| R. E. Jones and R. Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, Chichester, July 1996. |
....in more detail in Chapter 5. This chapter surveys several garbage collection algorithms including referencecounting, mark sweep, and copying as basic algorithms and incremental and generational garbage collection algorithms as a common approach to reduce the pause time in tracing 7 collectors [JON94, WIL94]. Garbage collection algorithms reflecting real time requirements are introduced in Chapter 5. Basic Garbage Collection Techniques There are two basic approaches to find live objects in memory space: by reference counting and by tracing. Reference counting garbage collectors keep a count of ....
....GC B 0 28.34 B 1 37.12 (per MB) B 2 0.012 B 3 0.004 B 0 2.16 B 1 54.21 (per MB) B 2 0.005 B 3 0.004 Besides the heap size, the collection cost is dominated by the marking phase more than the sweeping phase. Linearly scanning the heap will generally be less expensive than tracing data structures [JON94]. The number of alive objects, L, and the number of garbage objects, G, in above equation (A) are dependent on elapsed time for marking phase and elapsed time for sweeping phase, respectively. The difference in parameters B 2 and B 3 of non incremental GC in Table 7 explains this fact. A parameter ....
Jones, Richard, and Lins, Rafael, Garbage Collection Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management, Wiley, New York, 513-646, 1996.
....have started to investigate architectural support for reducing leakage in cache architectures [23, 16] In this paper, we show that it is possible to also reduce leakage energy in memory by shutting down idle banks using an integrated hardware software strategy. The garbage collector (GC) [13] is an important part of the JVM and is responsible for automatic reclamation of heapallocated storage after its last use by a Java application. Various aspects of the GC and heap subsystems can be configured at JVM runtime. This allows control over the amount of memory in the embedded device that ....
....reduce the memory energy (leakage and dynamic) consumption in an embedded Java environment. Since garbage collection is a heap intensive (i.e. memory intensive) operation and directly affects application performance, its impact on performance has been a popular research topic (e.g. see [13] and the references therein) In an embedded portable environment, however, its impact on energy should also be taken into account. This is important not because the garbage collector itself consumes a sizeable portion of overall energy during execution, but because it influences the energy ....
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R. Jones and R. D. Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. John Wiley and Sons. 1999.
....or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the United States and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. 1 Introduction Generational garbage collection [24] is a widespread and popular technique [30, 21, 32, 6, 3]. Generational collection usually both decreases average GC pause times (since most collections target just the youngest generation) and also increases GC e#ciency (by concentrating collection work on the youngest generation, whose objects often die young) In collecting the youngest generation, ....
....and write barrier code sequences, then the application of concurrency to garbage collection. 2.1 Remembered sets and write barriers Many remembered set representations have been proposed in the literature, with associated write barriers. Chapter 7. 5 of Jones and Lins garbage collection reference [21] contains an excellent overview. The sequential store bu#er scheme of Hosking, Moss, and Stefanovic [19] is similar to our log based barriers in that it separates data structures updated by mutator barriers from remembered set representations. However, the details of the mutator barrier code ....
Richard Jones and Rafael Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 1996.
....the future Configuration 154 6.1 The Heap at the Start of a Collection . 158 6.2 The Heap at the End of a Collection . 158 6. 3 Cheney s Algorithm (from Jones and Lin [52]) 158 6.4 Snapshot of Cheney s Copying Algorithm . 159 6.5 Extended to Cheney s Algorithm to Handle Jump Pointers . 162 xvi 6.6 Performance with Garbage Collection . ....
....E F A B D To Space Figure 6.1. The Heap at the Start of a Collection A D F B E C To Space Figure 6.2. The Heap at the End of a Collection cheney scan( scan = free = To space; R = copy(R) P = copy(P) scan = scan size(scan) Figure 6.3. Cheney s Algorithm (from Jones and Lin [52]) current allocation point. Cheney s algorithm processes each object between scan and free, copying each object s reference fields, until the two pointers are equal. The algorithm performs a breadth first traversal of the live objects. Figure 6.3 shows the pseudo code for Cheney s algorithm. ....
Richard Jones and Rafael Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
.... Languages] Processors Memory management (garbage collection) General Terms Algorithms, Measurement, Performance, Experimentation Keywords generational garbage collection, older first 1 Introduction Garbage collection is a technology that automatically reclaims unreachable heap storage [24]. As is common in the literature on garbage collection, we use live as a synonym for reachable, and dead as a synonym for unreachable. Generational garbage collectors divide the heap into two or more regions, known as generations because they often group objects of similar age, and ....
....first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and or a fee. ICFP 02, October 4 6, 2002, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Copyright 2002 ACM 1 58113 487 8 02 0010 . 5. 00 lect these generations at different times [24, 27]. Most generational garbage collectors attempt to collect younger generations more frequently than older generations, so we call them younger first collectors. Younger first generational garbage collectors usually outperform non generational garbage collectors. Why One pop explanation is that ....
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Richard Jones and Rafael Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
....must properly terminate speculative execution before jumping to an exception handler external to the STL. 5.2 Garbage Collection Originally, memory allocation during speculation interfered with performance in several benchmarks. Our JVM uses a fast concurrent mark and sweep garbage collector [23]. Unallocated objects are stored in a linked free list. Allocating objects on every speculative thread of a STL caused a serializing dependency on this linked list. To deal with this, we parallelized access to the allocator during speculation. This was achieved by maintaining several free lists ....
....access to the allocator during speculation. This was achieved by maintaining several free lists that can be accessed privately by each processor during speculative execution. Similar techniques could be applied to prevent serializing dependencies in JVMs that use copying garbage collectors [23]. 5.3 Synchronized Objects In Java, method invocations can be explicitly synchronized to an object (using the synchronized keyword [16] to prevent concurrent accesses from multiple explicit Java threads. A simple object lock will cause an inter thread dependency if it is locked and unlocked on ....
Jones, R. and Lins, R. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 1996.
....VM was derived from the Sun s Classic VM and was originally called Exact VM. This name refers to its ability to support exact memory management, i.e. all the pointers on the runtime stacks and objects are known to the garbage collector (such an approach is also called non conservative or accurate [Jon96] EVM was released by Sun in the JDK1.2, Solaris Production Release. However, in the subsequent JDK releases it was replaced with the HotSpot VM. At the same time, in Autumn 1999, EVM was renamed Sun Labs Research VM and was retargetted to purely research purposes. a sharp contrast with PJama ....
R. E. Jones. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 1996. With a chapter on Distributed Garbage Collection by R.Lins.
....threads to stop, which would not be necessary if the concurrent garbage collector had started in time, since a concurrent garbage collector allows running applications to run concurrently with some phases of the garbage collection. For further reading about garbage collection, see references [2, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14]. An important issue, when it comes to concurrent garbage collection in a JVM, is to decide when to garbage collect. Concurrent garbage collection must not start too late, or else the running program may run out of memory. Neither must it be invoked too frequently, since this causes more garbage ....
....too frequently, since this causes more garbage collections than necessary and thereby disturbs the execution of the running program. The key idea in our approach is to find the optimal trade off between time and memory resources by letting a learning decision process decide when to garbage collect [2, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14]. 4 Reinforcement Learning Reinforcement learning methods solve a class of problems known as Markov Decision Processes (MDP) If it is possible to formulate the problem at hand as an MDP, reinforcement learning provides a suitable approach to its solution [3, 4, 5] Decision process ....
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Jones, R. and Lins, R. (1996). Garbage collection -- algorithms for automatic dynamic memory management. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, England, UK.
....operation that did not pass verification, and checks if it violates any of the immutability assertions. Runtime checking can be expensive, which is why it is important to filter out as many write operations in Stages 1 and 2 as possible. Past experience with runtime checking using write barriers [14], suggests that runtime checking of write operations need not incur a large overhead if appropriate optimizations are performed. It is most convenient to implement run time checking via code instrumentation; the instrumentation can be performed on the JIT compiled code or on the bytecode. As a ....
R. Jones and R. Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England, 1996.
....Barry Hayes, Daniel G. Bobrow, and Scott Shenker. Combining generational and conservative garbage collection: Framework and implementations. In POPL [POPL1990] pages 261 269. Demoen and Sagonas, 1998] Bart Demoen and Konstantinos Sagonas. Memory management for Prolog with tabling. In Jones [Jones1998] pages 97 106. Demoen et al. 1996] Bart Demoen, Geert Engels, and Paul Tarau. Segment preserving copying garbage collection for WAM based Prolog. In Jim Hightower, editor, ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, Philadelphia, February 1996. ACM Press. Programming languages track. Demoen et al. 2002] Bart Demoen, Phuong Lan Nguyen, ....
Richard E. Jones. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996. With a chapter on Distributed Garbage Collection by R. Lins.
....this observation, generational collectors avoid collecting old objects. 3) Using incrementality to improve response time has led to the use of small nursery generations and to incremental algorithms [13, 24] 4) Researchers also use small nurseries and copying collectors to improve data locality [25, 38]. 5) More recently, Stefanovic et al. demonstrate that giving the very youngest objects time to die can improve collector performance [32] The Beltway collection framework is the first to combine and exploit all five insights flexibly and efficiently. In addition, Beltway generalizes over ....
Richard E. Jones. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996. With a chapter on Distributed Garbage Collection by R. Lins.
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R. E. Jones and R. Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, Chichester, July 1996.
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Richard E. Jones and Rafael Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996.
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JONES, R., AND LINS, R. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, May 1996. Chapter on distributed collection by Lins.
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Richard E. Jones and Rafael Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996.
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R. Jones and R. Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, 1996.
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R. E. Jones and R. Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, Chichester, July 1996.
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R. Jones and R. Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
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R. E. Jones and R. Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, Chichester, July 1996.
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JONES, R. E. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. July 1996. With a chapter on Distributed Garbage Collection by R. Lins.
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Richard Jones and Rafael Lins. Garbage Collection --- Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, 1996.
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Richard Jones and Rafael Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
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R. Jones and R. Lins. Garbage Collection: algorithms for automatic dynamic memory management.John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
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Richard Jones and Rafael Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. John Wiley & Son Ltd., 1996.
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R. Jones and R. Lins. Garbage Collection : Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. John Wiley, August 1996.
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R. Jones and R. Lins. Garbage Collection : Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. John Wiley, August 1996.
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R. E. Jones and R. D. Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996.
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Richard E. Jones. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996. With a chapter on Distributed Garbage Collection by R. Lins. 72
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Richard E. Jones. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996. With a chapter on Distributed Garbage Collection by R. Lins.
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R.E. Jones and R. Lins "Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management," Wiley, July 1996.
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R. Jones and R. Lins. Garbage Collection : Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. John Wiley, August 1996.
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R. E. Jones and R. D. Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996.
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R. E. Jones and R. D. Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996.
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Richard E. Jones. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996. With a chapter on Distributed Garbage Collection by R. Lins.
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R. Jones. Garbage Collection: algorithms for automatic dynamic memory management. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 1999.
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R. Jones and R. Lins, Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons, 1996.
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R. Jones and R. Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
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Richard E. Jones and Rafael Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996.
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Richard E. Jones. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996. With a chapter on Distributed Garbage Collection by R. Lins.
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Richard E. Jones and Rafael Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996.
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Richard E. Jones and Rafael D. Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996.
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R. Jones and R. D. Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. John Wiley and Sons. 1999.
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R. E. Jones and R. D. Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996.
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R. E. Jones. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996. With a chapter on Distributed Garbage Collection by R. Lins.
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R. Jones. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. John Wiley and Sons, 1997.
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Richard E. Jones. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996. With a chapter on Distributed Garbage Collection by R. Lins.
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Richard E. Jones. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996. With a chapter on Distributed Garbage Collection by R. Lins.
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Jones, Richard, and Lins, Raphael. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. No. ISBN 0-471-94148-4. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 1997.
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R. E. Jones. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, July 1996.
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Richard Jones and Rafael Lins. Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley, New York, 1996.
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