Examples The system was prototyped using anonymised records from a clinical information system for diabetes in Nottingham [17] These records have a problem list, treatment list (both diabetic and other) and a clinical flowsheet. These original records were not Read coded, but have been ....

Reiter E, Mellish C. Optimizing the costs and benefits of natural language generation. In Proceedings of the thirteenth international conference on artificial intelligence, Chambery, France. San Mateo California: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993; 1164-1169.

....the modifications that have been applied to the visualization, it is necessary to represent not only the cumulative state of an image and the corresponding textual elements, but also the interaction history. For this purpose, 2 For a comprehensive comparison of both approaches refer to [13] and [14]. Figure 5: Architecture of a visual interface with dynamic figure captions. an agent is required which is informed whenever the visualization changes. This agent manages the context of the interface and is therefore called the context expert 3 . The Context Expert communicates with the ....

REITER, E., AND MELLISH, C. Optimizing the costs and benefits of natural language generation. In Proceedings of IJCAI (Chambery, Frankreich, August 28-- September 3, 1993), Morgan Kaufmann, pp. 1164-- 1169.

....dialogues. The model assumes that conversation is based on possible sequences of dialogue acts which are modeled in a transition network. In Stein and Thiel (1993) the model is extended to handle multi modal interaction as utilized in the MERIT system (Stein, Thiel, Ti en, 1992) idas (Reiter Mellish, 1993) is a multi modal generation system which mixes proper knowledge base structures with canned text fragments. idas does not utilize plan based reasoning as the cost is too high. The cost could be reduced using control heuristics, however this also removes the system s abilities to respond ....

....however this also removes the system s abilities to respond appropriately in unusual situations. This motivates the use of a fixed set of rules to complement the canned text generations. This only works well if the number of tasks to perform is small and fairly predictable. As pointed out in Reiter and Mellish (1993) different applications demand different techniques. Interfaces to task oriented applications, on the other hand, might require more sophisticated reasoning involving the user s task and goals in order to be helpful (cf. Burger Marshall, 1993) However, do they need a sophisticated model of the ....

Reiter, E. & Mellish, C. (1993). Optimizing the costs and benefits of natural language generation.

....structures. To some extent this can be achieved using schemata describing various aspects of the text to be generated [15] Another aspect of generation is the cost for creating the knowledge bases required for sophisticated natural language interaction. This problem is addressed in IDAS [17], which mix a fixed set of rules with canned text generations. IDAS does not utilize plan based reasoning as the cost is too high. The cost could be reduced using control heuristics; however this also removes the systems abilities to respond appropriately in unusual situations. This strategy works ....

....cost could be reduced using control heuristics; however this also removes the systems abilities to respond appropriately in unusual situations. This strategy works well if the number of tasks to perform is small and fairly predictable. Furthermore, different applications demanddifferent techniques[17]. 4 Summary User friendly natural language interaction needs to consult a model of the ongoing dialogue to generate cooperative responses. Such dialogue modeling can be carried out either by utilizing only the functional role of a move, the grammar based approach, or by also trying to convey the ....

Ehud Reiter and Chris Mellish, `Optimizing the costs and benefits of natural language generation', in Proceedings of the International Joint Conference of Artificial Intelligence, Chambery, France, pp. 1164-- 1169, (1993).

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San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kauffman Publishers, 1993. Vol. 2 1164-1169

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Reiter, E. & Mellish, C. Optimizing the costs and benefits of natural language generation, Proceedings of IJCAI-93, 1993.

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Ehud Reiter and Chris Mellish. 1993. Optimizing the costs and benefits of natural language generation.

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